AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYAGRICULTURE

AND GUIDED NOTES

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AGRICULTURE LEARNING TARGET #1

By the end of this section, I will be able to

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING WORDS

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

Domestication Hearth Diffusion Nomadic Herding Pastoral Nomadism Ranching Shifting Cultivation Plantation Farming Cash Crops Mixed Crops Dairying Milk Shed Horticulture Mediterranean Farming Crop Rotation Terrace Farming Cattle Feed Lots CAFOs Market Gardening Wet Rice Aquaculture 1st Agriculture Revolution 2nd Agriculture Revolution Green Revolution

Describe key components to Jared Diamond’s theory of agriculture

Compare different types of farming

Locate major agricultural hearths and current farming patterns

Guided Notes: Types of Agriculture

Types of AgricultureType of

Agriculture

How does it work

Nomadic Herding (Pastoral

Nomadism)

Form of subsistence agriculture based on _______ of domesticated animals

o Farming animals

Found in _______ Areas: Practical way of surviving on land that receives too little rain for crops

Animals: o Camel, __________, and goats (North

Africa) o Horse (Central Asia)

Ranching

Commercial___________ grazing of livestock over a large area

SW United States – Cattle Argentina, S. Brazil, and Uruguay – Cattle Australia – _____________

Shifting Cultivation

Also known as “slash-and-burn”

Two Steps: 1. Farmers clear land for planting by ________ vegetation and burning the debris 2. Farmers grow cops on a cleared field for only a few ________, until soil nutrients are gone, and then leave it empty so the soil can recover

Practiced in __________ forests of Latin America, Sub-Sahara Africa, and SE Asia (Wet Climate)

Plantation Large _______________ farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops (Most businesses are owned by Europeans and North Americans)

“_________ Crops”o Examples: Cotton, Sugarcane, Coffee,

Rubber, Tobacco

Located in Tropics: Especially Latin America, ________, and Asia

Mixed Crop/Livestock

Systems

Mixing of crops and ______________ o Most of the crops are fed to animals o Livestock supply manure to improve soil

fertility More than ¾ of the income comes from the

sale of __________ products (Beef, milk, eggs)

Most common crop in U.S.: _______ and Soybeans

Dairying

Dairy productso Milk, _________, Yogurt, etc.

Dairy farms have to be closer to market than other types of farms because their products are highly _______________

Milk Shed: Ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without ____________

Mediterranean

Growing of fruits and vegetables for human consumption

Horticulture : Growing of fruits, vegetables, and _____________

Mediterranean Climate: “Goldilocks” climate . . . not too hot not too ________

Areas around the Mediterranean Sea (Europe)o Olives – Olive Oilo Grapes – ________

California o ________ and Vegetables

Some of the fresh fruits and vegetables are sold to consumers but more are sold to large ___________ for canning or freezing

Crop Rotation Usually exists with __________ crop and livestock farming

Farm is divided into a __________ of fields, and each field is planted on a planned cycles

(usually over several years)

Crops planted are changed from ______ year to the next

(Makes the field more productive because various crops deplete the soil of certain nutrients but restores others)

Terrance Farming

Creates “steps” that are built into a _________ or hill that can be used as farm land

Cattle Feed Lots CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding

Operations) Holds animals in lots to _______ and ________

before slaughter

Market Gardening

Small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops, often sold _________ to consumers and restaurants

o Sometimes if this occurs on a larger scale it is called “truck farming”

Many _________ crops and varieties are grown Manual labor and gardening techniques are

used.

Guided Notes: Agricultural Revolutions and Diffusion

Agriculture DiffusionCase Study: Chocolate

Plant: Cacao Bean

600 AD: Cacao bean first domesticated by Mayans in ____________ How was it used? Crushed, added to water and spices (______

sugar, very spicy!)

1300 AD: Aztecs move into Mexico Adopt ________

1500 AD: Spanish Conquistadors Arrive and Bring Chocolate to ________

Added __________ to the drink Spread to other European Countries

o England – Adds _______ o Switzerland – Prepare chocolate into ________ form

(Beginning of Chocolate Bar)

1700 AD: Spread to North America Why? U.S. was a ____________ Colony

Spread of Farming Netherlands: Sri Lanka Belgium: Congo Germany: Cameroon Why these areas? _________France: Madagascar

England: West Indies

Chocolate Today Farmed in W. Africa and _________ Latin America Mexico only grows _____% of chocolate today

Revolution: _________ Change

Before the invention of farming, all humans obtained their food through ________ and gathering of plants

Lived in _______ groups (usually few than 50) because a larger number would exhaust resources within walking distance

Group would travel _______________

1st Agricultural RevolutionHumans started to __________ plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Human beings created larger and more ___________ sources of food, so more people could survive

o Where did it start? Latin America Southwest Asia Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia Southeast Asia

2nd Agricultural Revolution Occurred 1700-1900 in _____________ countries

o Many ____________ countries are in this stage TODAY

Combine farming with ______________ o Increases productivity (the ability to grow more crops) with the

same or less efforto Farms begin to increase in ____________ o Food increases dramatically . . . . leading to _________ increases

Connection to Demographic Transition Model

Green Revolution Dr. Norman Borlaug Begins in early _______ Introduction of new higher-yield seed (Mixing of science and genetics) Expansion use of ______________

Agricultural at a global scale has increased father than population growth Connection with Thomas Malthus

AGRICULTURE LEARNING TARGET #2

By the end of this section, I will be able to

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING WORDS

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

Commercial Farming Subsistence Farming Intensive Farming Extensive Farming Developed Countries Developing Countries Transhumance Drug Crops

Categorize different agriculture methods into commercial v subsistence, intensive v. extensive, and location in developed or developing.

Compare farming in developed and developing countries

Describe problems of subsistence farming in developing countries

Categorization of AgricultureCommercial v. Subsistence Farming

Intensive – Often requires a lot of ______ and capital ($ necessary to purchase and

maintain necessary machinery) o Example: Might require fertilizing, herbicides, irrigation

equipment to maintain the crops In theory, a farm using intensive agriculture will require ______ land

than an extensive agriculture farm to produce a similar profit

Subsistence Farming: o Farmers focus on growing enough food

to feed themselves and their ________. o The farm different crops and animals

needed by the family to feed and clothe ___________ during the year.

o Little ___________ o Found in __________ countries

Commercial Farming: o Large-scale production

of crops for _______, intended for widespread distribution 

o Landowners are often _________ businesses

o Heavy use of ___________o Found in __________ countries

Extensive – Often requires less “hands-on” labor and less __________ and

maintenance (capital) Usually leads to a ________ production of food and so greater amount of

land is needed

Developed v. Developing in AgricultureDeveloped Developing

o _________% are farmers (2% of Americans are farmers)

o Declining numbers until 1980 (Pushed off farms and moved to __________ centers)

o ________ are farmers (Most only growing enough for themselves)

o Home to 97% of farmers

o Most practice ___________ farming o Most practice __________ farming

o __________ performs the work rather than people or animals

o Reliance on ___________o Incorporation of ___________

advances

o Work with hand tools and _________ power

o Commercial farming is _______ (Average farm size is 418 acres)

o Most commercial farms are family-owned

o Most large scale farming is from ____________ companies

Guided Notes: Issues with Agriculture in Developing Countries Agricultural Land Use Patterns – Developing

Countries

Pastoral Nomadism

o A lot of movement to _________ animals o Transhumance : Seasonal _____________ of

livestock

Shifting Cultivation

o Requires a _______ of lando (1/4 of world’s land is used for this but less

than _______% of the world’s population use this farming)

Plantation

o Located in _________ population locations so the business must bring workers and provide them with food, housing, and social services (such as doctors)

o Most food is ___________ on-site (Less perishable)

Problem: Farmers need to make enough money off of farming to __________ farming (Make a living)

Subsistence Farming and Population Growth

Review of Population Growth PatternsDemographic Transition Model & Population Pyramids

Review: Population Patterns

Developed Developing

Connection: What problems would occur with subsistence farming and high levels of population growth?

Commercial Farming and Developing Countries

Emerging Problem in Developing Countries:Drug Crops: ___________ but greater profit

Cocaine: Grown in ____________o Main Buyer: _________

Heroin: Grown in ____________

Subsistence farming only feeds a

_____________amount

______________________Population

Need to change to ________________

______Farming

Need Machinery (_______________)

Need to make ____________

How do I make money sell ____________crops Example: Coffee, Tea, Bananas

Extra money is spent on buying

food to ___________

o Main Buyer ____________ and Russia

Role of Women in Developing Countries’ Agriculture In developing countries, families often ____________ responsibilities by

gender o Women: _______________ Agriculture

Earn cash by creating products or crops for local markets o Men: Leave to work for wagers (Either in ______________ farming

or jobs in distant cities) Issue:

Women are backbone of agriculture economy but do not have ___________ access to resources

o Limited rights in securing land _________ rights or owning lando Limited in _____________ livestock, accessing financial services

Note: Gender Division also exists in Developed Countries: Agriculture Dominantly _________________

AGRICULTURE LEARNING TARGET #3

By the end of this section, I will be able to

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING WORDS

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING

Von Thunen Land Use Model Land Ordinance Act of 1785

Analyze the different elements of the Von Thunen

Farm Subsidies Monoculture GMOs Organic Farming Value-Added Specialty Food Fair Trade Eat-Local-Food Movements

Land Use Model Identify and describe

concerns about commercial farming

Identify and describe alternatives to commercial farming

Guided Notes: Land Use in Developed Countries

Von Thunen Theory: Agricultural Use Surrounding a City

Modern Day Land UseHow is the land organized? Where are the farms located?

Influence #1: Transportation

City

Ring One: Market garderns and milk production

Ring two: Wood lots

Ring Three: Rotating crops

Ring Four: Animal grazing

Why?

Ring One: Expensive to deliver and _________

Ring Two: Expensive to _________ (heavy)

Ring Three: Need large amounts of _________

Ring Four: Animal grazing is an ___________

Land Ordinance Act of 1785 Divided up new Northwest

territories of U.S. in square lots

Influence of Agricultural Technology

Irrigation Importance of shipping

Farms need to be located near __________________ systems. (Most food shipped by trucks, ships, planes, and trains)

Some crops such as fruit, must get to the market quickly, or else they will rot

o Crops like these are often shipped _________ distances or are sold in the regions where they are grown.

Influence #2: Climate Soil and climate

(temperature and rainfall) determine what ___________ will be grown or whether the land can support livestock.

o For example, oranges must be grown in a warm climate.

Influence #3: Access to Raw Materials and Labor

A commercial farm depends on _______ material.

o Seeds and animals are two examples of raw materials used in _____________ agriculture.

Labor is needed to plant crops, as well as to harvest them

Guided Notes: Alternatives to Commercial FarmingOrganic Farming:

Uses techniques such as crop rotation, ________ manure and compost (old plants) to help plants grown

o Doesn’t use any _________-made products (such as synthetic fertilizers, hormones, antibiotics, gmos)

Value-Added Specialty Food Occurs when a farmers increases their product by creating a

“_____________” food item o They grow and produce the product (no middle man)

Exampleo Goat milk – Goat milk soapo Strawberries – ________ o Tomato – Salsa

Fair Trade Social movement that tries to _________ trade between small and large

farmers Help promote sustainability in __________ countries Equalize worker’s rights

Eat-local-food movements A “community” works together to keep as many elements of the food

system (See below) more ____________ based o Compared with global business models where producers and

consumers are separated across many businesses and distance

Guided Notes: Access of Food

Diet of FoodEveryone needs food to survive

So why differences?

1. Level of Development In developed countries, largest amount of protein comes from ________ In developing countries, largest amount of protein comes from

_________

2. Physical Conditions (Climate)

Wheat Rice Corn (Maize) Others (Casava, Sorghum,

Millet, Platains, Sweet

Potatoes, Yams)

____________, N. America, Middle

East

South, East, and Southeast

____________

__________ America & Sub-Saharan Africa

U.S. - - - Used mostly for

______________

Sub-Sahara Africa

3. Cultural Preferences Food Taboo : a social or religious custom prohibiting or

___________type of food

Example: Jewish “Kosher”

Religious Text Food Prohibited9 These shall ye eat of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them shall ye eat..

12 Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination unto you.

Leviticus 11:9

Shellfish: ____________, Oysters, Shrimp, Clams, and Crabs

3 Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat.

4 Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof:

7 And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you.

Leviticus 11:4

______________

You are not to boil a young goat in the

milk of its mother

Deuteronomy 14:21

Cannot combine meat and dairy

Example: ____________

Other Religion’s Taboos

LDS (Mormons) o Prohibit __________, ______________, and ______________.

Muslims o Prohibit __________ & _____________

Hinduso Prohibit ___________ & ____________

Global Comparison

Food Security: Physical, social, and ___________ access at all times to safe and _____________ food that meets dietary needs and food preferences for an _________ and healthy life style

1/8 of the world’s inhabitants do _________ have food security

Undernourishment: Eating food that is _________________ below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life

Food Desert: Areas lacking fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods. Largely due to a lack of grocery stores, farmers’ markets, and

healthy food providers.

Map Analysis #1: Kcal/person/dayPatterns Connection to

Developed/Developing

Map Analysis #2: Percent Income spent on FoodPatterns Connection to

Developed/Developing

Relationship: Diets likely to be lacking in countries where people have to spend a _______________ percentage of their income to obtain food

Connection to Jared Diamond’s Idea:

Guided Notes: Alternatives to Commercial Farming

Organic Farming: Uses techniques such as crop rotation, ________ manure and compost

(old plants) to help plants grown o Doesn’t use any _________-made products (such as synthetic

fertilizers, hormones, antibiotics, gmos)

Value-Added Specialty Food Occurs when a farmers increases their product by creating a

“_____________” food item o They grow and produce the product (no middle man)

Exampleo Goat milk – Goat milk soapo Strawberries – ________ o Tomato – Salsa

Fair Trade Social movement that tries to _________ trade between small and large

farmers Help promote sustainability in __________ countries Equalize worker’s rights

Eat-local-food movements A “community” works together to keep as many elements of the food

system (See below) more ____________ based o Compared with global business models where producers and

consumers are separated across many businesses and distance

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