1  

GUIDING TIPS FOR CRIME INVESTIGATION

WRITTEN BY

DR J R GAUR

RETD DIRECTOR FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY

HIMACHAL PRADESH

“All rights of the pamphlet are reserved with the author, including the

right to translate or to reproduce the same or parts therreof except for

brief quotations in critical reviews. the views are that of the author and

not that of BPR&D”

2  

GUIDING TIPS FOR CRIME INVESTIGATION

1. FIRST INFORMATION REPORT (FIR)

- Not to register FIR on the basis of facts, rather, writing on the basis

of conventional stories when oral statements are given by the

victims or eyewitnesses. The Courts disbelieve such stories and do

not trust the investigation and the cases fail in the Court of Law.

- To show scene of crime elsewhere than actual place of incident

which is not verified by the physical / circumstantial evidence. The

cases fail in the Court of Law because of this problem.

- Sometimes, the details of body wears and injuries mentioned in the

police inquest report do not match with the postmortem report. This

creates doubt and the benefit of doubt goes to the accused. The

portrait parle of the victim or deceased mentioned in the FIR

alongwith height of the deceased are also sometimes different than

postmortem report, It also creates doubt in the mind of the Court.

- At the time of drafting the FIR, not to incorporate the correct

ingredients of section of IPC mentioned in the FIR, and to mention

individual’s role in crime separately, it does not state clearly what

specific offence is made out.

- If the FIR is written before visiting the scene of crime, it should be

mentioned in FIR as it makes the situation more clear in the Court

of Law.

2. SCENE OF CRIME

Preservation

- Scene of Crime is not preserved properly (Anybody can fabricate or

destroy evidence which should be avoided).

- Scene of crime is not examined undelayed. (As the time passes on

the probability of physical evidence being destroyed increases).

3  

- The physical evidences are destroyed un-intentionally and

inadvertently by the hands and feet of the investigating officer while

walking at the scene of crime (walk and handle different articles

carefully so that appropriate physical evidence could be located and

preserved.)

Examination

- Rubber gloves are not worn at the time of scene of crime

examination (the expert and investigating officer can leave their

finger prints and biological evidence on different articles).

Lifting

- Fingerprints, footprints, tyremarks and toolmarks are not lifted from

the scene of crime or when lifted proper procedure is not followed,

by doing so we loose important evidence which can give a lead in

deciding the case by the court of law.

- Empty cartridges and fingerprints lifted from scene of crime are not

sent to Forensic Science Laboratory and Finger print Bureau for

preservation in safe custody before the arrest of the accused(s).

(This creates doubt in the mind of the Court as such evidence can

be padded after the arrest of the accused).

Packing

- FIR numbers is not mentioned on all relevant documents and

articles at the time of registering the case and packing of articles.

(Later on it creates confusion which documents and articles pertain

to which case).

Sketching

- ‘Naksha-mauka (sketch of scene of crime) is not prepared properly.

(It should depict clear picture of the scene of crime).

- Location of nearby landmarks and directions are not mentioned in

the map/sketch. (It does not permit correlation of events and

evidence).

- Map may be notional but distance between articles be mentioned

on the map. (It presents clear picture of articles).

4  

- Sketch of the scene of crime is not prepared after mentioning

direction at the scene. (Such sketch map does not give information

about directions at the scene).

Photography and Videography

- Photography and Videography must be done. (It preserves the

scene in situ).

- Photographs of the scene of crime, the victim of crime and injuries

are not taken after placing measuring scale. FIR number is not

mentioned in the photographs. (Size of articles and injuries cannot

be estimated from photographs and the photographs cannot be co-

related with the case).

3. MISTAKES USUALLY COMMITTED BY THE INVESTIGATING

OFFICERS WHILE LIFTING, PACKING, PRESERVATION AND

FORWARDING EXHIBITS TO THE LABORATORY FOR

EXAMINATION.

Packing

- Packing of the exhibits should be in such a way that the evidences

are not damaged. (Consult packing instructions for every

evidence).

- All the remnants should be collected properly and packed items

wise separately. (Avoids confusion).

- Not to mention details of exhibits contained in the parcels on the

wrapper (It does not indicates what is contained in the sealed

parcel).

Sealing

- The seals affixed on the parcel are not legible (creates doubt of

tempering with the exhibits).

- Sample seal is not sometimes legible. (Creates doubt in the mind

of FSL and the court).

- Sample seal is not sent attested by the investigating officer.

(Required for authenticity).

5  

- The details of exhibits mentioned on the cover of the parcel

sometimes get destroyed due to leakage of the fluids from the

parcel. (Creates doubt, leak proof containers should be used).

Forwarding

- Road Certificate is not sent alongwith the exhibits. (It is a

necessity for the court to prove the chain of custody of the exhibits).

- The details of parcels mentioned in the road certificate do not match

with the docket being sent. (Case will not be accepted for

examination by FSL under these circumstances).

- Authorisation certificate for examination from a gazette officer is not

sent alongwith the parcels. (Case would not be accepted by FSL).

- The exhibits are not sent immediately after recovery for examination

in the laboratory. (Bilogical samples get purified and become unfit

for examination and give inclusive results).

Questionnaire

- Questions for asking opinion must be specific and clear. (Suo-moto

report cannot be given by FSL and FPB)

(a) Biological Evidence

(i) Blood and other Biological fluids and stained exhibits.

- Lifting the exhibits with naked hands without wearing

gloves and to mix biological evidence of the I.O.

himself/herself. (Wear Gloves).

- To pack the exhibits / garments etc. without drying. (It

destroys the evidence dry the exhibits).

- Not to preserve the biological exhibits (blood, semen,

saliva & vaginal secretion) on FTA cards. (Creates

problems in DNA analysis as the samples get putrefied).

- To lift insufficient samples for examination. (Send atleast

10 hair, 1x1 inch blood stain or 20 nano gm DNA).

6  

(ii) Hair

- Not to pack mixed hair in brown paper, white hair in

coloured paper and black hair in white paper envelope.

(Hair can be lost).

- Not to pack atleast 10 hair samples from the suspect /

accused. (Below 10 hair insufficient sample).

- Not to send pulled hair with roots for examination.

(Cellular DNA / Nuclear DNA analysis cannot be done).

(iii) Bones

- Bones are not sent after getting them cleaned from the

Doctor. (Fungus grows on un-cleaned bones and

destroys the evidence).

- Preservation of proper bones like Humerus, Femur or

Tibia for DNA examination is not done. (Leads to

inconclusive results).

- IOs do not pack and forward burnt bones after wrapping

in cotton wool in a hard box. (Such bones are fragile and

can break further).

(iv) Plants remnants (Stems, Seeds and Leaves, etc.)

- Not taking sufficient samples for examination. (2x2 inch

wood pieces, 5 seeds and 5 leaves should at least be

sent).

- IOs do not pack every sample separately so that they do

not break further. (This can destroy that evidence).

- IOs do not protect plant samples from moisture. (The

fungal growth deteriorates the samples due to moisture).

(v) Blood Stained Weapons

- While sending weapons like Gun, Club, Dagger,

Hacksaw, Sword, etc. not to protect blood stains and hair

etc., should be protected after wrapping in white paper

7  

with the help of a thread. (The stain can get destroyed

due to rubbing without paper wrapping).

(b) Chemical Evidences

(i) Viscera

- Doctors do not preserve viscera in normal saline instead

preserving the same in Hydrochloric Acid, Nitric Acid and

Sulphuric Acid or Formalin solution. This leave viscera

unfit for examination.

- IOs do not send viscera immediately for examination.

Viscera putrefies and becomes unfit for examination.

There can also be self generation of alcohol in putrefied

viscera.

- Sufficient samples of viscera for examination is not taken.

(Take at least 50 gms of viscera and 5 ml of blood and

urine sample each).

- IOs do not send blood and urine samples for detection of

Alcohol along with viscera. (Alcohol detection from

putrefied viscera in the absence of blood and urine

samples can give misleading results).

- To send leaking jars of viscera for examination. (Causes

inconvenience to the person carrying it and is also

nuisance to the public in transport).

- In poison cases must send vomit and stomach wash for

examination. (It leads to detection of poison in some

cases).

- IOs do not lift fingerprints from the poison and alcohol

containers lying at the scene of crime. (If lifted can guide

whether victim handled the same or somebody else).

(ii) Phenolphthalein Sample

- In the cases of catching red handed in bribery cases the

hand wash and pocket wash samples are taken in tap

8  

water which is mostly chlorinated. The pink colour of

Phenolphthalein gets decolourised in these samples

before sending the same to the laboratory for

examination. It is advisable that the hand wash pocket

wash samples of Phenolphthalein should be taken in

distilled water or water from hand pump. (It creates doubt

to witnesses as they tell the Court that the water was not

pink and the case ends in the acquittal.

(iii) Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

- The samples is taken in insufficient quantity for

examination. (Send at least 1 to 2 gms of the sample).

The correct weight of NDPS substance is not mentioned

in the docket. (Leads to disowning of samples in the

court and hence acquittals).

- Homogenous representative samples are not sent.

(Which is a necessity as per Supreme Court orders).

- Spot Test Kits are not utilized fully due to lack of

operational knowledge. (Samples are not identified at the

spot).

- The search of the suspect / accused is not carried out as

per provisions of NDPS Act and the Investigating Officer

does not offer his own search before hand to the suspect

/ accused. If at all search is carried out as per provisions,

the requisite documents are not placed on the case file

which forfeit the purpose of the search in the Court of

Law. (Leads to acquittals).

- Exhibits are not sent for examination to Forensic Science

Laboratory within 24 hours as per the provisions of NDPS

Act. (Leads to acquittals).

- NCB Forms are not filled in triplicate and sent to Forensic

Science Laboratory alongwith the documents. (Necessity

of the procedure).

9  

- Sometimes sample seal used in sealing the parcel is not

affixed on the NCB Forms. (Cases shall not be accepted

by FSL). The number of seals affixed on the parcel is not

indicated in the documents being sent. (Creates doubt

and leads to acquittals). Affixed seal and sample of seal

are sometimes not legible. (Gets the benefit of doubt to

the accused). When two type of seals are used in sealing

and re-sealing of the parcels the same should be

mentioned. (It creates doubt).

(iv) Other Cases of Chemical Examination

- In excise cases for the examination of alcohol, random

samples, are not sent instead, the whole of the lot is sent

in the Laboratory for examination. (Increase workload on

the FSL).

- Samples of the poisonous gases are not taken in

balloons. The remnant of petroleum products present in

the burnt debris are not packed in airtight containers.

The volatile substance further evaporates till examination

and the positive results are not obtained due to faulty

packing.

- In the case of poisoning due to gases blood samples are

not sent for examination to the Laboratory. (A vital

evidence is lost).

- The acids and alkalis are not contained and sent in glass

and plastic bottles as required. (Leads to accident while

transporting).

(c) Physics, Ballistic and Explosive Evidence

(i) Physics Evidences

- IOs do not preserve and send tool and tool marks for

examination and comparison (Loose vital evidence).

10  

- IOS do not send homogenous representative samples of

cement, concrete, mortar and other building material

samples for examination. (Required for judicious

examination).

- IOs do not send footprints, tyre marks, plaster casts

properly packed. These exhibits break down on the way

due faulty packing. (Loose vital evidence).

- In stolen vehicles cases vehicles are immediately not

sent to Forensic Science Laboratory for the restoration of

engine and chassis numbers. (This causes damage to

public property as the vehicles become wreckage).

- To preserve paint pieces collected from scene of crime in

a paint box. (Contaminates the sample as paint from

paint box gets mixed up with the sample).

(ii) Firearms

- IOs do not send bullets, pallets, wads and empty

cartridges recovered from the scene of crime to the

Forensic Science Laboratory for preserving in safe

custody before the recovery of the firearm. (Creates

doubt of padding).

- IOs do not empty firearms before sending to Laboratory.

(It can cause accidental firing).

- To not to pack firearms completely in a cotton bag.

(Exhibit can be tempered with).

- To not to pack bullets and empty cartridges in cardboard

boxes after wrapping the same in cotton wool.

(Additional marks can be caused).

- To send blood stained bullets and pallets to the

Laboratory for examination after getting them washed.

(Blood evidence is lost).

- Recovery memo is not got signed by two independent

witnesses while taking exhibits in custody. (Evidence has

no value in the Court of Law).

11  

(iii) Explosives

- Not to travel in public transport along with live explosives/

IED. Same should be brought after diffusing.

- To take IED without diffusion from point of detection to

the Laboratory for examination. (Can caused accidental

explosion).

- IOs do not pack explosive as per SOP for carrying them

to the Laboratory. (Can cause accident).

- IOs do not take swabs of the gun shot residues from

hands of the deceased and the suspected person for

examination. (This if done can link the firm arm with the

firing person).

(d) Paper and Electronic Documents

(i) Paper Documents

- Sample signature / writings are not taken in sufficient

number for comparison. (Should be at least five sheets).

- Admitted signatures / writing are not sent for examination

and comparison. (Leads to inconclusive results).

- Sample writings are not taken before authorised witness /

authorised officer. (The court do not admit the reports).

- IOs do not take samples on the same type of paper and

with the same type of pen / writing instrument which has

been used in the questioned writing. (Causes more

natural variations).

- IOs do not mark separately questioned and sample

writings. (Creates confusion at the time of examination).

- To write down something else on the questioned and

sample documents. (Leads to confusion).

- IOs do not preserve burnt documents / currency notes by

spray of cellulose acetate / cellulose nitrate solution

12  

before sending them to Laboratory. (Such exhibits are

fragile and further break into pieces).

- To not send print of same typewriter / printer which has

been used in the preparation of suspected document for

comparison. (Leads to inconclusive results.)

(ii) Electronic Documents

-

- After taking computer, hard disc, pen drive, CDs, DVDs,

Floppies, magnetic tape, DPU, etc. in custody from the

scene of crime, the police should not operate them,

otherwise the ‘Hash value’ of these document would

change. The evidence which would be obtained from

these electronic documents would become suspected in

the eyes of the Court. So, running of such documents

after recovery should strictly be prohibited.

- IOs do not send empty hard disc for preparing a copy of

the document. (Causes delay in examination).

- To let electronic document fall from height (this can

destroy the data).

- To place electronic document near a beat source at high

temperature or near a magnet (the data can be destroyed

if done so).

(e) Fingerprints, Footprints, Shoeprints and Tyre Marks

- Use good light source to locate the prints. (Dim light source

can’t help locating prints).

- Must photograph the prints. You cant have second chance

to preserve them if destroyed while lifting.

- If such prints / marks are in dust make the use of DLK (Dust

mark Electrostatic Lifting Kit) which lifts the prints with all

details.

13  

- Completely dry the plaster casts to avoid breaking in

transportation.

- Use fine grainless fingerprint powders. (Grain containing

powders will destroy the prints).

- Never use wet powders. (Dry them before use).

- Never pray Fingerprint Powder on a wet surface. (The

source must be dried before applying powder else the print

will be destroyed).

NOTE:

1. For packing and forwarding instructions see BPR & D Training Manual

for Police Officers, 1998, written by Dr. M.B. Rao or the instructions

prepared by your own lab or metropolitan police Forensic Science

Laboratory London be consulted.

2. If the investigating Officer do not commit the above stated mistakes,

the crime investigation can certainly be done more effectively and

efficiently.

14  

vijk/k vUos’k.k gsrq ekxZn”khZ ladsr

ys[kd

Mk0 ts vkj xkSM+

iwoZ funs”kd U;kf;d foKku iz;ksx”kkyk

fgekpy izns”k

** egRoiw.kZ leh{kk esa laf{kIr mn~/kj.k ds vfrfjDr vuqokn ;k va”k ;k izfrfyfi

izLrqr djus lfgr bl iqLrd ds lHkh vf/kdkj ys[kd ds ikl lqjf{kr gSa A ;g

iqfyl vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl C;wjks ds ugha cfYd ys[kd ds futh fopkj gSa **A

15  

vijk/k vUos’k.k gsrq ekxZn”kZd iqfLrdk

1- izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ u fy[kdj eu?kM+ar dgkuh

fy[k nsukA U;k;ky; bl izdkj dh dgkfu;ksa dks lansgkLin tkudj vijk/k ds ekeyksa esa vfHk;qDrksa dks cjh dj nsrs gSaA

vijk/k ?kVukLFky dh txg izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ esa vU;= fn[kk nsuk] ftldks HkkSfrd lk{; lR;kfir u djrs gksaA blls vijk/k ds eqdnes U;k;ky; esa Qsy gks tkrs gSaA

dbZ ckj iqfyl buDosLV fjiksVZ esa n”kkZ, x;s oL=ksa rFkk pksV vkfn dk fooj.k “ko ijh{kk fjiksVZ ls esy ugha [kkrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; lansg dk Qk;nk vfHk;qDr dks nsdj mls NksM+ nsrs gSaA

iqfyl }kjk mRihfM+r@e`rd dh lwpuk fjiksVZ esa n”kkZ;k x;k gqfy;k rFkk dn dh yEckbZ “ko ijh{kk fjiksVZ ls fHkUu gksrh gS tks U;k;ky; esa lansgkLin fLFkfr mRiUu djrh gSA

dbZ ckj izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ esa n”kkZ, x, rF; jkstkukeps esa ntZ dh xbZ nSfud fjiksVZ ls esy ugha [kkrs gSa vkSj fLFkfr lansgkLin gks tkrh gS vkSj ftldk ykHk vfHk;qDr dks fey tkrk gSA

izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ esa Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh lgh /kkjk,a ugha yxkbZ tkrh ftlls ;g Li’V ugha gks ikrk fd okLro esa D;k vijk/k fd;k x;k gSA

;fn izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ vijk/k ?kVukLFky ijh{k.k ls igys fy[kh xbZ gks rks mldk fooj.k izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ esa djuk pkfg, ftlls U;k;ky; esa fLFkfr Li’V jgsA

izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ esa izR;sd O;fDr }kjk vijk/k djus esa fuHkkbZ xbZ Hkwfedk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A blls ;g Li’V gks tkrk gS fd fdl O;fDr us D;k vijk/k fd;k gS vkSj mldk fdruk nks’k gSA

2- vijk/k ?kVukLFky ijh{k.k

vijk/k ?kVukLFky dk ijh{k.k vfoyEc djuk pkfg,A ftruk foyEc gksrk gS] HkkSfrd lk{;ksa ds u’V gksus dh laHkkouk mruh gh c<+ tkrh gSA

;fn vijk/k ?kVukLFky dks Bhd izdkj ls ifjjf{kr ugha fd;k tkrk gS rks dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ogk¡ ij NsM+NkM+ djds oLrqfLFkfr dks fcxkM+ ldrk gSA

uD”kk ekSdk Bhd izdkj ls ugha cuk;k tkrkA blls vijk/k ?kVukLFky ij lgh fLFkfr dk C;kSjk ugha feyrkA

16  

vklikl ds fpUg rFkk fn”kk uD”ks ekSds ij ugha n”kkZ, tkrs] ftlls ?kVukvksa dk ijLij laca/k irk ugha pyrkA

uD”ks esa n”kkZbZ xbZ oLrqvksa dh ijLij nwjh ugha fn[kkbZ tkrh] ftlls oLrqvksa dh vkilh nwjh dk irk ugha pyrkA

vijk/k ?kVukLFky dh QksVksxzkQh rFkk ohfM;ksxzkQh vo”; dh tkuh pkfg,A blls vijk/k ?kVukLFky T;ksa dk R;ksa fjdkMZ gks tkrk gS vkSj bls iqu% ns[kk tk ldrk gSA QksVks ysrs le; izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ uacj rFkk iSekuk QksVks esa fn[kus pkfg,A

lHkh izn”kksZa rFkk nLrkostksa ij izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ uacj u n”kkZukA blls ckn esa ;g irk ugha pyrk fd dkSu lk izn”kZ rFkk nLrkost fdl ekeys dk gSA

vijk/k ?kVukLFky dk ijh{k.k djrs le; jcM+ ds nLrkus u iguuk ¼fo”ks’kK rFkk vUos’k.k vf/kdkjh fofHkUu izn”kksZa ij vius vaxqyNki rFkk tSfod lk{; NksM+ ldrs gSa½A

vUos’k.k vf/kdjh vKkurko”k vius gkFkksa rFkk iSjksa ls vijk/k ?kVukLFky ij pyrs le; HkkSfrd lk{; u’V dj nsrs gSa ¼pyrs le; /;ku j[ksa fd dksbZ HkkSfrd lk{; u’V u gks vkSj mls igpku dj ifjjf{kr dj fn;k tk,½A

dbZ ckj uD”kk ekSdk i<+us ;ksX; ugha gksrk ¼vPNh izfr rS;kj djsa vkSj QksVksizfr iz;ksx djsa] dkcZu dkih u cuk,a½A

vaxqyNki] infpUg] Vk;jekDlZ rFkk Vwy ekDlZ dk vijk/k ?kVukLFky ls u mBk;k tkukA ,slk djus ls ge egRoiw.kZ HkkSfrd lk{; NksM+ nsrs gSa tks ekeys esa dbZ ckj fu.kkZ;d gksrh gSA

vijk/k ?kVukLFky ls mBk, x, [kkyh dkjrwl xksyh rFkk vaxqyNki dks canwd rFkk vijk/kh dh /kjidM+ ls igys iz;ksx”kkyk esa lqjf{kr j[kus gsrq u HkstukA blls U;k;k/kh”k ds eu esa lansg gks ldrk gS fd dgha isafMax rks ugha gqbZ gSA

3- iz;ksx”kkyk ijh{k.k gsrq eky eqdnek Hkstrs le; xyfr;ka@=qfV;ka

izn”kksZa dh iSfdax bl izdkj ls dh tkuh pkfg, fd mudks dksbZ uqdlku u gks ¼gj HkkSfrd lk{; dh iSfdax dh fgnk;rsa ns[ksa½A

HkkSfrd lk{;ksa dks Nwus ls igys jcM+ ds nLrkus iguus pkfg, tks vkerkSj ij vUos’k.k vf/kdkjh ugha igursA

dbZ ckj MkdsV ij izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k ugha fy[kh tkrh ¼blds fy[ks fcuk ,Q0 ,l0 ,y0 ;k ,Q0 ih0 ch0 ijh{k.k gsrq izn”kZ Lohdkj ugha djsaxs½A

izR;sd izn”kZ dks mlds va”kksa lfgr iw.kZr;k ,d= djds mBkdj vyx&vyx iSd djuk pkfg,A tks iz”u fjiksVZ ysus gsrq iwNus gSa]

17  

mudk foLr`r fooj.k nsuk pkfg, vU;Fkk dksbZ Hkh iz;ksx”kkyk gj fcUnq ij vkidks izfrosnu ugha nsxhA

iklZy ds doj ij ;g u fy[kuk fd mlds vUnj D;k gSA blls ;g irk ugha py ikrk fd lhycUn iklZy ds vUnj D;k gSA

jksM lfVZfQdsV izn”kksZa ds lkFk ugha Hkstk tkrk gSA blls izn”kksZa dh psu vkQ dLVMh U;k;ky; esa lkfcr ugha dh tk ldrhA

jksM lfVZfQdsV esa n”kkZ;k x;s iklZyksa dk C;kSjk MkdsV esa fn, x, fooj.k ls esy ugha [kkrk gSA iz;ksx”kkyk ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ijh{k.k gsrq izn”kksZa dks Lohdkj ugha djrh gSA

izn”kksZa ij yxh lhysa i<+us ;ksX; ugha gksrh ¼blls ;g lansg gksrk gS fd izn”kksZa ls NsM+NkM+ dh xbZ gS½A

vlR;kfir uewuk eksgj Hkst nh tkrh gS ¼uewuk eksgj lcwr gsrq lR;kfir gksuh pkfg,½A

dbZ ckj uewuk eksgj i<+us ;ksX; ugha gksrh ¼,Q0,l0,y0½ vkSj U;k;ky; ds eu esa lansg iSnk djrk gSA

vf/kd`r izek.k i= l{ke vf/kdkjh ls ysdj izn”kksZa ds lkFk ugha Hkstk tkrk ¼iz;ksx”kkyk ijh{k.k gsrq Hksts x, izn”kksZa dks Lohdkj ugha djsxh½A

iklZyksa ij n”kkZ, x, fooj.k dk rjy ds yhdst ds dkj.k feV tkuk lansg iSnk djrk gS ¼yhdizwQ daVsuj dk iz;ksx djsa½A

izn”kksZa dks dCts esa ysus ds rqjUr ckn vfoyEc iz;ksx”kkyk ijh{k.k gsrq u Hkstuk ¼tSfod lk{; lM+ tkrs gSa vkSj ijh{k.k ;ksX; ugha jgrs½A

4- HkkSfrd@oSKkfud lk{;ksa dks mBkrs] ifjjf{kr djrs] iSd djrs vkSj

iz;ksx”kkyk ijh{k.k gsrq Hkstrs le; dh tkus okyh xyfr;k¡@=qfV;k¡

¼d½ tSfod lk{;

¼i½ jDr rFkk vU; tSfod nzO; rFkk jaftr izn”kZ izn”kksZa dks jcM+ ds nLrkus igu dj u mBkuk vkSj vius lk{;

fefJr dj nsuk ¼nLrkus igusa½A izn”kksZa dks fcuk lq[kk, bdV~Bs iSd dj nsuk] blls lk{; u’V gks

tkrs gSa ¼lq[kk dj iSd djsa½A izn”kksZa ds uewus ,Q0Vh0,0 dkMZ ij u ysuk ¼Mh0,u0,0 ijh{k.k esa

vlqfo/kk gksrh gS vkSj uewus [kjkc gks tkrs gSa½A

18  

ijh{k.k gsrq uewus de ek=k esa mBkuk ¼de ls de 10 cky] 1x1 bZap jDr dk /kCck vFkok 20 uSuksxzke Mh0,u0,0 vo”; Hkstsa½A

uewus dks lM+us ls igys ifjjf{kr djds ijh{k.k u djokuk ¼foyEc gksus ij izn”kZ lM+ tkrs gSa½A

¼ii½ cky

lQsn cky dks jaxnkj] fefJr ckyksa dks Hkwjs rFkk dkys ckyksa dks lQsn dkxt esa iSd u djuk ¼cky xqe gks ldrs gSa½A

lafnX/k vFkok vijk/kh ls ckyksa ds de ls de nl uewus ysdj Hkstuk ¼nl ls de cky ijh{k.k gsrq i;kZIr ugha gksrs½A

ckyksa dks m[kkM+dj tM+ lesr u Hkstuk ¼dksf”kdk@ukfHkdh; Mh0,u0,0 ijh{k.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk½A

¼iii½ gfM~M;k¡

gfM~M;ksa dks MkDVj ls lkQ djokdj u Hkstuk ¼lM+us ij gfM~M;ksa esa QQ¡wnh yx tkrh gS tks tSfod lk{; dks u’V dj nsrh gS½A

Mh0,u0,0 ijh{k.k gsrq mi;qDr gM~Mh g~;wejl] Qhej] fVfc;k vkfn dks ifjjf{kr u djuk@djokuk ¼fu.kkZ;d ifj.kke izkIr ugha gksrs½A

Tkyh gqbZ gfM~M;ksa dks :bZ esa iSd djds l[r fMCcs esa Mkydj u Hkstuk ¼;s gfM~M;k¡ HkqjHkqjh gksus ds dkj.k ykrs le; VwV tkrh gS½A

¼iv½ ikS/kksa ds vo”ks’k ¼ruk] cht] iRrs vkfn½ uewuk mi;qDr ek=k esa u ysuk ¼de ls de 2x2x2 bZap ydM+h

dk VqdM+k] ik¡p cht vkSj ik¡p iRrs vo”; Hkstus pkfg,½A izn”kksZa dks vyx&vyx iSd u djuk vkSj VwVus ls u cpkuk

¼lk{; u’V gks tkrk gS½A uewuksa dks ueh ls cpkdj iSd u djuk ¼ueh ds dkj.k QQ¡wnh

yxdj uewus [kjkc gks tkrs gSa½A

19  

¼v½ vL=&”kL=

vL=&”kL= ¼canwd] ykBh] dqYgkM+h] pkdw] ryokj vkfn½ dks Hkstrs le; mu ij yxs jDr ds /kCcksa vkSj ckyksa vkfn dks dkxt yisVdj vkSj /kkxk ck¡/kdj ifjjf{kr u djuk ¼jxM+ yxdj /kCcs u’V gks ldrs gSa½A

¼[k½ jklk;fud lk{;

¼i½ foljk

dbZ ckj MkWDVj foljk dks ued ds ?kksy esa ifjjf{kr u djds ued ds rstkc] xU/kd ds rstkc] “kksjs ds rstkc vFkok QkesZyhu ds ?kksy esa xyrh ls ifjjf{kr dj nsrs gSa ¼blls foljk ijh{k.k ;ksX; ugha jg tkrh½A

foljk dh mi;qDr ek=k ijh{k.k gsrq u HkstukA de ls de 50 xzke foljk vkSj 5 fe0yh0 jDr vkSj ew= ds uewus ijh{k.k gsrq Hkstus pkfg,A

vYdksgy ijh{k.k gsrq jDr rFkk ew= dk uewuk ifjjf{kr u djokuk vkSj ijh{k.k gsrq u Hkstuk ¼foljk ls vYdksgy tk¡p Bhd ugha gksrh] D;ksafd lM+h gqbZ foljk esa vYdksgy vius vki iSnk gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj dk ifj.kke tk¡p dks iFkHkz’V dj ldrk gSA

foljk ds yhd dj jgs fMCcksa dks ijh{k.k gsrq Hkstuk ¼vke turk vkSj ykus okys O;fDr dks cn~cw vkrh gS vkSj laØe.k Hkh gks ldrk gS½A

fo’k@vYdksgy dh cksryksa vkSj fMCcksa ls ?kVukLFky ij vaxqyNki u mBkuk ¼;fn mBk;k tk, rks ;g irk fd;k tk ldrk gS fd bu oLrqvksa ls mRihfM+r dk laidZ jgk gS ;k fdlh vkSj dk½A

¼ii½ fQuksyQFkyhu ds uewus fj”or[kksjh ds ekeyksa esa fQuksyQFkyhu VsLV ds fy, gSaMok”k

rFkk ikdsVok”k DyksjhusfVM VSi okVj esa ysuk ¼ikuh esa Dyksjhu gksus ls xqykch jax ikuh esa ugha vk ikrkA vr% uewus gSUMiEi ds ikuh vFkok fMfLVYM okVj esa ysus pkfg,½A tc xokg dks

20  

xqykch jax uewus esa ugha fn[krk rks og U;k;ky; esa Hkh ;gh crkrk gS vkSj “kd ds Qk;ns ls vijk/kh NwV tkrk gSA

¼iii½ MªXl rFkk Lokid inkFkZ VsLV gsrq uewuk de Hkstk tkrk gSA de ls de 1&2 xzke uewuk

vo”; Hkstuk pkfg,A ,d tSlk izfrfuf/kRo ¼Homogenous Representative½ uewuk

ugha Hkstk tkrk ¼loksZPp U;k;ky; ds vkns”kkuqlkj vko”;d gS½A LikWV VsLV fdV dk ckgjh {ks= esa rduhdh Kku ds vHkko esa

Bhd izdkj iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk ¼uewuksa dks LikWV ij irk ugha py ikrk fd D;k gS½A

Mªx vkSj Lokid inkFkksZa dk lgh Hkkj@ek=k MkdsV esa fy[kdj ugha Hksth tkrh ¼cpko i{k uewuksa dks ugha viukrk vkSj dgrk gS fd og uewuk mudk ugha gS vkSj vijk/kh NwV tkrk gS½A

viuh ryk”kh nsdj vfHk;qDr dh ryk”kh ,u0Mh0ih0,l0 ,DV ds izko/kku ds vuqlkj ugha yh tkrhA ;fn yh Hkh tkrh gS rks lacaf/kr izi= dsl QkbZy dk Hkkx ugha cuk;k tkrk ¼blls vijk/kh cjh gks tkrs gSa½A

,DV ds izko/kku ds vuqlkj uewus 24 ?kaVs ds vanj iz;ksx”kkyk esa tek ugha djok, tkrs ¼vijk/kh NwV tkrs gSa½A

,u0lh0ch0 QkeZ fVªiyhdsV esa Hkjdj ugha Hksts tkrs ¼vR;Ur vko”;d gS½A

QkeZ ij uewuk eksgj ugha yxkbZ tkrh ¼iz;ksx”kkyk uewuksa dks ijh{k.k gsrq Lohdkj ugha djsxh½A

Hksts x, izn”kksZa ds iklZy ij yxkbZ xbZ lhyksa dh ek=k ugha n”kkZbZ tkrh ¼lansg ds Qk;ns ls vijk/kh NwV tkrk gS½A

lhy@eksgj Li’V ugha i<+h tk ldrh ¼lansg dk Qk;nk vijk/kh dks fey ldrk gS½A

¼iv½ jklk;fud ijh{k.k ds vU; ekeys ,DlkbZt ds ekeyksa esa vYdksgy tk¡p gsrq jsUMe lSEiy u

Hkstdj lkjh ek=k VsLV gsrq Hkst nsuk ¼,Q0,l0,y0 dk dk;ZHkkj c<+ tkrk gS½A

Tgjhyh xSl ds uewus xqCckjksa esa ugha fy, tkrsA isVªksfy;e inkFkksZa ds vo”ks’kksa dks ok;q:) fMCcksa rFkk FkSfy;ksa esa iSd u djuk ¼bu inkFkksZa ds mM+rs jgus ls izn”kksZa esa inkFkZ ugha ik, tkrs½A

21  

vEy vkSj {kkj dks “kh”ks rFkk IykfLVd dh cksryksa esa Mkydj u Hkstuk ¼ykrs le; nq?kZVuk gks ldrh gS½A

xSl fo’kkDru ds ekeyksa esa jDr ds uewus ijh{k.k gsrq u Hkstuk ¼egRoiw.kZ lk{; NwV tkrs gSa½A

¼x½ HkkSfrd] vXus;”kL= rFkk foLQksVd lk{;

¼i½ HkkSfrd lk{; vUos’k.k vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk VwyekDlZ dks ifjjf{kr djds ijh{k.k

gsrq u Hkstuk ¼egRoiw.kZ lk{; NwV tkrs gSa½A lhesUV] dadjhV rFkk vU; bekjrh lkeku ds uewuksa dk izfrfuf/k

uewuk ysdj ijh{k.k gsrq u Hkstuk ¼U;k;laxr ijh{k.k gsrq pkfg,½A

infpUgksa rFkk Vk;jfpUgksa ds IykLVj dkLV Bhd izdkj ls iSd djds u Hkstuk] tks iz;ksx”kkyk ykrs le; ;k=k ds nkSjku gh VwV tkrs gSa ¼egRoiw.kZ lk{; u’V gks tkrk gS½A

bUtu vkSj pSflt uEcj fudyokus gsrq okgu dks rqjUr iz;ksx”kkyk ugha Hkstk tkrk gS ¼blls [kM+h&[kM+h xkfM+;k¡ yksgs dk <kapk cu tkrh gSa vkSj ifCyd lEifRr dk uqdlku gksrk gS½A

vijk/k ?kVukLFky vFkok okgu ls fy, x, isUV ds VqdM+ksa dks isUV dh fMCch esa Mkydj Hkst nsuk ¼isUV dk uewuk nwljs isUV esa feydj [kjkc gks tkrk gS½A

vkStkj fpUgksa ds lkFk rqyuk gsrq lafnX/k vkStkj u Hkstuk ¼rqyuk laHko ugha½A

¼ii½ vXus; “kL= NjsZa] xksyh] oSM] [kkyh [kksy dkjrwl tks vijk/k ?kVukLFky ls

feys gksa] dks vXus; “kL= dh fjdojh ls igys lqjf{kr j[kus gsrq iz;ksx”kkyk u Hkstuk ¼isfMax dk lansg gksrk gS½A

vXus; “kL= dks [kkyh djds u Hkstuk ¼nq?kZVuk gks ldrh gS½A vXus; “kL= dks iwjh rjg diM+s dh FkSyh esa iSd djds u Hkstuk

¼vXus; “kL= ls NsM+NkM+ dh tk ldrh gS½A xksyh rFkk [kkyh dkjrwl dks :bZ esa yisVs fcuk /kkrq dh fMCch

esa Mkydj Hkstuk ¼fpUg cu ldrs gSa vkSj [kjksap vk ldrh gS½A jDr jaftr xksyh rFkk NjksZa dks /kksdj lkQ djds iz;ksx”kkyk

Hkstuk ¼jDr dh lk{; lekIr gks tkrh gS½A

22  

lk{; dks dCts esa ysrs le; nks Lora= xokgksa ds gLrk{kj QnZ ij u djokuk ¼U;k;ky; esa ,sls lk{;ksa dk dksbZ egRo ugha gksrk½A

¼iii½ foLQksVd ftUnk foLQksVd dks ysdj ifCyd VªkaliksVZ ls ;k=k djuk

¼nq?kZVuk gks ldrh gS½A vkbZ0bZ0Mh0 dks ekSds ij fM¶;wt u djok dj iz;ksx”kkyk

ijh{k.k gsrq ysdj py iM+uk ¼ nq?kZVuk gks ldrh gS½A foLQksVd dks fof/kiwoZd iSd djds u ykuk ¼nq?kZVuk dk dkj.k

cu ldrk gS½A e`rd vkSj lafnX/k ls xu”kkV jsftM~;w gsrq LoSc u ysuk

¼egRoiw.kZ lk{; NwV tkrk gS½A foLQksVd izn”kZ ds iklZy ij fpfUgr u djuk fd mlesa

foLQksVd gS ¼nq?kZVuk dk dkj.k cu ldrk gS½A

¼?k½ isij rFkk bysDVªkfud MkWD;wesUV

¼i½ isij MkWD;wesUV uewuk gLrk{kj@fy[kkbZ mi;qDr ek=k esa ijh{k.k gsrq u Hkstuk

¼de ls de ik¡p lhV@ekU; fy[kkbZ Hkh Hksats½A ekU; gLrk{kj@fy[kkbZ ds uewus rqyuk gsrq u Hkstuk ¼fu.kkZ;d

ifj.kke ugha feyrk½A uewuksa dks vf/kd`r xokgksa@l{ke vf/kdkjh ds lkeus u ysuk

¼U;k;ky; ,slh fjiksVZ dks egRo ugha nsrs½A uewuk ysrs le; mlh izdkj ds dkxt vkSj isu dk iz;ksx u

djuk ftl izdkj dk lafnX/k ys[k esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks ¼vkSj fHkUurk,a vkrh gS] rqyuk dfBu gks tkrk gS½A

lafnX/k vkSj lSEiy ys[k dks fpfUgr u djuk ¼rqyuk djrs le; la”k; gksrk gS½A

tk¡p gsrq Hksts tkus okys nLrkostksa ij dqN vkSj fy[kkbZ dj nsuk ¼lansg iSnk djrk gS½A

tys gq, nLrkostksa@uksVksa dks lsY;wykst ,slhVsV@ukbVªsV ?kksy Lizs djds Hkstus ls igys ifjjf{kr u djuk ¼bl izdkj ds eqjeqjs nLrkost ykrs le; vkSj NksVs VqdM+ksa esa VwV tkrs gSa½A

mlh VkbZijkbVj vFkok fizUVj dk fizUV u Hkstuk ftlls lafnX/k nLrkost cuk gks ¼rqyuk esa fu.kkZ;d ifj.kke ugha feyrs½A

23  

¼ii½ bysDVªkfud MkWD;wesUV dEI;wVj gkMZ fMLd] isu MªkbZo] lh0Mh0] Mh0oh0Mh0] ¶ykWih]

eSfXufVd Vsi] lh0ih0;w0] lsyQksu vkfn dks dCts esa ysus ds ckn iqfyl }kjk Lo;a pyk dj ns[kuk] MkWD;wesUV dh gsl oSY;w dks dks cny nsrk gS vkSj bu bysDVªkWfud MkWD;wesUV ls feyus okys lk{; U;k;ky; dh fuxkg esa lansgkLin gks tkrs gSaA vr% bu midj.kksa dks pykdj ugha ns[kuk pkfg, vkSj lh/ks iz;ksx”kkyk tk¡p gsrq Hkstuk pkfg,A

dkih djus gsrq [kkyh gkMZ fMLd lkFk u Hkstuk ¼ijh{k.k esa foyEc djrk gS½A

bysDVªkWfud MkWD;wesUV~l dks Å¡pkbZ ls fxjk nsukA blls MkVk [kjkc gks ldrk gS vkSj u’V Hkh gks ldrk gSA

bysDVªkWfud MkWD;wesUV~l dks mPp rkieku vFkok pqacd ds ikl j[k nsuk ¼blls MkVk [kjkc Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj u’V Hkh gks ldrk gS½A

uksV & mijksDr xyfr;ksa@ =qfV;ksa dks ;fn vUos’k.k vf/kdkjh u djsa rks

vijk/k vUos’k.k esa visf{kr lQyrk fey ldrh gSA