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med while further vigorous efforts were pushed to integrate the navy presence inEast-Pakistan into fully development plan for the navy and create opportunitiesfor people belonging to the East-Pakistan to participate in the build-up of theNavy. During this time, command and field appointments in certain key assignments in Naval Combatant Headquarters (NHQ) were given to native officers to replace the admirals of Royal Navy.[citation needed]First, Commander Khalid Jamil wasappointed as navy's first Pakistani Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS) while Rear-Admiral James Wilfred Jefford served as first chief of naval staff until 1953.[citation needed]The chief of naval staff was assisted in the matters of navy byDeputy Chief of Staff Commander M. A. Alavi whilst other administrative positions were also re-designed and created by the Pakistan Government.[citation needed]Meanwhile, the Ministry of Finance awarded contracts to Corps of Engineers of Pakistan Army to led the construction of NHQ in Karachi and the Karachi Naval Dockyard in mid-1950s. During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carriedout by Pakistan Navy's combatant ships and non-combat missions were conducted under close auspicious of Royal Navy. The Pakistan Navy ships toured and visitedthe places worldwide with the Royal Navy. In 1950, Commodore Chaudhry took the command of PNS Shamsheer, later became Commander of Pakistan Fleet. In 1953, Chaudhry was appointed first Pakistani chief of naval staff and handed over the command of 25th destroyer squadron to Captain Romould Nalecz Tyminski, first Polishnaval officer of Pakistan Navy.[citation needed]

PNS Badr, a destroyer visiting Britain, 1957.

In 1956, the Parliament of Pakistan unanimously passed the 1956 Constitution ofPakistan and proclaimed the State of Pakistan as Islamic Republic under the newconstitution. The prefix Royal was dropped and the service was re-designated asthe Pakistan Navy, or "PN" for its reporting name. The PN Jack and Pakistan flagreplaced the Queen's colour and the White Ensign respectively. The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy, Army, Air force to Army, Navy,Air Force.[citation needed]In February 1956, the British government announced supplying of several major surface combatants to Pakistan. These warships, a cruiser and four destroyers werepurchased with funds made available under the US Military Assistance Program. The acquisition of a few additional warships from 1956 to 1963 two destroyers, eight coastal minesweepers and an oiler, was the direct result of Pakistan's participation in the anti-Communist defence pacts of SEATO and CENTO. During this tim

e, the Navy made an effort to acquire the first submarine but attempts were rebuff as the political situation in Pakistan had worsened in 1950s.[8]Indo-Pakistan war of 1965[edit source | editbeta]Main article: Operation SomnathSoon after the Kashmir incursion was launched, the Navy was well-prepared when the battle between Pakistan and the Indian Army began.[8] Chief of naval staff Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan ordered all units of Pakistan Navy to sail to take up the defensive position off the coast, but did not take any active measures in Bayof Bengal.[8] During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Indian Air Force's repeated sorties and raids disrupted and effectively distracted the PAF's air missions in the conflict, leading the Navy to jump in the conflict.[citation needed] On 2 September, the Navy first deployed its first long-range submarine, the PNS Ghazi charging the gathering intelligence management and analysis of Indian naval

movements.[citation needed] Ghazi was a lead class submarine and flagship submarine of Pakistan and was commanded by Commander Karamat Rahman Niazi (later four-star admiral). Ghazi was not restricted to making engagements or contacts withIndian naval frigates, missiles boats or corvettes, it was also charged with diverting threats posed by INS Vikrant.[citation needed]

The submarine PNS Ghazi during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. Pakistan sufferedthe loss of expensive and long-range submarine (as well as 100 personnel) in 1971 after it was sunk under mysterious circumstances.

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In 6 September, the Naval Intelligence began the operational planning of thwarting the Indian Air Force's raids after giving approvals of deploying 25th Destroyer Squadron led by Commodore S. M. Anwar.[citation needed] On 6 September, a combatant squadron comprising four destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine under Commodore S.M. Anwar was deployed to the city of Dwarka to destroythe radar facility used by the Indian Air Force.[citation needed] The radar facility and naval facilities of Dwarka were shelled and bombarded, The radar installation was shelled during the bombardment but neither the radar was damaged norwere any casualties reported. The Indian Navy did not take any counter-actionsagainst naval raid; the destroyer squadron remained 100 miles away from Dwarka,changing the course on anti-aircraft mission.[citation needed]Apart from carrying out successful bombardment of the coastal town of Dwaraka codenamed Operation Dwarka the navy's submarine Ghazi was deployed, Pakistan's first submarine and remaining the flagship submarine for Pakistan Navy until deployed against Indian Navy's western fleet at Bombay (Mumbai) port.[9] Ghazi remained on the course on 22 September detecting the sonar contacts with the Indian Navy. After two weeks of chasing down the sonar contacts, the Ghazi caught up the roaming frigate INS Kuthar.[citation needed] Ghazi, while underwater, fired fourhoming torpedoes while observing that first two homing torpedoes hit its designated target, although Ghazi failed to sink the frigate. On 23 September, Ghazi ended her operations when it cleared the coast of naval borders of Pakistan on itsway to Karachi Naval Dockyard.[citation needed]The Operation Dwarka was an ultimate success for Pakistan Navy, a daring naval offence against India that had achieved a greater symbolic and strategic values f

or the Navy.[10] The attack surprised the Indian Navy and realised the significant threat posed by the Pakistan Navy.[10] After the war, the Indian Navy went into an extreme level of modernisation and procurement of naval system whilst thePakistan Navy failed to meet with Indian Navy's extreme expansion and modernisation programme after the 1965 war.[citation needed] The operational capacity of Pakistan Navy was limited and decreased as comparing to Indian Navy during the 196570 period.[citation needed] After the war, Navy as well as the government notedthe Indian Navy's expansion that allowed Navy to acquire three Daphn class submarine from France while the Navy was operating Tench class submarine from the United States, and established the Naval special forces in 1966.[8] The Navy also attempted to established a naval air service, composing of fighter jets, but thiswas impossible to achieve. The lack of funds and the air force itself objectedthe plans fearing to risk and lose its aircraft in open-sea operations.[8]

The lack of apathy in the Navy's affairs by the then-President General Ayub Khanfurther deteriorated and jeopardise the operational scope of the Navy. In 1970,General Yahya Khan made series of reforms and increased the diameter of operational scope of Navy, adding and giving more responsibility to Navy.[citation needed]Indo-Pakistan war of 1971[edit source | editbeta]Main articles: Operation Barisal, Operation Jackpot, and Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971The Pakistan Navy had a poor presence of conducting operations East Pakistan, ithad lack of capacity of conducting offensive operations in deep Bay of Bengal.[citation needed] The entire Navy was deployed in (West) Pakistan and instead inEast-Pakistan, the Navy relied on deploying Naval Special Service Group and theentire formation of Pakistan Marines (PM), initially charged with conducting exp

editionary operations.[citation needed] The city of Karachi, the hub of Pakistan's maritime trade, housed the combatant headquarters of the Pakistan Navy and almost the entire naval fleet. Although proposals were made to increased the navalpresence in East Pakistan but no serious reforms were made. On 15 March 1971, the Navy special forces launched the counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operation, codename Operation Jackpot and followed by full scale offence, codenameOperation Barisal on April 1971. This was followed by the deployment of PNS Ghazi on East Pakistan, initially charged with gathering intelligence management onIndian naval efforts on East Pakistan.At then end of East-Pakistan crisis.... We (Pakistan Navy, Eastern Command) had

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no intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force pounding us day and night....Admiral Mohammad Sharif, telling U.S. Admiral Zumwalt in 1971, .[11]

PNS Nazim which previously took part in the Vietnam and Korean Wars with the USNUnder the direction of former Commander of Navy, Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, the navy's presence in East Pakistan was tripled.[12] A command size naval assetswere expanded with an administrative naval units operating in East Pakistan. In1969, Admiral Ahsan was sent to East Pakistan and became the unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces in East Pakistan.[12] The Eastern Naval Command posed asignificant threat to existing Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command.[12] Therefore, Indian Navy launched the Operation Jackpot to disturb the Eastern High Command and its existence in Eastern wing. With East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) havingbeen surrounded on all three sides by the Indian Army, the PN was attempting toprevent Indian access to the coast.[12]On 4 December, the Indian Navy launched a naval attack, Operation Trident, consisting of 3 OSA class missile boats escorted by two anti-submarine patrol vessels. Nearing the Karachi port, they detected Pakistan's naval presence and launchedtheir SS-N-2 Styx anti-ship missiles. The obsolescent Pakistan naval ships hadno viable defence against such missiles[13] and, as a result, the PNS Muhafiz and PNS Khyber were both sunk while the PNS Shahjahan was damaged beyond repair, the Indian Naval attack was an ultimate victory in the naval history of India, with no damage to Indian Navy's attacking squadron.

On 8 December 1971, the Hangor, a Daphn class submarine of Navy, sank the Indianfrigate INS Khukri off the coast of Gujarat, India. This was the first sinking of a warship by a submarine since World War II that resulted in the loss of 18 officers and 176 sailors of the Indian navy. The same submarine also severely damaged another warship, INS Kirpan.[14] Attempts were then made by Pakistan to counter the Indian missile boat threat by carrying out bombing raids over Okha harbour, the forward base of the missile boats. The Indian Navy retaliates when commencing another Indian Navy attack on the Pakistan's coast, named Operation Python, occurred on the night of 8 December 1971. A small group of Indian vessels, consisting of a missile boat and two frigates, approached Karachi. The Indian shipssank the Panamian vessel Gulf Star, while the Pakistan Navy's PNS Dacca and theBritish ship SS Harmattan were damaged. Python was a complete success for the Indian Navy, a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and material cos

t for Pakistan Navy was extremely high.[15] The civilian pilots from PIA volunteered to serve in the surveillance missions with the PAF after the PAF launched the seaborne operation after the Indian naval attack but due to miscommunicationand panic attack, the civilians abroad on Fokker Friendship raised a false alarmed which reported a Pakistan Navy frigate, PNS Zulfikar as a missile boat by Indian Navy.[15] The PAF accidentally attacked the PNS Zulfikar, the only naval destroyer, before the PAF recognised that it had laid attack on its own ship.[15] The friendly attack resulted the further loss of navy personnel as well as the loss of the destroyer that was damage severely, after this attack, the Pakistan Navy's operational capabilities were extinct and demoralised.[15] The Indian Navyobserves furthered noted that the "PAF pilots failed to recognize the differencebetween a large PNS Zulfikar frigate and small Osa missile boat.".[15] After the friendly attack, all naval operations, except the submarines efforts, came to

halt under the effect orders of chief of naval staff.[15]The Navy only long range submarine, Ghazi, was deployed to the area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under mysterious circumstances.[16] Pakistani authorities state that it sank either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was laying at the time.[17] The Indian Navy claims to havesank the submarine.[18][19][20][21] The submarine's destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a blockade on then East Pakistan.[22] According to the defence magazine, Pakistan Defence Journal, the attack on Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagongand the loss of Ghazi, the Navy no longer was able to match the threat of IndianNavy as it was already outclassed by the Indian Navy after the 1965 war.[citati

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on needed]The damage inflicted by the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force on the PN stood atseven gunboats, one minesweeper, two destroyers, three patrol crafts belonging to the Pakistan Coast Guard, 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels, and large-scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. Three merchant navy ships; Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi;[23] and ten smaller vessels were captured.[24] Around 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dhaka.[25] The Indian Navy lost 18 officers and 176 sailors[14][26] and a frigate, while another frigate was damagedand a Breguet Aliz naval aircraft was shot down by the Pakistan Air Force. According to one Pakistan scholar, Tariq Ali, the Pakistan Navy lost a third of its force in the war.[27] Despite the limited resources and manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end.[28] The primary reason for this loss has been attributed to the central command's failure in defining a role for the Navy, or the military ingeneral, in East Pakistan.[citation needed] Since then the Navy has sought to improve the structure and fleet by putting special emphasis on sub-surface warfarecapability as it allows for the most efficient way to deny the control of Pakistani sea lanes to an adversary.[citation needed]Cold war operations[edit source | editbeta]See also: Operation Umeed-e-Nuh, Operation United Shield, Operation Parakram, and Soviet war in AfghanistanPakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protec

ting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide thebest available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.Pervez Musharraf, 1999, [29]After the 1971 war, the Navy had to be re-organized, re-visioned, and re-established after being destroyed its facilities, manpower, and operational basis during the war by the Indian Navy.[28] The coming Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Muhammad Sharif reconstituted the Navy and gave commissioned to Naval Air Arm of the Navy.[28] During the course of war, the co-ordination between Inter-services waslimited, lack of communication, poor execution of joint-operations, this led tothe establishment of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[28] In a small span of time, the navy facilities, manpower and profile of Navy was quickly arranged and raised by Admiral Muhammad Sharif, and his services to Navy led him to be appointed as first navy admiral Chairman of Joint Chiefs Committee of Pakistan Armed For

ces.[28]The Pakistan Navy came into public notice in 1974 after it had reportedly applied a naval blockage and played an integral role to stop the arm smuggled in Balochistan conflict.[28] After the discovery of Arms in the Iraqi Embassy in Pakistan, the Navy made an effort to apply a naval blockade to prevent arms smuggling in the Province. Later, the navy provided logistic support to the Army and the Air Force in the conflict.[28]

The Daphne class submarine Ghazi (S-134) deployed during the Operation Restore Hope.From her inception, the Navy sought to diversify its purchases instead of depending solely on the United States, which had placed an arms embargo on both India

and Pakistan.[30] After 1971, the Navy sought more combatant vessels from friendly countries notably, France and China.[30] Thus, its extreme modernization programme led the Pakistan Navy to become the first navy in South Asia to acquire land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft.[30] During the 1980s, the Pakistan Navy enjoyed unprecedented growth, doubling its surface fleet from 8 to 16 surface combatants in 1989. In 1982, the Reagan administration approved US$3.2 billion military and economic aid to Pakistan. Pakistan acquired eight Brooke and Garcia-class frigates from United States Navy on a five-year lease in 1988. A depot for repairs, USS Hector followed the lease of these ships in April 1989. However after the Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan i

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n 1989 US President George Bush was advised to no longer certify that Pakistan was not involved in the development of nuclear weapons and the Pressler amendmentwas invoked on 1 October 1990. The lease of the first Brooke class frigate expired in March 1993, the remaining in early 1994. This seriously impaired the Pakistan Navy, which was composed almost entirely of former US origmed while furthervigorous efforts were pushed to integrate the navy presence in East-Pakistan into fully development plan for the navy and create opportunities for people belonging to the East-Pakistan to participate in the build-up of the Navy. During this time, command and field appointments in certain key assignments in Naval Combatant Headquarters (NHQ) were given to native officers to replace the admirals ofRoyal Navy.[citation needed]First, Commander Khalid Jamil was appointed as navy's first Pakistani Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS) while Rear-Admiral James Wilfred Jefford served as first chief of naval staff until 1953.[citation needed]The chief of naval staff was assisted in the matters of navy by Deputy Chief ofStaff Commander M. A. Alavi whilst other administrative positions were also re-designed and created by the Pakistan Government.[citation needed]Meanwhile, the Ministry of Finance awarded contracts to Corps of Engineers of Pakistan Army to led the construction of NHQ in Karachi and the Karachi Naval Dockyard in mid-1950s. During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carried out by PakistanNavy's combatant ships and non-combat missions were conducted under close auspicious of Royal Navy. The Pakistan Navy ships toured and visited the places worldwide with the Royal Navy. In 1950, Commodore Chaudhry took the command of PNS Shamsheer, later became Commander of Pakistan Fleet. In 1953, Chaudhry was appointed first Pakistani chief of naval staff and handed over the command of 25th destr

oyer squadron to Captain Romould Nalecz Tyminski, first Polish naval officer ofPakistan Navy.[citation needed]

PNS Badr, a destroyer visiting Britain, 1957.In 1956, the Parliament of Pakistan unanimously passed the 1956 Constitution ofPakistan and proclaimed the State of Pakistan as Islamic Republic under the newconstitution. The prefix Royal was dropped and the service was re-designated asthe Pakistan Navy, or "PN" for its reporting name. The PN Jack and Pakistan flagreplaced the Queen's colour and the White Ensign respectively. The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy, Army, Air force to Army, Navy,Air Force.[citation needed]In February 1956, the British government announced supplying of several major su

rface combatants to Pakistan. These warships, a cruiser and four destroyers werepurchased with funds made available under the US Military Assistance Program. The acquisition of a few additional warships from 1956 to 1963 two destroyers, eight coastal minesweepers and an oiler, was the direct result of Pakistan's participation in the anti-Communist defence pacts of SEATO and CENTO. During this time, the Navy made an effort to acquire the first submarine but attempts were rebuff as the political situation in Pakistan had worsened in 1950s.[8]Indo-Pakistan war of 1965[edit source | editbeta]Main article: Operation SomnathSoon after the Kashmir incursion was launched, the Navy was well-prepared when the battle between Pakistan and the Indian Army began.[8] Chief of naval staff Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan ordered all units of Pakistan Navy to sail to take up the defensive position off the coast, but did not take any active measures in Bay

of Bengal.[8] During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Indian Air Force's repeated sorties and raids disrupted and effectively distracted the PAF's air missions in the conflict, leading the Navy to jump in the conflict.[citation needed] On 2 September, the Navy first deployed its first long-range submarine, the PNS Ghazi charging the gathering intelligence management and analysis of Indian navalmovements.[citation needed] Ghazi was a lead class submarine and flagship submarine of Pakistan and was commanded by Commander Karamat Rahman Niazi (later four-star admiral). Ghazi was not restricted to making engagements or contacts withIndian naval frigates, missiles boats or corvettes, it was also charged with diverting threats posed by INS Vikrant.[citation needed]

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The submarine PNS Ghazi during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. Pakistan sufferedthe loss of expensive and long-range submarine (as well as 100 personnel) in 1971 after it was sunk under mysterious circumstances.In 6 September, the Naval Intelligence began the operational planning of thwarting the Indian Air Force's raids after giving approvals of deploying 25th Destroyer Squadron led by Commodore S. M. Anwar.[citation needed] On 6 September, a combatant squadron comprising four destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine under Commodore S.M. Anwar was deployed to the city of Dwarka to destroythe radar facility used by the Indian Air Force.[citation needed] The radar facility and naval facilities of Dwarka were shelled and bombarded, The radar installation was shelled during the bombardment but neither the radar was damaged norwere any casualties reported. The Indian Navy did not take any counter-actionsagainst naval raid; the destroyer squadron remained 100 miles away from Dwarka,changing the course on anti-aircraft mission.[citation needed]Apart from carrying out successful bombardment of the coastal town of Dwaraka codenamed Operation Dwarka the navy's submarine Ghazi was deployed, Pakistan's first submarine and remaining the flagship submarine for Pakistan Navy until deployed against Indian Navy's western fleet at Bombay (Mumbai) port.[9] Ghazi remained on the course on 22 September detecting the sonar contacts with the Indian Navy. After two weeks of chasing down the sonar contacts, the Ghazi caught up the roaming frigate INS Kuthar.[citation needed] Ghazi, while underwater, fired fourhoming torpedoes while observing that first two homing torpedoes hit its designa

ted target, although Ghazi failed to sink the frigate. On 23 September, Ghazi ended her operations when it cleared the coast of naval borders of Pakistan on itsway to Karachi Naval Dockyard.[citation needed]The Operation Dwarka was an ultimate success for Pakistan Navy, a daring naval offence against India that had achieved a greater symbolic and strategic values for the Navy.[10] The attack surprised the Indian Navy and realised the significant threat posed by the Pakistan Navy.[10] After the war, the Indian Navy went into an extreme level of modernisation and procurement of naval system whilst thePakistan Navy failed to meet with Indian Navy's extreme expansion and modernisation programme after the 1965 war.[citation needed] The operational capacity of Pakistan Navy was limited and decreased as comparing to Indian Navy during the 196570 period.[citation needed] After the war, Navy as well as the government notedthe Indian Navy's expansion that allowed Navy to acquire three Daphn class subma

rine from France while the Navy was operating Tench class submarine from the United States, and established the Naval special forces in 1966.[8] The Navy also attempted to established a naval air service, composing of fighter jets, but thiswas impossible to achieve. The lack of funds and the air force itself objectedthe plans fearing to risk and lose its aircraft in open-sea operations.[8]The lack of apathy in the Navy's affairs by the then-President General Ayub Khanfurther deteriorated and jeopardise the operational scope of the Navy. In 1970,General Yahya Khan made series of reforms and increased the diameter of operational scope of Navy, adding and giving more responsibility to Navy.[citation needed]Indo-Pakistan war of 1971[edit source | editbeta]Main articles: Operation Barisal, Operation Jackpot, and Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971

The Pakistan Navy had a poor presence of conducting operations East Pakistan, ithad lack of capacity of conducting offensive operations in deep Bay of Bengal.[citation needed] The entire Navy was deployed in (West) Pakistan and instead inEast-Pakistan, the Navy relied on deploying Naval Special Service Group and theentire formation of Pakistan Marines (PM), initially charged with conducting expeditionary operations.[citation needed] The city of Karachi, the hub of Pakistan's maritime trade, housed the combatant headquarters of the Pakistan Navy and almost the entire naval fleet. Although proposals were made to increased the navalpresence in East Pakistan but no serious reforms were made. On 15 March 1971, the Navy special forces launched the counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency ope

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ration, codename Operation Jackpot and followed by full scale offence, codenameOperation Barisal on April 1971. This was followed by the deployment of PNS Ghazi on East Pakistan, initially charged with gathering intelligence management onIndian naval efforts on East Pakistan.At then end of East-Pakistan crisis.... We (Pakistan Navy, Eastern Command) hadno intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force pounding us day and night....Admiral Mohammad Sharif, telling U.S. Admiral Zumwalt in 1971, .[11]

PNS Nazim which previously took part in the Vietnam and Korean Wars with the USNUnder the direction of former Commander of Navy, Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, the navy's presence in East Pakistan was tripled.[12] A command size naval assetswere expanded with an administrative naval units operating in East Pakistan. In1969, Admiral Ahsan was sent to East Pakistan and became the unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces in East Pakistan.[12] The Eastern Naval Command posed asignificant threat to existing Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command.[12] Therefore, Indian Navy launched the Operation Jackpot to disturb the Eastern High Command and its existence in Eastern wing. With East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) havingbeen surrounded on all three sides by the Indian Army, the PN was attempting toprevent Indian access to the coast.[12]On 4 December, the Indian Navy launched a naval attack, Operation Trident, consisting of 3 OSA class missile boats escorted by two anti-submarine patrol vessels. Nearing the Karachi port, they detected Pakistan's naval presence and launched

their SS-N-2 Styx anti-ship missiles. The obsolescent Pakistan naval ships hadno viable defence against such missiles[13] and, as a result, the PNS Muhafiz and PNS Khyber were both sunk while the PNS Shahjahan was damaged beyond repair, the Indian Naval attack was an ultimate victory in the naval history of India, with no damage to Indian Navy's attacking squadron.On 8 December 1971, the Hangor, a Daphn class submarine of Navy, sank the Indianfrigate INS Khukri off the coast of Gujarat, India. This was the first sinking of a warship by a submarine since World War II that resulted in the loss of 18 officers and 176 sailors of the Indian navy. The same submarine also severely damaged another warship, INS Kirpan.[14] Attempts were then made by Pakistan to counter the Indian missile boat threat by carrying out bombing raids over Okha harbour, the forward base of the missile boats. The Indian Navy retaliates when commencing another Indian Navy attack on the Pakistan's coast, named Operation Python

, occurred on the night of 8 December 1971. A small group of Indian vessels, consisting of a missile boat and two frigates, approached Karachi. The Indian shipssank the Panamian vessel Gulf Star, while the Pakistan Navy's PNS Dacca and theBritish ship SS Harmattan were damaged. Python was a complete success for the Indian Navy, a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and material cost for Pakistan Navy was extremely high.[15] The civilian pilots from PIA volunteered to serve in the surveillance missions with the PAF after the PAF launched the seaborne operation after the Indian naval attack but due to miscommunicationand panic attack, the civilians abroad on Fokker Friendship raised a false alarmed which reported a Pakistan Navy frigate, PNS Zulfikar as a missile boat by Indian Navy.[15] The PAF accidentally attacked the PNS Zulfikar, the only naval destroyer, before the PAF recognised that it had laid attack on its own ship.[15] The friendly attack resulted the further loss of navy personnel as well as the lo

ss of the destroyer that was damage severely, after this attack, the Pakistan Navy's operational capabilities were extinct and demoralised.[15] The Indian Navyobserves furthered noted that the "PAF pilots failed to recognize the differencebetween a large PNS Zulfikar frigate and small Osa missile boat.".[15] After the friendly attack, all naval operations, except the submarines efforts, came tohalt under the effect orders of chief of naval staff.[15]The Navy only long range submarine, Ghazi, was deployed to the area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under mysterious circumstances.[16] Pakistani authorities state that it sank either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was laying at the time.[17] The Indian Navy claims to have

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sank the submarine.[18][19][20][21] The submarine's destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a blockade on then East Pakistan.[22] According to the defence magazine, Pakistan Defence Journal, the attack on Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagongand the loss of Ghazi, the Navy no longer was able to match the threat of IndianNavy as it was already outclassed by the Indian Navy after the 1965 war.[citation needed]The damage inflicted by the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force on the PN stood atseven gunboats, one minesweeper, two destroyers, three patrol crafts belonging to the Pakistan Coast Guard, 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels, and large-scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. Three merchant navy ships; Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi;[23] and ten smaller vessels were captured.[24] Around 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dhaka.[25] The Indian Navy lost 18 officers and 176 sailors[14][26] and a frigate, while another frigate was damagedand a Breguet Aliz naval aircraft was shot down by the Pakistan Air Force. According to one Pakistan scholar, Tariq Ali, the Pakistan Navy lost a third of its force in the war.[27] Despite the limited resources and manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end.[28] The primary reason for this loss has been attributed to the central command's failure in defining a role for the Navy, or the military ingeneral, in East Pakistan.[citation needed] Since then the Navy has sought to improve the structure and fleet by putting special emphasis on sub-surface warfarecapability as it allows for the most efficient way to deny the control of Pakistani sea lanes to an adversary.[citation needed]

Cold war operations[edit source | editbeta]See also: Operation Umeed-e-Nuh, Operation United Shield, Operation Parakram, and Soviet war in AfghanistanPakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide thebest available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.Pervez Musharraf, 1999, [29]After the 1971 war, the Navy had to be re-organized, re-visioned, and re-established after being destroyed its facilities, manpower, and operational basis during the war by the Indian Navy.[28] The coming Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Muhammad Sharif reconstituted the Navy and gave commissioned to Naval Air Arm of the Navy.[28] During the course of war, the co-ordination between Inter-services was

limited, lack of communication, poor execution of joint-operations, this led tothe establishment of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[28] In a small span of time, the navy facilities, manpower and profile of Navy was quickly arranged and raised by Admiral Muhammad Sharif, and his services to Navy led him to be appointed as first navy admiral Chairman of Joint Chiefs Committee of Pakistan Armed Forces.[28]The Pakistan Navy came into public notice in 1974 after it had reportedly applied a naval blockage and played an integral role to stop the arm smuggled in Balochistan conflict.[28] After the discovery of Arms in the Iraqi Embassy in Pakistan, the Navy made an effort to apply a naval blockade to prevent arms smuggling in the Province. Later, the navy provided logistic support to the Army and the Air Force in the conflict.[28]

The Daphne class submarine Ghazi (S-134) deployed during the Operation Restore Hope.From her inception, the Navy sought to diversify its purchases instead of depending solely on the United States, which had placed an arms embargo on both Indiaand Pakistan.[30] After 1971, the Navy sought more combatant vessels from friendly countries notably, France and China.[30] Thus, its extreme modernization programme led the Pakistan Navy to become the first navy in South Asia to acquire land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft.[30] During the 1980s, the Pakistan Navy enjoyed unprecedented growth, doubling its surfa

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ce fleet from 8 to 16 surface combatants in 1989. In 1982, the Reagan administration approved US$3.2 billion military and economic aid to Pakistan. Pakistan acquired eight Brooke and Garcia-class frigates from United States Navy on a five-year lease in 1988. A depot for repairs, USS Hector followed the lease of these ships in April 1989. However after the Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 US President George Bush was advised to no longer certify that Pakistan was not involved in the development of nuclear weapons and the Pressler amendmentwas invoked on 1 October 1990. The lease of the first Brooke class frigate expired in March 1993, the remaining in early 1994. This seriously impaired the Pakistan Navy, which was composed almost entirely of former US origmed while furthervigorous efforts were pushed to integrate the navy presence in East-Pakistan into fully development plan for the navy and create opportunities for people belonging to the East-Pakistan to participate in the build-up of the Navy. During this time, command and field appointments in certain key assignments in Naval Combatant Headquarters (NHQ) were given to native officers to replace the admirals ofRoyal Navy.[citation needed]First, Commander Khalid Jamil was appointed as navy's first Pakistani Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS) while Rear-Admiral James Wilfred Jefford served as first chief of naval staff until 1953.[citation needed]The chief of naval staff was assisted in the matters of navy by Deputy Chief ofStaff Commander M. A. Alavi whilst other administrative positions were also re-designed and created by the Pakistan Government.[citation needed]Meanwhile, the Ministry of Finance awarded contracts to Corps of Engineers of Pakistan Army to led the construction of NHQ in Karachi and the Karachi Naval Dockyard in mid-1950s. During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carried out by Pakistan

Navy's combatant ships and non-combat missions were conducted under close auspicious of Royal Navy. The Pakistan Navy ships toured and visited the places worldwide with the Royal Navy. In 1950, Commodore Chaudhry took the command of PNS Shamsheer, later became Commander of Pakistan Fleet. In 1953, Chaudhry was appointed first Pakistani chief of naval staff and handed over the command of 25th destroyer squadron to Captain Romould Nalecz Tyminski, first Polish naval officer ofPakistan Navy.[citation needed]

PNS Badr, a destroyer visiting Britain, 1957.In 1956, the Parliament of Pakistan unanimously passed the 1956 Constitution ofPakistan and proclaimed the State of Pakistan as Islamic Republic under the newconstitution. The prefix Royal was dropped and the service was re-designated as

the Pakistan Navy, or "PN" for its reporting name. The PN Jack and Pakistan flagreplaced the Queen's colour and the White Ensign respectively. The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy, Army, Air force to Army, Navy,Air Force.[citation needed]In February 1956, the British government announced supplying of several major surface combatants to Pakistan. These warships, a cruiser and four destroyers werepurchased with funds made available under the US Military Assistance Program. The acquisition of a few additional warships from 1956 to 1963 two destroyers, eight coastal minesweepers and an oiler, was the direct result of Pakistan's participation in the anti-Communist defence pacts of SEATO and CENTO. During this time, the Navy made an effort to acquire the first submarine but attempts were rebuff as the political situation in Pakistan had worsened in 1950s.[8]Indo-Pakistan war of 1965[edit source | editbeta]

Main article: Operation SomnathSoon after the Kashmir incursion was launched, the Navy was well-prepared when the battle between Pakistan and the Indian Army began.[8] Chief of naval staff Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan ordered all units of Pakistan Navy to sail to take up the defensive position off the coast, but did not take any active measures in Bayof Bengal.[8] During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Indian Air Force's repeated sorties and raids disrupted and effectively distracted the PAF's air missions in the conflict, leading the Navy to jump in the conflict.[citation needed] On 2 September, the Navy first deployed its first long-range submarine, the PNS Ghazi charging the gathering intelligence management and analysis of Indian naval

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movements.[citation needed] Ghazi was a lead class submarine and flagship submarine of Pakistan and was commanded by Commander Karamat Rahman Niazi (later four-star admiral). Ghazi was not restricted to making engagements or contacts withIndian naval frigates, missiles boats or corvettes, it was also charged with diverting threats posed by INS Vikrant.[citation needed]

The submarine PNS Ghazi during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. Pakistan sufferedthe loss of expensive and long-range submarine (as well as 100 personnel) in 1971 after it was sunk under mysterious circumstances.In 6 September, the Naval Intelligence began the operational planning of thwarting the Indian Air Force's raids after giving approvals of deploying 25th Destroyer Squadron led by Commodore S. M. Anwar.[citation needed] On 6 September, a combatant squadron comprising four destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine under Commodore S.M. Anwar was deployed to the city of Dwarka to destroythe radar facility used by the Indian Air Force.[citation needed] The radar facility and naval facilities of Dwarka were shelled and bombarded, The radar installation was shelled during the bombardment but neither the radar was damaged norwere any casualties reported. The Indian Navy did not take any counter-actionsagainst naval raid; the destroyer squadron remained 100 miles away from Dwarka,changing the course on anti-aircraft mission.[citation needed]Apart from carrying out successful bombardment of the coastal town of Dwaraka codenamed Operation Dwarka the navy's submarine Ghazi was deployed, Pakistan's first submarine and remaining the flagship submarine for Pakistan Navy until deploy

ed against Indian Navy's western fleet at Bombay (Mumbai) port.[9] Ghazi remained on the course on 22 September detecting the sonar contacts with the Indian Navy. After two weeks of chasing down the sonar contacts, the Ghazi caught up the roaming frigate INS Kuthar.[citation needed] Ghazi, while underwater, fired fourhoming torpedoes while observing that first two homing torpedoes hit its designated target, although Ghazi failed to sink the frigate. On 23 September, Ghazi ended her operations when it cleared the coast of naval borders of Pakistan on itsway to Karachi Naval Dockyard.[citation needed]The Operation Dwarka was an ultimate success for Pakistan Navy, a daring naval offence against India that had achieved a greater symbolic and strategic values for the Navy.[10] The attack surprised the Indian Navy and realised the significant threat posed by the Pakistan Navy.[10] After the war, the Indian Navy went into an extreme level of modernisation and procurement of naval system whilst the

Pakistan Navy failed to meet with Indian Navy's extreme expansion and modernisation programme after the 1965 war.[citation needed] The operational capacity of Pakistan Navy was limited and decreased as comparing to Indian Navy during the 196570 period.[citation needed] After the war, Navy as well as the government notedthe Indian Navy's expansion that allowed Navy to acquire three Daphn class submarine from France while the Navy was operating Tench class submarine from the United States, and established the Naval special forces in 1966.[8] The Navy also attempted to established a naval air service, composing of fighter jets, but thiswas impossible to achieve. The lack of funds and the air force itself objectedthe plans fearing to risk and lose its aircraft in open-sea operations.[8]The lack of apathy in the Navy's affairs by the then-President General Ayub Khanfurther deteriorated and jeopardise the operational scope of the Navy. In 1970,General Yahya Khan made series of reforms and increased the diameter of operati

onal scope of Navy, adding and giving more responsibility to Navy.[citation needed]Indo-Pakistan war of 1971[edit source | editbeta]Main articles: Operation Barisal, Operation Jackpot, and Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971The Pakistan Navy had a poor presence of conducting operations East Pakistan, ithad lack of capacity of conducting offensive operations in deep Bay of Bengal.[citation needed] The entire Navy was deployed in (West) Pakistan and instead inEast-Pakistan, the Navy relied on deploying Naval Special Service Group and theentire formation of Pakistan Marines (PM), initially charged with conducting exp

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editionary operations.[citation needed] The city of Karachi, the hub of Pakistan's maritime trade, housed the combatant headquarters of the Pakistan Navy and almost the entire naval fleet. Although proposals were made to increased the navalpresence in East Pakistan but no serious reforms were made. On 15 March 1971, the Navy special forces launched the counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operation, codename Operation Jackpot and followed by full scale offence, codenameOperation Barisal on April 1971. This was followed by the deployment of PNS Ghazi on East Pakistan, initially charged with gathering intelligence management onIndian naval efforts on East Pakistan.At then end of East-Pakistan crisis.... We (Pakistan Navy, Eastern Command) hadno intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force pounding us day and night....Admiral Mohammad Sharif, telling U.S. Admiral Zumwalt in 1971, .[11]

PNS Nazim which previously took part in the Vietnam and Korean Wars with the USNUnder the direction of former Commander of Navy, Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, the navy's presence in East Pakistan was tripled.[12] A command size naval assetswere expanded with an administrative naval units operating in East Pakistan. In1969, Admiral Ahsan was sent to East Pakistan and became the unified commander of Pakistan Armed Forces in East Pakistan.[12] The Eastern Naval Command posed asignificant threat to existing Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command.[12] Therefore, Indian Navy launched the Operation Jackpot to disturb the Eastern High Command and its existence in Eastern wing. With East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) having

been surrounded on all three sides by the Indian Army, the PN was attempting toprevent Indian access to the coast.[12]On 4 December, the Indian Navy launched a naval attack, Operation Trident, consisting of 3 OSA class missile boats escorted by two anti-submarine patrol vessels. Nearing the Karachi port, they detected Pakistan's naval presence and launchedtheir SS-N-2 Styx anti-ship missiles. The obsolescent Pakistan naval ships hadno viable defence against such missiles[13] and, as a result, the PNS Muhafiz and PNS Khyber were both sunk while the PNS Shahjahan was damaged beyond repair, the Indian Naval attack was an ultimate victory in the naval history of India, with no damage to Indian Navy's attacking squadron.On 8 December 1971, the Hangor, a Daphn class submarine of Navy, sank the Indianfrigate INS Khukri off the coast of Gujarat, India. This was the first sinking of a warship by a submarine since World War II that resulted in the loss of 18 of

ficers and 176 sailors of the Indian navy. The same submarine also severely damaged another warship, INS Kirpan.[14] Attempts were then made by Pakistan to counter the Indian missile boat threat by carrying out bombing raids over Okha harbour, the forward base of the missile boats. The Indian Navy retaliates when commencing another Indian Navy attack on the Pakistan's coast, named Operation Python, occurred on the night of 8 December 1971. A small group of Indian vessels, consisting of a missile boat and two frigates, approached Karachi. The Indian shipssank the Panamian vessel Gulf Star, while the Pakistan Navy's PNS Dacca and theBritish ship SS Harmattan were damaged. Python was a complete success for the Indian Navy, a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and material cost for Pakistan Navy was extremely high.[15] The civilian pilots from PIA volunteered to serve in the surveillance missions with the PAF after the PAF launched the seaborne operation after the Indian naval attack but due to miscommunication

and panic attack, the civilians abroad on Fokker Friendship raised a false alarmed which reported a Pakistan Navy frigate, PNS Zulfikar as a missile boat by Indian Navy.[15] The PAF accidentally attacked the PNS Zulfikar, the only naval destroyer, before the PAF recognised that it had laid attack on its own ship.[15] The friendly attack resulted the further loss of navy personnel as well as the loss of the destroyer that was damage severely, after this attack, the Pakistan Navy's operational capabilities were extinct and demoralised.[15] The Indian Navyobserves furthered noted that the "PAF pilots failed to recognize the differencebetween a large PNS Zulfikar frigate and small Osa missile boat.".[15] After the friendly attack, all naval operations, except the submarines efforts, came to

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halt under the effect orders of chief of naval staff.[15]The Navy only long range submarine, Ghazi, was deployed to the area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under mysterious circumstances.[16] Pakistani authorities state that it sank either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was laying at the time.[17] The Indian Navy claims to havesank the submarine.[18][19][20][21] The submarine's destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a blockade on then East Pakistan.[22] According to the defence magazine, Pakistan Defence Journal, the attack on Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagongand the loss of Ghazi, the Navy no longer was able to match the threat of IndianNavy as it was already outclassed by the Indian Navy after the 1965 war.[citation needed]The damage inflicted by the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force on the PN stood atseven gunboats, one minesweeper, two destroyers, three patrol crafts belonging to the Pakistan Coast Guard, 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels, and large-scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. Three merchant navy ships; Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi;[23] and ten smaller vessels were captured.[24] Around 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dhaka.[25] The Indian Navy lost 18 officers and 176 sailors[14][26] and a frigate, while another frigate was damagedand a Breguet Aliz naval aircraft was shot down by the Pakistan Air Force. According to one Pakistan scholar, Tariq Ali, the Pakistan Navy lost a third of its force in the war.[27] Despite the limited resources and manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end.[28] The primary reason for this loss has been attributed to th

e central command's failure in defining a role for the Navy, or the military ingeneral, in East Pakistan.[citation needed] Since then the Navy has sought to improve the structure and fleet by putting special emphasis on sub-surface warfarecapability as it allows for the most efficient way to deny the control of Pakistani sea lanes to an adversary.[citation needed]Cold war operations[edit source | editbeta]See also: Operation Umeed-e-Nuh, Operation United Shield, Operation Parakram, and Soviet war in AfghanistanPakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide thebest available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.Pervez Musharraf, 1999, [29]

After the 1971 war, the Navy had to be re-organized, re-visioned, and re-established after being destroyed its facilities, manpower, and operational basis during the war by the Indian Navy.[28] The coming Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Muhammad Sharif reconstituted the Navy and gave commissioned to Naval Air Arm of the Navy.[28] During the course of war, the co-ordination between Inter-services waslimited, lack of communication, poor execution of joint-operations, this led tothe establishment of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[28] In a small span of time, the navy facilities, manpower and profile of Navy was quickly arranged and raised by Admiral Muhammad Sharif, and his services to Navy led him to be appointed as first navy admiral Chairman of Joint Chiefs Committee of Pakistan Armed Forces.[28]The Pakistan Navy came into public notice in 1974 after it had reportedly applied a naval blockage and played an integral role to stop the arm smuggled in Baloc

histan conflict.[28] After the discovery of Arms in the Iraqi Embassy in Pakistan, the Navy made an effort to apply a naval blockade to prevent arms smuggling in the Province. Later, the navy provided logistic support to the Army and the Air Force in the conflict.[28]

The Daphne class submarine Ghazi (S-134) deployed during the Operation Restore Hope.From her inception, the Navy sought to diversify its purchases instead of depending solely on the United States, which had placed an arms embargo on both India

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and Pakistan.[30] After 1971, the Navy sought more combatant vessels from friendly countries notably, France and China.[30] Thus, its extreme modernization programme led the Pakistan Navy to become the first navy in South Asia to acquire land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft.[30] During the 1980s, the Pakistan Navy enjoyed unprecedented growth, doubling its surface fleet from 8 to 16 surface combatants in 1989. In 1982, the Reagan administration approved US$3.2 billion military and economic aid to Pakistan. Pakistan acquired eight Brooke and Garcia-class frigates from United States Navy on a five-year lease in 1988. A depot for repairs, USS Hector followed the lease of these ships in April 1989. However after the Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 US President George Bush was advised to no longer certify that Pakistan was not involved in the development of nuclear weapons and the Pressler amendmentwas invoked on 1 October 1990. The lease of the first Brooke class frigate expired in March 1993, the remaining in early 1994. This seriously impaired the Pakistan Navy, which was composed almost entirely of former US orig