RRvviinniiss ddaayyeenneebbaa qqvveevvrrSSii

Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi

Tbilisi, 2010

gamocemulia biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkanas~ mier

recenzentebi: maia mirvelaSvili, Teimuraz Rlonti, levan fruiZe.

masala moamzada giorgi barisaSvilma

saredaqcio kolegia: mariam jorjaZe, Tamaz dundua

redaqtori: manana gigauri

literaturuli koreqtura: nodar ebraliZe

dizaini da dakabadoneba: manana gigauri

gamoyenebulia Tamaz dunduas, giorgi barisaSvilis da ia ebraliZis fotoebi

yvela ufleba daculia

finansuri xelSewyoba:

ydaze: Tamaz dunduas foto

ISBN 978-9941-0-2611-9

5

Sesavali 8---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

winaTqma 6---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25sarqveli ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13qvevris sikeTe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

28qvevris Rvino---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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32zedaSis qvevri da Rvino---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21qvevris damuSaveba cviliT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

37gamoyenebuli literatura---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10qvevris saxelebi Zvel saqarTveloSi---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16qvevrebis kiriT daduRabeba da maTi recxva ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10meqvevreoba saqarTveloSi, istoria da dRevandeloba ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

sarCevi

biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia `elkana~

gTavazobT broSuras - `Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi~,

romelic eZRvneba Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis

teqnologiis popularizacias. qarTuli tra-

diciuli Rvino ki warmoudgenelia uqvevrod!

qvevri fenomenaluri WurWelia, romlis war-

moSoba saTaves saqarTvelos istoriis wiaRSi

iRebs. broSura mokled gagacnobT qvevrisa da

meqvevreobis rogorc uZveles, ise axlo warsuls

da dRevandel mdgomareobas, qvevris movlisa da

Rvinis dayenebis teqnologias. TavisTavad cxadia,

rom erTi, Tundac vrceli naSromi ver daitevs

informacias mTeli saqarTvelos kuTxeebidan

qvevrebisa da meqvevreobis Sesaxeb; aqedan gamom-

dinare, Cven SevecadeT SevxebodiT im ZiriTadsa

da aqtualur sakiTxebs, romlebic interesmok-

lebuli ar unda iyos Cveni mkiTxvelisaTvis.

asociacia `elkanas” da saqarTvelos mebaRe-

obis, mevenaxeobis da meRvineobis instituts Soris

arsebuli urTierTTanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis

farglebSi, institutis direqtoris profesor

Teimuraz dekanosiZis xelSewyobiT, dargis wamyva-

ni specialistebi gaecnen broSuris teqsts da

moamzades vrceli recenziebi. gTavazobT ramde-

nime amonarids am recenziebidan:

`qvevris mniSvneloba Rvinis daduRebisa da

davargebisaTvis odiTganvea cnobilia, jer kidev

XIX saukunis I naxevarSi specialisti g. lenci,

romelic emsaxureboda adgilobrivi tradi-

ciebis, wes-Cveulebebisa da vazis jiSebis evropu-

liT Secvlis politikas, 1846 wels aRiarebda

qarTuli qvevris upiratesobas evropuli kas-

rebisa da Canebis mimarT.

ra fenomenia qvevri da ratom unda davayenoT

masSi Rvino? am kiTxvaze pasuxi mkiTxvels SeuZlia

miiRos biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia

`elkanas~ mier gamocemul naSromi, romelic

Seicavs monacemebs saqarTveloSi meqvevreobis

istoriis, qvevris rolze yurZnis Rvinis alko-

holuri duRilisa da misi davargeba-Senaxvis

procesSi, qvevrebis momzadebis da movlis sakiT-

xebze. dainteresebuli mkiTxveli am naSromSi

moipovebs ara erT rCeva-darigebas qvevris mov-

lisa da momzadebis Sesaxeb rTvelis sezoni-

saTvis. es sasargeblo naSromSi metad droulia

unda miviCnioT erTgvar gzamkvlevad iseT sain-

tereso da mniSvnelovan samyaroSi, rogoricaa

qarTuli tradiciuli meRvineoba. gamovTqvamT

imeds, rom `elkanas~ mier gamocemuli naSromi _

`Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi” am sapatio misias aRas-

rulebs.~

Teimuraz Rlonti

teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, alaverdis

monastris tradiciuli marnis meRvine konsultanti,

mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis saerTaSoriso akademiis

namdvili wevri.

`naSromi - `Rvinis dayeneba qvevrSi~ eZRvneba

Rvinis mama-papurad, qarTulad, dayenebis popu-

larizacias da tradiciuli WurWlis qvevris

movlis RonisZiebebs.

winaTqma

56

naSromSi farTodaa ganxiluli qvevris

saxeobebi, sarqveli, qvevris damRebi, misi Tbo-

izolaciuri unari da movlis RonisZiebebi (da-

duRabeba, recxva, cviliT damuSaveba). agreTve

qvevrSi Rvinis dayenebis tradiciuli teqno-

logiebi calkeuli kuTxeebis mixedviT: kaxuri,

imeruli, qarTlis (xidisTavi). mcire moculobis

miuxedavad, naSromi mniSvnelovnad tevadia da

eyrdnoba wyaroebs.

Cveni azriT, wignis gamoqveyneba saSuri saqmea,

radganac igi gankuTvnilia rogorc specialis-

tebisaTvis, ise am saqmiT dainteresebuli kerZo

pirTaTvis, da emsaxureba momavali TaobebisaTvis

qarTuli tradiciebis Semonaxvas. miT umetes,

rom bolo wlebSi amgvari wignebiT ganebivrebuli

ar varT.~

maia mirvelaSvili

soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori.

mevenaxeobis agroteqnologiuri kvlevis

ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier TanamSromeli

`qvevri uZvelesi qarTuli originaluri saRvine

WurWelia, gamoyenebuli marcvleulis Sesanaxad

da sxvadasxva daniSnulebiTac, magram misi

umTavresi funqcia Rvinis dayeneba da Senaxvaa.

swored am mizniT unda warmoSobiliyo es friad

Taviseburi WurWeli neoliTis xanidan swored

qarTul niadagze. qarTuli Rvinis teqnologia

msoflioSi erTaderTia da TavisTavad mTlianad

qvevriTaa ganpirobebuli. meRvineobiT cnobil

saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi qvevrs Taviseburad

iyeneben, magram principi erTia: mTlian WaWaze an

WaWis erT nawilze tkbilis saboloo daduReba.

Rvinis Semdgomi davargeba-damwifeba, qvevrSi

mimdinareobs. Rvinis srulfasovnad dayenebas

xuTi weli mainc sWirdeba. xuTi wlis Tavze

miviRebT didebul brends _ WeSmaritad bunebriv

qarTul Rvinos, romlis badali msoflio meRvi-

neobam ar icis. meqvevreoba mxolod saqarTve-

loSia Semonaxuli da metad dasanania, rom is

xelmadliani ostatebi, romlebic qvevrebs ake-

Teben, TiTebze CamosaTvlelni darCnen. vidre

droa, maT unda mivxedoT, miveSveloT, TiTo-

eulis uaRresad mZime, magram qarTuli erovnuli

Rirsebis matarebeli urTulesi Sroma saTanadod

gavacnobieroT da yovel moqmed ostats meti

asparezi mivceT.

`elkanas~ mier gamocemuli winamdebare narkvevi,

romelic miznad qvevris popularizacias isaxavs,

misi praqtikulad gamoyenebisaTvis maRalpro-

fesiul rCeva-darigebas iZleva. bunebrivia, igi

xelmisawvdomi unda gaxdes qarTuli erovnuli

mevenaxeoba-meRvineobiT dainteresebuli yvela

pirovnebisaTvis. dadga Jami, rodesac qarTvelebi

qarTuli cxovrebis wessa da erovnul tradiciebs

unda daubrundnen _ Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba

ganaxorcielon. Tu amas mivaRwevT, msoflioSi

Seudarebeli Rirsebis da xarisxis qarTul

Rvinos metoqeobas veraferi gauwevs.~

levan fruiZe.

istorikosi _ eTnologi,

agraruli eTnologiis specialisti.

7

Sesavali

yenebeli WurWlis dargi, yvelaze metad saqarT-

veloSi iyo ganviTarebuli. am mxriv qarTvel ers

namdvilad aqvs Seqmnili msoflios mevenaxeobisa

da meRvineobis istoriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

furceli. amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom zogi-

erTi mecnieris azriT, sityva “Rvino” savaraudod

swored qarTuli warmomavlobisaa da msoflio

enebSi swored Cveni enidan unda iyos Sesuli da

gavrcelebuli.

qvevrma, Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan dRevandlamde,

marTalia, ganicada garkveuli saxecvlileba,

magram, miuxedavad amisa, man Cvenamde, mravali sa-

ukunis Semdeg, TiTqmis ucvlelad moaRwia. aRsa-

niSnavia isic, rom TiTqmis ar Secvlila qvevrebSi

Rvinis dayenebis teqnologiac. es ukanaskneli ki

imdenad unikaluri da daxvewili Sinaarsisaa, rom

ganviTarebas arc ki eqvemdebareba.

qvevrebs jer kidev axlo warsulSi aqtiurad

iyenebdnen, dRes ki maTi gamoyenebac da damza-

debac Zalze SezRudulia - dRes qvevrebs TiTze

CamosaTvleli ostatebiRa Tu amzadeben.

8

mecnieruli da arqeologiuri kvlevebis sa-

fuZvelze SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom `saqarT-

velo vazisa da Rvinis klasikuri qveyanaa, sadac

venaxis WeSmariti samSoblo egulebaT, sadac vaz-

yurZnis uTvalavi jiSi gamouyvaniaT, `sadac iseT

Cinebul Rvinos svamen, rogorsac arsad~, sadac

cocxalia mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis arqauli

wesebi~...

mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze,

qarTvelebma SeimuSaves Rvinis dayenebis unika-

luri meTodi - yurZnis tkbilis CatovebiT miwaSi

Rrmad Camarxul Tixis mozrdil WurWelSi –

qvevrSi. antikuri xanidan moyolebuli mravali

saukunis manZilze es codna TandaTan viTar-

deboda da ixveweboda axal-axali gamocdi-

lebebis SeZeniT.

qarTveli arqeologebis mier aRmoCenil

keramikul nawarmTa Soris qvevrs gansakuTrebuli

adgili ukavia. Tixis WurWlis damzadebis qarTu-

li tradiciuli xeloba mravali wlisaa.

gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili Zveli Tixis nakeTobebi

naTlad asaxavs Zveli qarTvelebis maRali donis

ostatobas am xelobaSi. qvevrebi gamoiyeneboda

marcvleulis, erbos, WaWisa Tu sxva aryis, mwni-

leulisa da sxvaTa Sesanaxadac, magram misi war-

moSoba swored meRvineobis ganviTarebas ukav-

Sirdeba da igi konkretulad Rvinis WurWels

warmoadgens.

ra Tqma unda, didi zomis keramikuli WurWeli

ara marto CvenSi, aramed sxvaganac mzaddeboda,

romelic ise, rogorc aq, sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT

gamoiyeneboda, magram SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT,

rom meqvevreoba, rogorc meRvineobaSi gamosa-

amas emateba isic, rom meqvevreoba, da gan-

sakuTrebiT, didi zomis qvevrebis damzadeba, did

codnas, gamocdilebasa da aseve danaxarjebs mo-

iTxovs da am dargs sul ufro da ufro cota mim-

devari hyavs. arada meqvevreoba saqarTveloSi erT

dros, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi wamyvani dargi

iyo meTuneobis xuTi ZiriTadi dargidan. meqvev-

reoba rom Zalze rTuli dargia, isic metyvelebs,

rom, magaliTad, meagures Tavisuflad SeeZlo

kramitis damzadebac an piriqiT, xolo meWurWles

ki, magaliTad, Tonisa, magram qvevr-Wurebis dam-

zadeba da am dargis codna ki yovelTvis calke

sagani iyo qarTul meTuneobaSi.

dResdReobiT qvevrebi saqarTvelos mxolod

xuT-eqvs sofelSiRa mzaddeba. Zvelad ki qvevrebi

Zalian bevr adgilas mzaddeboda. meqvevreobiT

ganTqmuli yofila saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuT-

xis soflebi: sairme, cxavaTi, uwlevi, anaga, bod-

bisxevi, Cxiroula da sxv.

9

10

qvevris saxelebi Zvel

saqarTveloSi

TavisTavad cxadia, saqarTveloSi iarsebebda

da arsebobda kidec Tixis sxvadasxva zomisa da

formis, Rvinis Sesanaxi WurWeli, romelTac Tav-

TavianTi saxelebi erqva maTi formisa da da-

niSnulebis Sesabamisad. CvenSi gavrcelebul qvev-

rebs xSirad metad gansxvavebuli forma da zoma

aqvT. cxadia, yvela formisa da zomis qvevrs dRe-

vandeliviT erTi saerTo saxeli ar eqneboda; yve-

la WurWels Tavisi Sesabamisi saxelebi erqmeoda.

am mxriv Zalze saintereso cnobebs vxvdebiT

sulxan-saba orbelianis “sityvis konaSi”.

`... Wuri ars kecTagan WurWeli: qvevri, yvibari, qoco,

xalani, dergi, lagvni, lagvnari da misTanani...”.

sagulisxmoa, rom Zvel qarTulSi `Wuri~ ram-

denime mniSvnelobis mqone sityvaa (iaraRi, abjari,

WurWeli), dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki dRes Wuri

qvevris mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. saintereso cnobebs

gvaZlevs akad. iv. javaxiSvili: “guriasa da samegre-

loSic or-ori saxeli arsebobs da aqac orive gansxvavebuli

sididis WurWlis aRmniSvnelia. saxeldobr, didi da saSua-

lo tanis WurWels guriaSi Wuri, odiSSi lagvani ewodebo-

da; xolo momcros, romelic 5 vedromde tkbils, anu Rvinos

Caitevada, guriaSi qvibari, odiSSi laxuti erqva~.

amrigad saqarTveloSi ZvelTaganve gavrce-

lebul saxelTagan, romlebiTac Rvinis Sesanax,

sxvadasxva zomisa da formis WurWels moixse-

niebdnen, CvenTvis cnobilia Semdegi saxelebi:

qvevri, Wuri, dergi, lagvini, lagvani, lagvinari,

yvibari, qvibari, qubari, laxuti, Casavali, xalani

da qoco. SesaZloa Soreul warsulSi sxva sa-

xelebic arsebobda, romlebiTac Rvinis Sesanaxi

WurWeli iyo saxeldebuli, magram cnobebi amis

Sesaxeb jerjerobiT ar mogvepoveba.

qvevrebi saqarTvelos bevr sofelSi mzadde-

boda. am soflebisa da adgilebis saTiTaod gan-

xilva Zalze Sors wagviyvans, amitom am sakiTxze

aRar SevCerdebiT. amjerad Cven ganvixilavT im

ZiriTad da cnobil adgilebs, sadac mzaddeboda

ganTqmuli qarTuli qvevrebi.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qvevrebis keTebiT

cnobili iyo Semdegi mxareebi da soflebi: siR-

naRis raionis soflebi: anaga da bodbisxevi; Te-

lavis raionSi - vardisubani; sagarejos raionSi -

anToki da sxv. qvevris keTebas qarTl-kaxeTis sxva

soflebSic misdevdnen sezonurad mosuli xe-

meqvevreoba saqarTveloSi,

istoria da dRevandeloba

losnebi. aseTi soflebia: sarTiWala, xaSmi, sa-

garejo, diRomi, axalqalaqi (kaspis r-ni), kavTis-

xevi da sxv.

qvevrebi vardisubnidan

11

XIX saukuneSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi meq-

vevreobiT ganTqmuli yofila sofeli anToki

kaxeTi), rasac mowmobs eTnografiuli masala da

literaturuli cnobebi. ai, ras wers T. l. e.

jorjaZe Tavis naSromSi (mevenaxeoba da Rvinis da-

yeneba, keTeba da gaumjobeseba xelTmZRvanelo-

bisaTvis kaxuri Rvinis myenebelTa. Tbilisi, 1876.)

am soflis Sesaxeb: `rogoraTac uwindels egreTve

axlandels droebSi, Tfilisis uezdSi sarTiWalis uCastkaSi

sofel anTokSi gakeTebuli qvevri yvela sxva adgilebis

qvevrze kargi gamodis da visac am adgilidan aqvs waRebuli

qvevri anu uwindeli da anu axlandeli, igini yvelani

kmayofilni arian da amboben rom Rvinos kargad da didxans

inaxamso da am soflis qvevrebze yvelgan qebis xma aris

gavrcelebuli.~

vaxuSti batoniSvili aliswylis xeobis

aRwerisas (qarTlis cxovreba IV) aRniSnavs:

`als zeiT ars, lixis mTis kalTas, cixe alisa. cixes ukan ars

sofeli uwlevi, mTaSi. aq akeTeben Wursa Rvinisasa keTilsa,

yovelTa umjobessa”...

Cven SeviswavleT xaSuris raionis sofeli

uwlevi da misi mimdebare soflebi. dasanania, rom

rogorc sofel uwlevSi, ise mis siaxloves am-

Jamad ukve didi xania meTuneobas aRaravin misdevs,

Tumca adgilobriv mosaxleobas da gansakuT-

rebiT xandazmul xalxs jer kidev axsovT, rom

Zvel droSi sofel uwlevSi umzadebiaT kramiti,

sxvadasxva WurWeli da qvevrebi. mosaxleobas jer

kidev moepoveba adgilobrivi warmoebis WurWlis

Zveli nimuSebi. meTuneoba da konkretulad meq-

vevreoba qsnis xeobaSi da, kerZod, sofel cxa-

vaTSic yofila kargad ganviTarebuli, Tumca am

mxareSi dReisaTvis meTuneobas ukve karga xania

aRar misdeven. cxavaTuri WurWeli ganTqmuli iyo

da iyideboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bevr so-

felsa Tu qalaqSi. cxavaTeli meqvevreebi didi

zomis qvevrebs ar amzadebdnen, aq ZiriTadad qo-

coebi da maTze cota mozrdili qvevrebi mzad-

deboda, xolo didi zomis qvevrebi qsnis xeobaSi,

rogorc m. zandukeli mogviTxrobs Tavis naSromSi

(qarTuli xalxuri keramika (qsnis xeoba). Tbilisi

1982) imereTidan SemohqondaT. Tavad imereTSi ki

meqvevreobiT ganTqmuli yofila soflebi: bos-

levi, Cxiroula, maqaTubani da sxv.

Cvens mier aseve Seswavlili iqna Zvel droSi,

rogorc zogadad meTuneobiT, ise konkretulad

qvevrebis keTebiT guriis ganTqmuli soflebi

akeTi da acana. am adgilebSi sakmaod xarisxiani

qvevrebi mzaddeboda da mzaddeba amJamadac,

Tumca am dargs mimdevrebi, samwuxarod, TiTqmis

aRar darCnen - Tu warsulSi meqvevreobas

aTeulobiT ostati misdevda, dResdReobiT

sofel acanaSi qvevrebs ori ostatiRa amzadebs.

imeruli qvevrebi Tbilisis eTnografiuli

muzeumis ezoSi

12

sofel akeTSi, gansakuTrebulad maRali xa-

risxis saqvevre Tixis arsebobis gamo, qvevrebi da,

zogadad, WurWeli da sxva nakeTobac (kramiti,

Tone, aguri, Wis gvimi.), amave sofelSi mopovebuli

Tixisagan mzaddeboda rogorc Tavad akeTSi, ise

acanaSic; samegreloSi qvevrebi mzaddeboda sof-

lebSi: namkolao, muxuri, jvari, Wale, namyoli,

WkaduaSi, paxulani, korcxeli da sxv. leCxumSi

xalxuri rewvis am dargiT cnobili iyo sairme.

samwuxarod, garda kaxeTisa, imereTisa da gu-

riisa, dResdReobiT qvevrebi aRarsad mzaddeba.

meqvevreobis cnobili kera iyo Telavis raio-

nis sofeli vardisubani, sadac am dargs odiT-

ganve misdevdnen. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi var-

disubani erTaderTi sofelia, sadac, Zveli dro-

idan moyolebuli, meqvevreobas amJamadac misde-

ven (am sofelSi Zvelad amzadebdnen aseve To-

neebs, agurs, kramitsa da sxvadasxva WurWels). es

sofeli ganTqmuli iyo masiuri da amavdroulad

didi moculobis qvevrebis damzadebiT. amJamad

vardisubanSi mzaddeba maqsimum 2_2,5 tonis teva-

dobis qvevrebi. adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da

meqvevreTa gadmocemiT, adre aq ufro didi zomis

qvevrebic umzadebiaT. saerTod, kaxeTi gamoir-

Ceoda gansakuTrebiT didi zomis qvevrebis dam-

zadebiT. magaliTad, sofel SildaSi dResac

vxvdebiT 6_8 aTasi litris tevadobis qvevrebs.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, meqvevreobas zemo

imereTis ramdenime sofelSic misdevdnen da mis-

deven dResac. imereTSi, kaxeTisgan gansxvavebiT,

SedarebiT mcire zomis qvevrebi mzaddeba, Tumca ki

aqacaa SesaZlebeli 2_2,5 aTas litramde teva-

dobis qvevrebis damzadeba. es pirvel rigSi, al-

baT, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom imereTi, kaxeTTan Se-

darebiT mciremiwiani mxarea da aq venaxebi Se-

darebiT mcire farTobebzea gaSenebuli, amitom

yurZnis mosavalic SedarebiT mcirea da Zalze

didi zomis qvevrebis saWiroebac naklebia.

zogadad saqarTveloSi qvevrebis moculoba

meryeobda 2—3 litridan 6—8 aTas litramde.

Tumca arsebobs varaudi, rom saqarTveloSi Zve-

lad ukeTebiaT aseve giganti qvevrebic, romelTa

moculoba 10-15 000 litramdec ki aRwevda.

SroSeli meqvevremeqvevre acanidan

qvevris damzadeba sof. maqaTubanSi

13

qvevrebis warmomavlobisa da tipebis Sesaxeb

Cven mokled ukve visaubreT da amjerad am Temas

aRar SevexebiT, aramed SevCerdebiT qvevris im si-

keTeze, romelic bolomde jer kidev gamoukv-

levelia, da vfiqrobT, rom es Tema Zalze mniSv-

nelovania qarTuli tradiciuli meRvineobisaT-

vis. Cven SevexebiT sam ZiriTad da Zalze sakvanZo

moments: bunebrivi temperaturuli balansi qvevr-

Si, Rvinis daduReba-davargeba da qvevris Rvinidan

Rvinis qvis gamoyofa. unda aRiniSnos, rom imas, ra-

sac qarxnul pirobebSi sxvadasxva qimiuri danama-

tebi da danadgarebi esaWiroeba, raTa Rvinom Sei-

Zinos stabiluroba da gamWvirvaloba, qvevrebSi,

Tuki, ra Tqma unda, qvevrica da Tavad maranic rigi

wesebis dacviTaa damzadebuli da mowyobili, bu-

nebrivad mimdinareobs da aranair qimiur danamats

ar saWiroebs.

pirveli da ZiriTadi sikeTe qvevrisa aris is,

rom masSi Rvinis temperatura Senaxvis dadgenil

zRvars ar scildeba da igi zamTarsa da zafxulSi

sul ramdenime gradusiT icvleba - is tempera-

tura, rac miRebulia Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis da ro-

melsac qarxnuli meRvineobis pirobebSi rigi da-

nadgarebi da danaxarjebi esaWiroeba, qvevrebSi bu-

nebrivadaa daculi. temperaturul reJims ara

marto Rvinis SenaxvisaTvis, aramed alkoholuri

duRilis procesisTvisac Zalze didi mniSvne-

loba aqvs. ufro konkretulad, rogorc wesi, qvev-

ris gareTa zedapirs kiriT aduRabeben, aseve didi

zomis qvevris kedlebs adgilze kirqviT amoaSene-

ben. kiriT daduRabebuli qvevris kedlebi, al-

koholuri duRilis dros warmoqmnil, garemos-

Tan SedarebiT, maRal temperaturas ufro didi

xniT SeinarCunebs, vidre dauduRabebeli qvevrisa.

rogorc irkveva, qvevris kedlebi swored imden

xans inarCunebs siTbos, ra droc vaSl-rZemJavur,

anu, rogorc amas xSirad uwodeben, meorad du-

Rils esaWiroeba. aRniSnuli duRilis periodi

daaxloebiT erT Tvemde grZeldeba Sinaur piro-

bebSi. vaSl-rZemJavur duRili gansakuTrebiT aq-

tualuri wiTel RvinoebSia, Tumca mas garkveu-

li mniSvneloba TeTr RvinoebSic eniWeba, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki maRalmJaviani Rvinoebis SemTxvevaSi.

am dros RvinoSi klebulobs vaSlmJavas Semcve-

loba da Rvino iZens garkveul gemovnur sisru-

les da daxvewilobas da masSi aRar igrZnoba ara-

sasiamovno da maRali mJavianoba. ZiriTadad amave

process emsaxureba Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoyo-

fis procesic, romelzec SemdgomSi gveqneba sauba-

ri da romelic Rvinis teqnologiaSi sul sxva

process warmoadgens.

qvevris Rvinis dayenebis dros meore da erT-

erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani procesi aris qvevrSi

Rvinis daduReba-davargeba. qvevri, ara marto Rvi-

nos kargad inaxavs, aramed monawileobs kidec du-

Rilisa Tu daRvineba-davargebis procesSi; da

imaze metad, vidre sxva WurWeli, da amrigad

dRemde gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqos qvevri Rvinis

teqnologiuri procesis mimdinareobaSi monawi-

leobas ar iRebdes, usafuZvlo da mcdaria.

qvevrSi, kaxuri an imeruli tipis Rvinis dayene-

bisas, swored rom qronologiurad mimdinareobs

yvela is procesi, rasac qarxnul pirobebSi sxva-

dasxva danadgarebi da qimiuri danamatebi esaWi-

roeba. qarxnul pirobebSi, liTonis cisternaSi

alkoholuri duRili, rogorc wesi, evropuli,

masobrivad warmoebuli safuvris wminda kul-

turis gamoyenebiT mimdinareobs.

qvevris sikeTe

14

Cveni azriT aseT SemTxvevaSi Rvino, sadauric

ar unda iyos igi, qarTuli Tu evropuli, abso-

luturad erTnairi xasiaTisaa da, uxeSi Seda-

rebiT, emsgavseba koka-kolas, romelic msoflios

romel kuTxeSic ar unda CamoasxaT igi, abso-

luturad erTnairia. aseT Rvinos TiTqmis ar gaaC-

nia tipuroba.

qvevris Rvinis aseTi erTgvarovneba da aratip-

uroba gamoricxulia. rigi wesebiT dayenebuli

qvevris Rvino xasiaTdeba tipurobiT, bunebrivi

stabilurobiT, daZvelebis didi potencialiT,

bunebrivi sikrialiTa da gamWvirvalobiT, gamor-

Ceuli gemoTi da surneliT, taninebis, alkoho-

lisa da eqstraqtis maRali SemcvelobiTa da sxva

dadebiTi TvisebebiT. qvevrSi temperaturuli re-

Jimis bunebrivi balansisa da alkoholuri duRi-

lisaTvis optimaluri temperaturis TavisTavad

arsebobis gamo gamoiricxeba evropuli, masob-

rivad warmoebuli safuarebis gamoyenebis auci-

lebloba. amasTan arsebobs varaudi, rom evro-

puli warmoebis mSrali safuarebis gamoyenebis

SemTxvevaSi, rasac dRes, ratomRac Rvinis didi Tu

mcire sawarmoebis umravlesoba yovelgvari kont-

rolis gareSe mimarTavs, iklebs Rvinis daZve-

lebis potencialic. kaxuri tipis Rvinis SemTxve-

vaSi Rvino Tavissave WaWaze xSirad adre gazafxu-

lamdec ki rCeba. bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, Tu

riTia ganpirobebuli is momenti, rom am dros

Rvino ar ganicdis leqis uaryofiT gavlenas? es

gamomdinareobs isev da isev qvevris unikaluri da

daxvewili formidan. mogexsenebaT, qvevris Ziri

erTgvar wawvetebul konuss warmoadgens. al-

koholuri duRilis dasasruls yurZnis wipwebis

didi nawili marcvals moscildeba, iZireba da

grovdeba qvevris ZirSi, romel processac didad

uwyobs xels aseve WaWis Carevac. wnevis zemoq-

medebiT yurZnis wipwas leqi gadaefareba da

sakmaod Zlierad daawveba, ris Sedegadac xdeba

wipwisa da Rvinis erTmaneTisagan izolireba. du-

Rilis dasrulebis Semdeg, radgan WaWa garkveuli

drois ganmavlobaSi ar iZireba masSi alkoho-

luri duRilis dros gamoyofili naxSiror-

Jangis arsebobis gamo, mis CaZirvas leqis daleqva

uswrebs win, xolo Semdeg ukve WaWa iwyebs CaZirvas.

amrigad, Rvinos Sexeba mxolod da mxolod WaWas-

Tan aqvs, saidanac mas maqsimalurad gamoaqvs ada-

mianis janmrTelobisaTvis sasargeblo nivTi-

erebebi. miCneulia, rom kaxuri tipis TeTr Rvi-

noSi ufro meti sasargeblo da adamianis orga-

nizmisaTvis aucilebeli nivTierebaa, vidre evro-

puli tipis (uWaWod daduRebul) RvinoSi. is

faqti, rom qvevris Rvino bunebrivad stabiluria

da faqtobrivad aRar saWiroebs sxvadasxva qimiuri

nivTierebebis danamatebs misi dastabilurebi-

saTvis, imiT unda aixsnas, rom magaliTad, kaxuri

tipis Rvino taninebiT sakmaod mdidaria, tanini ki

TavisTavad boWavs RvinoSi arsebul cilebs,

romlebic amRvreven Rvinos.

alkoholuri duRili

15

amitomac kaxur Rvinos aRar axasiaTebs am tipis

simRvrivisaken midrekileba. swored amiT unda

aixsnas kaxuri tipis Rvinis bunebrivi stabilu-

roba da sikriale, rasac emateba is momentic, rom

duRilis dasrulebidan iwyeba garemos tempera-

turis TandaTanobiTi kleba da aciveba, rac aseve

dadebiTad moqmedebs Rvinis dawmendis procesze

da Rvinis qvis gamoyofaze.

rac Seexeba Rvinis qvis gamoyofas Rvinidan,

sayuradReboa erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani faqti:

Zveli qvevrebis kedlebis gadanatexebSi SeimCneva

Zalze wvrilad damsxvreuli kaJis qvis namtvre-

vebi, TixaSi minarevis saxiT (gvxvdeba aseve sxva

saxis minarevebic, romlebic aseve araa Seswav-

lili Rvinis teqnologiis mxriv), rasac sava-

raudod Semdegi datvirTva unda hqonoda: rogorc

cnobilia, Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoyofas esaWi-

roeba, erTi mxriv, sicive, xolo, meore mxriv, is

meTodi, romelsac zogjer Rvinis qarxnebSi mimar-

Taven da igi sakmaod efeqturia. kerZod, iReben

Rvinis qvas, recxaven spirtSi, fqvaven da umateben

Rvinos, ris Semdegac Rvinidan gamoileqeba,

rogorc damatebuli, ise masSi bunebrivad arse-

buli Rvinis qva. vinaidan Tavad kaJic aseve war-

moadgens kristals da sakmaod maRali xarisxisas,

Rvino qvevrSi kaJis kristalebs uSualod exeba,

SesaZloa es garemoeba iZleodes swored iseTive

efeqts, rogorsac RvinoSi Rvinis qvis damateba

iZleva. meore mxriv qvevris kedlebSi kaJis, anu

siliciumis Semcveloba Zalze dadebiTad moq-

medebs Tavad qvevris simtkicezec. garda amisa,

Rvinidan Rvinis qvis gamoyofis provocirebas

iwvevs RvinoSi arsebuli alkoholic, romelic

qvevris RvinoSi da konkretulad kaxuri tipis

RvinoSi yovelTvis maRali SemcvelobiT gamoir-

Ceva, rac, bunebrivia, ukeT uzrunvelyofs Rvinidan

Rvinis qvis gamoleqvis process.

amrigad, rogorc zemoT iTqva, qvevri Tavisi

SinaarsiT swored rom fenomenaluri WurWelia,

romlis Tvisebebi da Rvinoze dadebiTad zemoq-

medeba, samwuxarod, jerjerobiT bolomde Seswav-

lili araa. saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom qvevrs

saqarTveloSi, ratomRac naklebi yuradReba eq-

ceva, arada qarTuli qvevrebis fasi ukve evropaSic

kargad gaacnobieres, sadac ukve karga xania aye-

neben Rvinos saqarTvelodan gatanil qarTul

qvevrebSi. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarT-

velodan gatanili qvevris Rvino, magaliTad ita-

liaSi Tu sxvagan, ratomRac “amforis Rvinis”

saxeliTaa cnobili. sasurvelia, ar davkargoT

qvevris saxeli da Tu SesaZlebelia, qarTul Rvi-

nos etiketze davaweroT `qvevris Rvino~, xolo Tu

ras niSnavs qvevri, avxsnaT kontretiketze.

16

qvevrebSi Rvinis dayenebasa da maTs Semdgom

movlas udavod didi yuradReba eqceoda da eq-

ceva, rogorc warsulSi, ise amJamadac. qvevrebis

recxva da higiena imdenad aqtualuri yofila sa-

qarTveloSi, rom arsebobda specialuri profesia

`qvevris mrecxavi~.

kargad garecxili qvevri erTgvari winapirobaa

xarisxiani Rvinis miRebisaTvis, magram, garda rec-

xvisa, aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania qvevris winas-

wari momzadeba misi miwaSi Caflvis win. saubaria

qvevris gareTa zedapiris kiriT daduRabebaze da

qvevris Sida zedapiris gamdnari cviliT damu-

Savebaze. pirvel rigSi SevCerdeT qvevrebis dadu-

Rabebaze. ise, rogorc axlo warsulSi, dResac

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac qvevrebis dasaduRabeb-

lad kiris nacvlad gamoiyeneben cementis xsnars,

rac uxeSi darRvevaa. marTalia, simtkice cement-

sac aqvs, magram misi eqspluataciis vada kirTan

SedarebiT gacilebiT mcirea, gansakuTrebiT ki

maSin, rodesac qvevri Warbtenian da nestian miwaSia

dafluli. Tuki qvevrze kiri saukuneebis ganmav-

lobaSi Zlebs, cementi qvevrs SesaZloa erTi-ori

aTeuli weli SerCes dauzianeblad, ris Semdegac

igi iwyebs daSlas. amis garda, kirisagan gansxvave-

biT, cements tenian pirobebSi axasiaTebs daSmo-

reba, ramac SesaZloa Rvinis xarisxzec ki imoqme-

dos uaryofiTad, xolo kiri araTu ar aSmor-

deba, aramed mas antiseptikuri moqmedebac ki axa-

siaTebs. praqtikulad SesaZlebelia aseve qvevre-

bis dafvla yovelgvari daduRabebis gareSec,

magram kiriT daduRabeba qvevrebs simtkices matebs

da aumjobesebs qvevrebSi mimdinare Rvinis teqno-

logiur process. qvevrebis kiriT daduRabebis Se-

saxeb sainteresoa a.boxoCaZis mosazrebebi (mevena-

xeoba-meRvineoba Zvel saqarTveloSi arqeologi-

uri masalebis mixedviT. Tbilisi 1963): `Sua feo-

daluri xanidan vidre ukanasknel xanebamde, gaTxril mar-

nebSi aRmoCenili qvevrebis mixedviT, maTi duRabiT dakirva

dasturdeba. qvevris dakirvisTvis iye-nebdnen kirxsnars (1kg

kiri — 2kg qviSa g.b.), riyisa da qviSaqvis natexebs, zog Sem-

TxvevaSi qvevrisa da sxva Tixis WurWlis na-texebsac ki. qvevris

dakirva, rogorc Cans, miwaSi adgi-lobrivad xdeboda. aseT

SemTxvevaSi qvevrisTvis maranSi Txrian ormos, mis Zirze deben

brtyel qvas, romelzec qvevris Ziri an quslia dabjenili;

Semdeg qvevrs garSemo Semouw-yobdnen qvebs da daasxamdnen

kirxsnars. qvevris dakirva nawil-nawil xdeboda. rodesac

Semowyobil qvebs amoavsebdnen, Semdeg meore rigis Semowyoba

iwyeboda da ase Semdeg. duRabis sisqe 10-25 sm-s udris.

duRabi ise mtkiced aris SekavSirebuli, rom misgan qvevris

gaTavisufleba SeuZlebelia.

qvevrebis kiriT daduRabeba

da maTi recxva

qvevrebis qvitkiriT daduRabeba (sof. qvemo maRaro)

17

dakiruli qvevris gadaadgileba da gadatana erTi

adgilidan meoreze Znelia, radgan misi wona zogjer

ramodenime tonas Seadgens da qvevris amoReba miwidan

umravles SemTxvevaSi misi gatexviT mTavrdeba, amitom erT

adgilze dafluli, dakiruli qvevrebi samudamod imave

adgilze rCebian, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac marnis gadatana

da mowyoba sxva adgilzea saWiro~.

amjerad visaubroT qvevrebis recxvis praqtikaze.

rogorc TavSive aRiniSna, qvevris recxvaze bevra-

daa damokidebuli Rvinis xarisxi da Tuki es uka-

naskneli dauduRabebeli qvevrebis an maTi Sida

zedapiris cviliT daumuSaveblobis SemTxvevaSi

sulac ar uaresdeba, recxvis dros daSvebul Sec-

domas SesaZloa gamousworebeli Sedegi mohyves

da saqme Rvinis xarisxis gafuWebiT dasruldes.

qvevrebis recxva, rogorc ukve iTqva, yvela droSi

iyo mniSvnelovani da Zalze aqtualuri. sanam

sakiTxs Zireulad SevexebodeT, vfiqrobT, rom

mkiTxvelisTvis interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos

amonaridi gazeT `meurnedan~, romelic gamoce-

mulia 1888 wels, sadac saubaria qvevrebis

recxvaze.

`Cven viciT, rom qvevrsa aqvs xolme kedlebze mikruli da

mimxmari WaWa, leqi, prke da bevrgvari sxva WuWyi. amaT

mosaSoreblad me vurCev yvelas, manam qvevrebis recxvas

daiwyebdes, jer es WuWyi moacilos. amisaTvis unda Caiyaros

gejaSi an dids kasrSi axlad damwvari kiri, daesxas zed wyali

da meore dRes, roca kirs daileqavs, im wminda wyliT

SeaSxapos qvevrs gverdebi. kiris wyali mosWams WuWys, amis

Semdeg amoiRvreba kiris wyali, Caisxmis mduRare da

daixureba qvevri; oSxivari srulebiT moalbobs mimxmars

WaWa-leqs da mas ukan Tamamad SeiZleba recxva~.

es mcire werili cxadyofs, Tu ramdenad did

mniSvnelobas aniWebs avtori qvevris sisufTaves.

Rvinis daxasiaTebisTvis gamoyenebuli frazebi -

`qvevris gemo~, `WurWlis xeli~, da `xeliani Rvi-

no~, gvafiqrebinebs, rom Cvens winaprebs scodniaT

cudad garecxil qvevrebSi dayenebuli Rvinis ge-

mos aRmoCena da, rac mniSvnelovania, misi garCeva

Rvinis sxva daavadebebisa Tu naklovanebebisagan.

Tuki qvevri saTanadodaa garecxili, rac dRes

ufro did problemas warmoadgens, vidre uwin,

maSin Rvinos araviTari `xeli~ Tu gareSe gemo da

suni ar gaaCnia, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, Tavad Rvino

saRi da janmrTelia. arcTu ise iSviaTia SemTx-

veva, rodesac qvevrebis arasaTanado recxvas gamo-

usworebeli Sedegebi mohyveba da Tuki magaliTad

wina wlis mosavals zadi an daavadeba hqonda,

romlebic ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo higienis

wesebis daucvelobiT, es yovelive xSirad Semdegi

wlebis mosavalsac gasdevs da amrigad erTxel

daSvebuli Secdoma meurnes mravalgzis azara-

lebs.

rogorc zemoT moyvanili werilidan Cans, kir-

wyali erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa qvevrebis

recxvisaTvis. amisaTvis iyeneben Camqrali kiris

wyalxsnars. marTalia, zustad dadgenili pro-

porciebi qvevris sarecxad kirwyalis nazavis mom-

zadebisa ar arsebobs, magram Cveni praqtikidan,

vfiqrobT, kargi Sedegis momcemia kirisa da sas-

meli wylis Semdegi proporciebiT Sezaveba: 10-15

litri wyali da 3_5 kg kiri. rodesac kiri Caqre-

ba da wyalSi kargad gaixsneba, amis Semdeg (sasur-

velia minimum 2_3 saaTi), kirwyali da misi WurW-

lis fskerze daleqili kiris gauxsneli nawi-

lakebi unda ganvacalkevoT, ris Semdegac kirwya-

li mzadaa qvevris sarecxad.

` ~

18

bunebrivia, didi zomis qvevris gasarecxad meti

raodenobis kirwyali iqneba saWiro. kirwyali

qvevrs aucileblad yvela adgilas unda waesvas,

ris Semdegac qvevri saguldagulod ixexeba sarc-

xiT, mcenare krazanas fesvebisgan damzadebuli

qvevrebis sarecxiT an sulac xelis jagrisiT, amis

Semdeg qvevri unda gairecxos jer civi wyliT da

Semdeg cxeli (sasurvelia daaxl. 60ºC) wyliT

or-samjer. qvevrebis recxvis zustad dadgenili

raodenoba ar arsebobs. qvevri irecxeba imdenjer,

sanam ar miiRweva sasurveli Sedegi. amis garda,

qvevrebis recxviswina sisufTavec gansxvavebulia,

romelic didad ganapirobebs qvevris recxvis

xangrZlivobas. qvevris recxvis dasrulebis Sem-

deg sasurvelia, misi saboloo gavleba nel-

Tbili an civi wyliT. qvevris saboloo recxvisas

miRebuli narecxi wyali unda iyos absoluturad

sufTa, mas ar unda gaaCndes raime gareSe suni da

gemo, qvevri sufTad da gamoyenebisaTvis gamosa-

degad mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miiCneva.

qvevris recxva kirwyliT

mcenare krazanas fesvebisgan damzadebuli

qvevrebis sarcxi

mware blis qerqisagan damzadebuli qvevrebis sarcxi

19

praqtikaSi kiris nacvlad aseve gamoiyeneboda

nacaric, anu nacris wyalxsnari, (romelsac Zve-

lad “nacarwmendili” ewodeboda), romelic sak-

maod karg Sedegs iZleva, amavdroulad kirica da

nacaric SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bunebrivi da, aqedan

gamomdinare, usafrTxo sarecxi saSualebebia da

maTs gamoyenebas raime garTuleba ar mohyveba, ra-

sac ver vityviT, magaliTad, sodaze (gansakuT-

rebiT kaustikurze), romlis qvevris sarecxad ga-

moyenebamac SeiZleba qvevris kedlebi daazianos,

an sxva qimiur sarecx saSualebaze.

qvevri SesaZlebelia aseve yovelgvari sarecxi

saSualebebis daumatebladac gairecxos civi da

cxeli wyliT; Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom na-

carwmendiliTa Tu kirwyaliT recxva metad efeq-

turia.

zogadad, qvevrebis recxva Zalze Sromatevadi

saqmea, gansakuTrebiT ki “Casavali” qvevrebisa.

imisaTvis, rom kaci moxerxebulad moTavsebuliyo

didi zomis, anu Casaval qvevrSi, fskerze debdnen

vazis walamis erT-or konas, razedac dgeboda

qvevris mrecxavi. kvlavac gavimeorebT, rom qvev-

rebs recxaven mxolod axali sasmeli wyliT.

gansakuTrebiT didi zomis qvevrebs (magaliTad, 5-

7 aTasi litris moculobis) Sida zedapirze,

meqvevre gardigardmo ukeTebda Tixisave erTgvar

`safexurebs~, romelic mrecxavs uadvilebda

qvevrSi Casvla-amosvlas. aseT safexurze aseve

Camoideboda ficari. am ficarze Camojdeboda an

dadgeboda qvevris mrecxavi.

Rvinis leqi da Rvinis qva qvevris forian ked-

lebSi Rrmad Cajdeba xolme, aRniSnuli WuWyis

moSoreba qvevris kedlebidan did Sromasa da

energias moiTxovs. unda aRiniSnos, rom mrecxavs

ZiriTad siZneles uqmnis ara is ZiriTadi WuWyi,

romelic qvevris kedlebsaa modebuli da Tva-

liT advilad Cans, aramed swored is WuWyi, ro-

melic qvevris kedlis forebSia Camjdari da Rvi-

nis xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT mTavar sa-

SiSroebas warmoadgens. isic unda iTqvas, rom amg-

vari WuWyis moSoreba, Tumca ki didi Sromis fasad,

SesaZlebelia mxolod civi da cxeli wylis ga-

moyenebiTac, magram Cvenma winaprebma aqac gamo-

naxes sakmaod efeqturi gamosavali kirwyalisa Tu

nacarwmendilis gamoyenebiT.

kirwyaliT qvevrebis recxvis meTodze Cven ukve

gvqonda saubari da amaze aRar SevCerdebiT. amje-

rad SevexebiT nacris gamoyenebas, rac, rogorc

iTqva, sakmaod efeqturi xerxia da mis sworad

gamoyenebas, praqtikulad aranairi garTuleba ar

SeiZleba mohyves rogorc Tavad WurWlis, ise

Rvinis xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT. saqme

isaa, rom Rvinis yvelanairi narCeni, romelic ki

Cven gvxvdeba qvevrSi (Rvinis qva, saRebavi nivTie-

rebebi, leqis narCenebi da sxv.) mJavuri xasiaTisaa,

xolo nacari susti tutea da nacarwmendilic

aRniSnuli naSTebis gamxsnelia.

nacarwmendilis dasamzadeblad gacrili na-

cari unda Caiyaros wyalSi, kargad moerios da

cecxlze wamoduRdes. Semdgomad nacris naleqi

da mis Tavze momdgari nacarwmendili, romelic

gamoiyeneba recxvisTvis, unda gancalkevdnen da

nacarwmendilic mzadaa. nacarwmendilive gamoi-

yeneboda Zvelad xel-pirisa da Tavis sabanad,

aseve WurWlisa da sxvaTa sarecxad. nacarwmen-

dilis dasamzadeblad viRebT 1-1.5 kg wminda,

gacrili nacars, romelsac vamatebT 3-5 litr

wyals.

nacarwmendilis damzadeba SeiZleba aseve na-

carze mduRare wyalis dasxmiTac.

20

venTva, rasac SesaZloa RvinoSi gogirdwyalbadis

sunisa da gemos gaCena mohyves. qvevrebSi gogirdis

Caboleba SesaZlebelia rogorc uSualod Rvinis

Casxmis win, aseve garkveuli xniT adre, cariel

qvevrSic, magaliTad or TveSi erTjer. Tuki go-

girds qvevrebSi axrColeben uSualod Rvinis,

durdosa Tu yurZnis tkbilis Casxmis win, es imas

niSnavs, rom am process win unda uZRodes qvevris

recxva, radgan gaurecxav qvevrSi Rvinis Casxma ar

SeiZleba! am SemTxvevaSi ki gogirds qvevrebSi

axrColeben maSin, sanam garecxili qvevris Sida

zedapiri jer kidev svelia. am dros damwvari

gogirdis boli reaqciaSi Sedis qvevris kedlebze

darCenil sisvelesTan da Sedegad warmoiqmneba

gogirdovani mJava, es ukanaskneli ki aRwevs qvevris

forebSi, iq, sadac Rrmad Camjdari WuWyia, da am-

rigad xorcieldeba qvevris Sida zedapiris de-

zinfeqcia. gogirdis Caboleba qvevrebSi maSinacaa

SesaZlebeli, Tuki qvevrebi Rvinisa an yurZnis

tkbilis Casxmis wina dReebSia garecxili da ukve

mSralia. Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi efeqti ufro nak-

lebia, vidre axalgarecxil qvevrSi Cabolebis

dros. Tuki recxvis Semdeg qvevrebSi Rvinis Casxma

ar aris gadawyvetili da qvevri garkveuli droiT

carieli rCeba, gogirdi unda Caabolon mxolod

maSin, rodesac qvevri kargad amoSreba, radgan

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gogirdis boli, romelic

wylis wveTebTanaa reaqciaSi Sesuli, gaSreba, da

Sedegad qvevris kedlebze warmoiqmneba moTeTro-

moyviTalo kristaluri nadebi, ramac SesaZloa

SemdgomSi Rvinos simware da, aqedan gamomdinare,

siuxeSe SesZinos.

rogorc kirwyalis, iseve nacarwmendilis

gamoyenebis dros pirvel rigSi qvevrebs winaswar

unda gavavloT wyali da mxolod amis Semdeg

gamoviyenoT nacarwmendilic da kirwyalic, amis

Semdeg qvevrebi jer civi da Semdeg cxeli wyliT

irecxeba da recxvis dasrulebisas qvevrebs kidev

erTjer gaevleba civi an nelTbili wyali. nacris

gamoyeneba SesaZloa rogorc nacarwmendilis

saxiT, ise mSralad, nacarze wylis daumateb-

ladac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki axlad garecxili

qvevri carieli darCeba garkveuli droiT. aseT

SemTxvevaSi iReben gacril, wminda nacars da

axlad gaercxili qvevris Sida zedapirs moabneven,

sanam qvevris kedlebi jer kidev svelia. qvevris

kedlebi nacars miikrobs da aseve gaSreba. es

sakmaod efeqturi xerxia imisaTvis, rom qvevrSi da

gansakuTrebiT misi kedlebis forebSi ar ganvi-

Tardes mavne mikroorganizmebi. marTalia, Semd-

gom qvevris recxva SedarebiT met Sromas moiTxovs,

magram es gamarTlebulia imiT, rom aseT dros

qvevris kedlebi daculia da am mxriv gaweuli

jafa fuWi ki araa, mizanmimarTulia da, rac

mTavaria, sakmaod efeqturia.

qvevris kedlebis dezinfeqciisaTvis masSi axr-

Coleben gogirds Semdegi doziT: qvevris yoveli

100 litri moculobas sWirdeba 3 gr gogirdi. aqve

unda iTqvas, rom gogirdis aRniSnuli dozis ga-

daWarbebulad, Tundac ormagi an meti doziT ga-

moyenebas, aranairi garTuleba ar mosdevs. go-

girds qvevrebSi Caaboleben im SemTxvevaSic, Tuki

maTSi Cayrilia nacari. Casaboleblad SesaZ-

lebelia gogirdis rogorc fxvnilis, ise winas-

war momzadebuli fiTilis saxiT gamoyeneba. ori-

ve SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiricxos cecxlis moki-

debis Sedegad gamdnari gogirdis qvevrSi CaR-

21

aranakleb aqtualuri sakiTxia qvevris Sida ze-

dapiris damuSavebac. rogorc ukve iTqva, dRes-

dReobiT qvevrebSi Rvinis dayenebas Zalian co-

taniRa misdeven, magram sakiTxi mainc davisa da

ganxilvis sagania mosaxleobaSi. zogierT adgilas

qvevrebis Sida zedapiris dasamuSaveblad miRebu-

lia parafinis, sxvadasxva qimiuri saRebavebis,

cementisa Tu gudronis gamoyeneba, Zvelad sa-

qarTveloSi Txisa Tu saqonlis qonsac iyenebdnen.

es yvelaferi teqnologiis uxeS darRvevas war-

moadgens da Rvinis gemosa da xarisxze uaryo-

fiTad moqmedebs.

qvevris Sida zedapiris dasamuSaveblad gamoye-

nebuli unda iqnes mxolod da mxolod futkris

cvili da ara parafini, qimiuri saRebavi da sxva

ram, Tumca ki SesaZlebelia aseve qvevrebis da-

samuSaveblad cvili saerTodac ar iqnes gamo-

yenebuli. qvevrebis amosanTvlis praqtika sakmaod

rTuli procesia da moiTxovs gamocdili kacis

xels, gamoucdeli meurneebi xSirad am saqmes

garkveuli xarvezebiT axorcieleben. ras gu-

lisxmobs qvevris sworad amosanTvla? da, saer-

Tod, ra mizans emsaxureba es operacia? rogorc

ukve iTqva, es sakiTxi sakmaod aqtualuria saqarT-

veloSi.

pirvel rigSi SevexoT qvevrebis amosanTvlis

mizans. saqme isaa, rom qvevris kedlebi sakmaod fo-

riania, rac xSirad garkveul problemebs qmnis.

kerZod, amousanTlav qvevrSi, misi kedlebis Zli-

eri forianobis gamo, SesaZloa qvevridan Rvino

gaiJonos, an garedan gruntisa Tu sxva wyalma

SeaRwios RvinoSi. amis Tavidan asacileblad

erT-erTi saukeTeso variantia qvevrebis cviliT

damuSaveba. SesaZlebelia rogorc axali da jer

kidev miwaSi Cauflavi qvevrebis damuSaveba, ise

ukve miwaSi Casmuli qvevrebisa, Tumca ki es uka-

naskneli SedarebiT rTulad Sesasrulebelia.

axali qvevrebi cviliT Semdegnairad unda da-

muSavdes: iReben, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, futkris

cvils yovelgvari minarevebis gareSe. cvili unda

moTavsdes sufTa WurWelSi da gadnes cecxlze.

Tuki cvili gacxeldeba 110-dan 120 gradusze ma-

Ral temperaturamde, igi iwyebs intensiur aorTq-

lebas da danakargi didia. amitomac, es momenti

pirvel rigSia gasaTvaliswinebeli. paralelu-

rad cxeldeba qvevric, rac praqtikulad ase xor-

cieldeba: qvevri daideba miwaze gverdulad, masSi

inTeba cecxli, risTvisac, magaliTad, erT-erTi

saukeTeso variantia vazis gamxmari walami. dauS-

vebelia plastmasis, rezinis, qvanaxSiris, wiwvovani

xis SeSis an nabakevi Calis gamoyeneba. aseve da-

uSvebelia qvevris benzinis, dizelis an navTis

quriT gacxelebac. Cven vvaraudobT, rom kargi

Sedegi unda hqondes qvevris bunebrivi gaziT gac-

xelebasac, Tumca jer-jerobiT praqtikuli cod-

nis uqonlobis gamo am sakiTxs ar SevexebiT.

qvevris damuSaveba cviliT

qvevris gacxeleba cviliT damuSavebis win

22

raTa qvevris kedlebi Zlierma cecxlma ar da-

xeTqos, Tavdapirvelad inTeba susti cecxli, ro-

melic TandaTanobiT Zlierdeba. magram gasaTva-

liswinebelia, rom qvevris kedlebis zedmetad

gacxeleba ar aris mizanSewonili, radgan, rogorc

ukve iTqva, aman SesaZloa qvevrs kedlebi daub-

zaros da, meorec, cvili SesaZloa daiwvas an

aorTqldes ara marto uSualod misi gacxelebis

Sedegad, aramed metad gaxurebuli qvevris ked-

lebze wasmis drosac. qvevrs cvili maSin unda

waesvas, rodesac qvevridan nacari, nakverCxali,

Wvartli mTlianad da saguldagulod amosuf-

Tavdeba da amasTan qvevris kedlebis temperatura

SedarebiT daiklebs. es operacia Zalze mniSvne-

lovania, radgan qvevrSi nacris, Wvartlisa da

naxSiris narCenebi Tu CavtoveT, maT miikravs gamd-

nari cvili da Rvinos aucileblad gadascems

bolis sunsa da gemos, rac uayofiTad imoqmedebs

Rvinis xarisxze. am Secdomis Semdgomi gamos-

worebac Zalze did Sromasa da energias moiTxovs.

raTa gamoiricxos nacriTa da naxSiris narCenebiT

qvevris dabinZureba, qvevrSi dgamen Tunuqis Wur-

Wels, romelSic anTeben cecxls. qvevris ked-

lebis Tanabrad gacxelebisaTvis im dros, ro-

desac masSi cecxli anTia, qvevri unda gadabrun-

des sxvadasxva mxareze manam, sanam qvevris ked-

lebi sasurvel temperaturamde Tanabrad ar gac-

xeldeba, rasac atyoben qvevris gareTa kedelze

xelis dadebiT. am dros qvevri arc iseTi cxeli

unda iyos, rom kacs xeli daswvas da arc nel-

Tbili. sasurvelia, Tu qvevris Sida kedlebi gac-

xeldeba 70ºC-mde.

am dros qvevris kedlebi, konkretulad maTi

forebi, gamdnar cvils Rrmad Seiwovs da amrigad

gamoiricxeba rogorc qvevridan Rvinis gareT ga-

Jonva da danakargi, aseve qvevris Semdgomi recxvis

dros cvilis CamoSoreba, radgan, rogorc ukve

iTqva, cvili qvevris kedlebis mier Rrmad Sei-

woveba. amrigad qvevris forebi sakmaod saimedod

igmaneba. cecxliT gacxeleba, gansakuTrebiT Zve-

li, didi xnis uxmari qvevrebis SemTxvevaSia sa-

surveli, radgan am dros qvevris kedlebSi didi

xnis win Rrmad Camjdari WuWyis nawili fizikurad

iwvis da qvevris gasufTaveba SedarebiT ioldeba.

gamdnari cvilis qvevrSi amosasmelad mimarTaven

aseT xerxs: grZel joxs boloSi miamagreben raime

qsovilis naWers (Zvelad kaxeTSi mas `mola~ ewo-

deboda), Semdeg mas Caawoben gamdnar cvilSi da

qvevrSi joxis wriuli moZraobiT kedlebs amous-

vamen cvils. cvilis amosma qvevris Ziridan iwyeba.

Zvelad aseve amgvar xerxsac mimarTavdnen: gacxe-

lebul qvevrSi Caagdebdnen cvilis natexs da

qvevrs abrunebdnen win da ukan da cvili qvevrSi

TavisiT nawildeboda. patara zomis qvevrebis (qo-

co) cviliT dasamuSaveblad maT danTebul To-

neze an zedadgarze deben da amgvarad acxeleben,

rac, unda iTqvas, sakmaod efeqturi xerxia.qvevris gacxeleba cviliT damuSavebis win

23

am SemTxvevaSi gamoiricxeba qvevris Sida zeda-

piris nacriT, WvartliT an naxSiris narCenebiT

dabinZureba. amgvari meTodi didi qvevrebisaT-

visac gamarTlebulia. specialur zedadgarze

gverdulad daideba didi zomis qvevri da qvemo-

dan SeunTeben dabal cecxls. qvevrs TandaTa-

nobiT abruneben, raTa misi kedlebi Tanabrad gac-

xeldes. qvevris gacxelebis amgvari meTodi wina

variantTan SedarebT didi upiratesobiT gamoir-

Ceva, radgan aseT dros gamoiricxeba qvevris Sida

zedapiris dabinZureba WvartliT, nacriTa da nax-

Siris narCenebiT, rac metad mniSvnelovania. miwaSi

Cafluli Zveli qvevrebic SeiZleba gacxeldes

da cviliT damuSavdes: qvevrs jer kargad recxaven,

aSroben da Semdeg qvevrSi mavTuliT Cahkideben

liTonis cilindrs (cilindrs zeda mxare Ria

aqvs, qveda - daxuruli), romelSic anTia cecxli.

cilindris Ria mxare qvevridan amoSverili unda

iyos, raTa boli zemoT amovides da qvevris

kedlebi SeimWvartlos; raTa nakverCxali haerTan

SexebiT ukeT gaRvivdes, cilindrs qveda mxareze,

magram ara Zirze, ukeTdeba mcire zomis nasvretebi.

am proceduris Semdeg qvevri sufTaa da mzadaa

cvilis amosmisTvis, rac xorcieldeba zemoT aR-

werili meTodiT.

rogorc iTqva, qvevris cviliT amosanTvlis mi-

zania qvevris ZiriTadi da didi zomis forebis

dagmanva. xSirad qvevrebs Warbi raodenobiT us-

vamen cvils. am dros qvevris Sida zedapiri mTli-

anad cvilis sqeli feniT ifareba da qvevri ema-

lirebul WurWels emsgavseba. am SemTxvevaSi Rvi-

no exeba ara uSualod qvevris kedlebs (Tixas),

aramed cvils, rac, marTalia, akrZaluli ar

aris, magram aseT dros raRa mniSvneloba aqvs, ra

WurWelSi CavasxamT Rvinos? unda aRiniSnos, rom

cvilis siWarbe gamarTlebuli araa, garda im

iSviaTi SemTxvevisa, rodesac saqme gvaqvs prob-

lematur qvevrebTan, romlebSic, maTi uxarisxobis

gamo, ar xerxdeba xarisxiani Rvinis dayeneba. yo-

veli SemTxvevisTvis iseT qvevrSi dayenebul

Rvinos, romlis Sida zedapiric mTlianad dafa-

rulia cvilis sqeli feniT, emaliT, cementiT an

sxva saRebaviT, naklebad SeiZleba ewodos `qvev-

ris Rvino~, radgan xsenebuli Rvinis damzadebis

teqnologia gulisxmobs Rvinis Sexebasa da kon-

taqts uSualod qvevris kedlebTan. tona an to-

nanaxevris moculobis qvevrisaTvis saWiroa daax-

loebiT 1,5_2 kg cvili, Tumca es raodenoba SeiZ-

leba met-naklebobiT meryeobdes. rac Seexeba

qvevrebis Sida zedapiris dasamuSavebel sxva sa-

Sualebebs, dRes saqarTveloSi ukve gamoCnda qvev-

ris Sida zedapiris dasafari saSualeba, romelic

emalirebuli WurWlis efeqts iZleva. aRniSnuli

xerxi sakmaod efeqturia problematur qvevrebSi

gamosayeneblad.

qvevrSi

amosasmelad

gamzadebuli

cvili

24

am saSualebas liTonis cisternebSi ukve karga

xania gamoiyeneben evropaSic da misi gamoyeneba

kvebis mrewvelobis obieqtebSi kanonmdeblobiTaa

nebadarTuli. magram, vimeorebT, mis gamoyenebas

Cvens sinamdvileSi azri aqvs mxolod da mxolod

im qvevrebSi, romlebic praqtikulad umoqmedod

arian maTSi gruntisa Tu sxva wylebis SeRwevisa da

amis Sedegad gamomdinare Rvinis xarisxis gaua-

resebis gamo.

qvevrebis dasamuSavebel cvilTan mimarTebaSi

gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi mniSvnelovani faqto-

ric, kerZod, rogorc viciT futkris skis CarCo-

ebSi amagreben cvilis firfitebs (xelovnuri

fiWa), aRniSnuli cvilis firfitebi umetes Sem-

TxvevaSi Seicavs parafins, stearinsa da sxva cvi-

lis Semcvlel xelovnur minarevebs, xolo fiWis

gamodnobis Semdeg Tuki aseTi cvili moxvdeba

qvevrebSi am SemTxvevaSi qvevrebSi avtomaturad

moxvdeba aseve parafini da sxv. amitom qvevrebis

cviliT dasamuSaveblad saukeTeso variants war-

moadgens gamosawuri fiWis Tavis gadanaTali, ro-

melic raime xelovnur minarevs ar Seicavs da

amavdroulad igi ufro Ria ferisaa, vidre fi-

Widan gamodnobili cvili.

zogierT sofelSi, Rvinis hermetulad Senaxvi-

saTvis, jer gaavseben qvevrs da Semdeg Rvinis ze-

dapirze gamdnar cvils moasxamen. rogorc praq-

tika gviCvenebs, es meTodi ar amarTlebs, da igi,

erTi mxriv, zedmet xarjTan aris dakavSirebuli

da, meore mxriv, es operacia metad saSiSia Rvinis

xarisxis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT. saqme isaa rom

qvevrebSi temperaturis mcire cvlilebasTan er-

Tad icvleba Rvinis moculobac, siTxis gafarTo-

eba-SekumSvis gamo. aqedan gamomdinare, uSualod

Rvinis Tavze mosxmuli cvili maleve scildeba

qvevris kedlebs, romelzec igi isedac mcirediT

aris SekavSirebuli da am dros Rvinis WurWlis

hermetuloba irRveva. meore uaryofiTi mxare am

operaciisa is aris, rom gamdnari cvili sakmaod

cxelia, da, marTalia mxolod Rvinis zedapirze,

magram mainc acxelebs Rvinosac, romelic am Sem-

TxvevaSi didi riskis qveS dgeba - am dros RvinoSi

arsebul ZmarmJava baqteriebs eqmnebaT xelsay-

reli pirobebi gamravlebisa da ganviTarebisaT-

vis. ZmarmJava baqteriebi ki yovelTvis Rvinis ze-

dapiridan WurWlis siRrmis mimarTulebiT

vrceldebian. qvevrSi Rvinis hermetulad Senaxvi-

saTvis axlo warsulSi Rvinos zedapirze saWmlis

zeTs asxamdnen, rac Rvinis teqnologiis uxeSi

darRvevaa - zeTi mZaRdeba, rac aucileblad

uaryofiTad moqmedebs Rvinis xarisxze. amis garda,

qvevris forebSi Camjdari zeTis moSorebac advili

araa. qvevris Rvinoze zeTis mosxmis dros aseve

gamoiricxeba Rvinis hermetulobac.

amrigad, qvevris Rvinis hermetulad Senaxvas

Rvinoze zeTis, gamdnari cvilisa Tu sxva raime

nivTierebis mosxma ki ar sWirdeba, aramed qvevrebs

saTanado wesebis dacviT kargad unda moergos

sarqveli da periodulad gakontroldes kidec.

qvevrSi Rvinis zedapirze mosxmuli cvili

25

qvevrebSi Rvinis xangrZlivad, hermetulad da

xarisxianad SenaxvisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

aqvs qvevris sarqvels. qvevris sarqveli SesaZloa

damzaddes rogorc xisagan, romelsac ZiriTadad

dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamoiyeneben, aseve qvisga-

nac, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo da aris aR-

mosavleT saqarTveloSi, da gansakuTrebiT ka-

xeTSi. magaliTad, kaxeTSi ramdenime sofeli gan-

Tqmulic ki yofila qvevris sarqvlebis damza-

debiT. erT-erTi aseTi sofeli yofila yvarlis

raionis sofeli sabue. amJamad am sofelSi sarqve-

lebs aRar amzadeben.

rogorc iTqva, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Zi-

riTadad gavrcelebuli iyo qvis sarqvlebi, rom-

lebsac amzadebdnen fiqalis qvisagan, am qvas mo-

ipovebdnen kavkasionis mTis kalTebze. sarqvelis

damzadeba SesaZlebeli iyo aseve sxva tipis qvisa-

ganac, magram misi damzadeba yvelanairi qvisagan ar

SeiZleba, radgan zogierT qvas siTxesTan Sexebisa

Tu Warbtenian pirobebSi yofnis Semdgomad axa-

siaTebs daSmoreba, ramac SesaZloa Rvinis xarisxi

gaauaresos. yuradsaRebia, rom qvevrebis recxva-

dezinfeqciis programa sarqvlebzec vrceldeba

da es ukanaskneli iseve gulmodgined irecxeba,

rogorc Tavad qvevri. aRmosavleTisagan gansxva-

vebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi sarqvlebs (rom-

lebic imereTSica da aseve dasavleT saqarTve-

los bevr adgilas “orgoebis” an “badimis” saxe-

liTaa cnobili) xisagan, konkretulad cacxvis,

wablisa da muxis masalisagan amzadebdnen da

amzadeben amJamadac.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sar-

qvelebi or nawiladaa gayofili. maT Sua adgi-

las aqvs naxvreti, romelic gankuTvnilia qvev-

ridan alkoholuri duRilis dros gamoyo-

fili naxSirorJangis amosasvlelad. duRilis

dros dasavleT saqarTveloSi maduRar qvevrs

daafareben “orgoebs”, mis naxvretze moargeben

“sa-sule” mils, romelsac zemodan marlas an

sxva naWers gadaafareben imisaTvis, rom qvevrSi

raime mweri an WuWyi ar Cavardes da Semdgomad

motkepnian ayalo miwiT.

sarqveli

sarqveli - `orgo~ (dasavleT saqarTvelo)

fiqali sarqveli (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo)

26

muxis an wablis xis masalisagan damzadebuli

“orgoebi” Tavdapirvelad cxel wyalSi unda

Caiyaros, raTa maT moSordes is simware da `uxe-

Si~ nivTierebebi, romlebic SemdgomSi Rvinos

gadaecema da Rvinis xarisxze uaryofiTad moq-

medeben. dasavleT saqarTveloSi xSirad didi

zomis qvevrebis sarqveli ara ori, aramed ram-

denime nawilisaganac Sedgeboda.

oriode sityviT SevexoT aseve qvevrebis sarqv-

liT daxurvis praqtikas, rac, unda aRiniSnos,

dRes sakmaod problematuri sakiTxia da xSirad

qvevrebze sarqvlis arasworad morgebas Rvino

gafuWebamde mihyavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT

saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi qvevris daxurvis erTob

gansxvavebul wess vxvdebiT, aseve gansxvavebulia

Tavad sarqvelic. dasavleT saqarTveloSi or-

goebs uSualod qvevris (Wuris) pirze awyoben,

razec Semdeg zemodan adeben specialur ayalo

miwas. amis Semdeg ayalo miwa magrad daitkepneba

specialuri iaraRiT, romelsac `kveJosac~ uwo-

deben, igi xis morisagan gamoTlili miwis sat-

kepnia.

saguldagulod motkepnil ayalo miwas zemo-

dan Cveulebrivi miwis kokoli, anu “sazedao miwa”

eyreba imisaTvis, rom ayalo ar gamoSres da Rvino

ar daziandes. kaxeTSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, es pro-

cesi sruliad gansxvavebulia: qvevris pirze magr-

deba winaswar xeliT mozelili Tixamiwa. Zalian

mniSvnelovania, rom qvevris piri saguldagulod

gamSraldes, radgan man Tixa kargad miikras.

Tixas zemodan adeben sarqvels, romelsac

magrad daawvebian, raTa sarqveli Tixas kargad

daekros da daxurul qvevrSi haeri aRar Cavides.

rogorc aRiniSna, qvevrze sarqvlis kargad morgeba

mTavari winapirobaa qvevrebSi Rvinis xangrZlivad

da xarisxianad SenaxvisaTvis da amitom es procesi

metad yuradRebiT unda Sesruldes.

qvevris moxdis procesi imereTSi

27

kargia, Tu sarqvlis qveS dasadebi Tixis

mosazel sasmel wyals, Tavad wyalisa da aseve

Tixis dezinfeqciisaTvis, daemateba mcireodeni

gogirdovani anhidridi. xolo mas Semdeg, rac

Tixa qvevris pirze damagrdeba, TixaSi gverdulad

amagreben Casabolebeli gogirdis fiTils. sarq-

veli qvevrs gogirdis fiTilze cecxlis moki-

debisTanave efareba da magrdeba.

am dros Rvinosa da qvevris sarqvels Soris

myofi haeris adgils ikavebs damwvari gogirdis

boli, romlis gacivebis Semdegac warmoiqmneba va-

kuumi. es ki Rvinis xangrZlivad da hermetulad

Senaxvis winapirobaa. amgvari xerxis gamoyeneba da-

savleT saqarTvelos pirobebSi ar xerxdeba. sar-

qvlis qvevrze saguldagulod morgeba da yvela

wesis kargad dacva ar gamoricxavs garkveuli

drois gasvlis Semdeg qvevris Rvinis gakont-

rolebas. qvevris Rvino, Tundac sarqveli kargad

hqondes morgebuli, sasurvelia minimum sam-oTx

TveSi erTjer mainc gakontroldes. aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi da gansakuTrebiT kaxeTSi sarqvel-

morgebul qvevrs zemodan ayrian miwas, romelsac

periodulad (zafxulSi ufro xSirad) wyliT

namaven.

qvevris pirze dasamagrebeli Tixa qvevris pirze damagrebeli Tixa

gogirdis fiTilebis damagreba qvevris

pirze damagrebel TixaSi

qvevris pirze sarqvelis morgeba

28

Tumca qvevrebi mTel saqarTvelos mTasa Tu

barSi gvxvdeba, Rvinis dayenebis teqnologia TiTq-

mis yvela kuTxeSi, rigi mizezebis gamo, gansxva-

vebulia. Zvelad arsebobda qvevrebSi Rvinis daye-

nebis kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli da mesxuri

wesebi. yvela is wesi, romlebsac icavdnen ama Tu

im kuTxeSi, rigi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli:

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo adgilobrivi niadagebis

tipebi, klimaturi pirobebi, adaT-wesebi, Tavad

yurZnis mosavlis weli da misi qimiuri Sedge-

niloba da sxv. swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom,

magaliTad, kaxeTSi, qvevrebSi daWyletil yurZens

mTliani WaWianad aTavsebdnen dasaduReblad,

xolo imeruli Rvinis SemTxvevaSi, alkoholur

duRilSi monawileobda WaWis araumetes erTi

mesamedisa. rogorc ukve iTqva, am sxvaobas aseve is

adgilic ganapirobebs, sadac ama Tu im mxaris

jiSis yurZenia moweuli. Zalian bevr meurnes,

sulac momxmarebels, uCndeba kiTxva, Tu riTia

gamorCeuli qvevrebSi dayenebuli Rvino sxva

Rvinisagan? am SemTxvevaSi Cveni mizani sulac araa

is, rom visaubroT da ganvixiloT sxva Rvinoebis

naklovanebebi qvevris RvinosTan SedarebiT, rac

namdvilad araswori iqneboda; yuradRebas gava-

maxvilebT qvevris Rvinis im sikeTeze, romelsac

sazogadoeba naklebad icnobs CvenSi. agreTve mok-

led SevexebiT qvevrSi Rvinis dayenebis sxvadasxva

wesebs, rogoricaa imeruli, kaxuri da sxv.

pirveli da Zalze mniSvnelovani wesi qvevrebSi

Rvinis dayenebisa aris qvevrSi Rvinis dayovneba

Tavissave WaWaze _ rogorc duRilis dros, ise mis

Semdgom periodSic. am SemTxvevaSi Zalze sain-

teresoa Rvinis dayenebis Zveli kaxuri wesi,

romelsac dResdReobiT, samwuxarod, Zalze co-

ta mimdevari darCa.

qvevrebSi TeTri Rvinis kaxuri wesiT dayeneba

gulisxmobs, magaliTad, rqawiTlis jiSis yurZnis

qvevrebSi mTeli WaWianad Cawurvas, an Tavdapir-

velad sawnaxelSi dawurvas da Semdgomad qvev-

rebSi WaWis damatebas. orive SemTxvevaSi alko-

holuri duRili WaWis mTlian raodenobaze mim-

dinareobs. duRilis dasrulebis Semdeg, maSin,

rodesac qvevris Tavze momdgari WaWa RvinoSi Ca-

iZireba, qvevri unda gadaivsos da daixufos sarqv-

liT. dRes bevrs saubroben imaze, Tu ramdeni xani

unda dayovndes dasavargeblad kaxuri Rvino

Tavissave WaWaze. wiTeli Rvino qvevrebSi Tavisive

WaWaze mxolod alkoholuri duRilis periodSi

Cerdeba. es periodi SesaZloa iyos 7_10 dRe, maq-

simum ori kvira, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, WaWaze

dayovnebis periodis gansasazRvrad didi mniSvne-

loba aqvs yurZnis jiSs, alkoholuri duRilis

xangrZlivobas, garemo pirobebs da sxv.

qvevris Rvino

29

rac Seexeba TeTr Rvinos, Zveli kaxuri wesi

gulisxmobda WaWaze Rvinis adre gazafxulamde

(martis dasawyisi) davargebas. aRniSnul periodSi

Rvino iZens kaxuri RvinisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

tipurobas, romelic ganapirobebs am Rvinis unika-

lurobas. xalxSi gavrcelebuli azri, rom TiT-

qos WaWaze didxans davargebuli Rvino zedmetad

uxeSi gamodiodes, usafuZvloa. uxeSi da uxarisxo

Rvino WaWaze didxans dayovnebiT ki ara, rigi wese-

bis daucvelobisa da teqnologiuri procesebis

darRvevis gamo dgeba. WaWaze ase didi xniT da-

yovnebuli Rvino iZens muq Calisfer, oqrosfer an

Caisfer Seferilobas, igi aris absoluturad

gamWvirvale da kriala, xasiaTdeba xilis tone-

biTa da taninebis zomieri SemcvelobiT, da rac

Zalze mniSvnelovania, aris bunebrivad stabi-

luri. amgvar Rvinos aRar axasiaTebs SemRvreva,

aris ufro metad sasargeblo adamianis organiz-

misaTvis, vidre, magaliTad, evropuli Rvino,

radgan alkohols qvevris RvinoSi didi xniT

dayovnebuli yurZnis WaWidan maqsimalurad ga-

moaqvs adamianis organizmisaTvis saWiro da sa-

sargeblo nivTierebebi. aseTi Rvino pirdapir

boTlebSic rom Camoisxas - gaufiltravad da da-

umuSaveblad - igi SesaniSnavad gaZlebs da

Seinaxeba.

TavisTavad cxadia, Rvinis zemoT CamoTvlil

Tvisebebze gavlenas axdens ara erTi, aramed ram-

denime faqtori, kerZod, Tavad qvevri, duRilisa

da WaWaze Semdgomi davargebis temperatura, yur-

Znis jiSi, venaxis adgilmdebareoba, yurZnis sim-

wife da misi qimiuri Sedgeniloba, WaWaze dayov-

nebis periodi, marani, misi higiena da sxv. aqedan

gamomdinare, Tuki Rvino qvevrebSi Tavissave WaWaze,

WaWis erT nawilze an sulac uWaWod mxolod

mcire xniT imyofeboda, magaliTad ramdenime dRe

an sulac erTi-ori kvira, maSin yurZnis WaWidan

Rvino, miT umetes bolomde dauduRebeli, ver

moaswrebs SeiZinos da miiRos yvela zemoT Ca-

moTvlili sasargeblo Tviseba da, TavisTavad

cxadia, verc qvevri moaswrebs aseT mcire droSi

dadebiTad imoqmedos Rvinoze.

Rvinis dayenebis imeruli wesi ki gulisxmobs

sawnaxlidan an yurZnis wnexidan qvevrebSi Casx-

mul tkbils daematos (kaxuri wesisagan gansxva-

vebiT) ara WaWis mTliani raodenoba, aramed maq-

simum erTi mesamedi nawili. ra Tqma unda, aqac

TeTryurZniani jiSebi igulisxmeba.

qarTlsa da mesxeT-javaxeTSi, TumcaRa zusti

gadmocema ar arsebobs aqauri Rvinis dayenebis

wesisa, magram aqac, ise, rogorc es kaxeTsa da

imereTSi iyo miRebuli, qvevrebSi mimdinareobda

ara mxolod yurZnis tkbilis, aramed WaWis erT

nawilTan erTad misi duRili da WaWaze Semdgomi

davargeba garkveuli droiT.

orSimoTi Rvinis amoReba (imereTi)

30

unda aRiniSnos, rom arc Rvinis `udedod~ da-

yeneba yofila ucxo saqarTveloSi. udedod, anu,

Tanamedrove gagebiT, evropuli wesiT Rvinis da-

yenebas ZvelTaganve icnobdnen CvenSi, Tumca unda

iTqvas, rom udedod dayenebul Rvinoze raime

cnobebs qarTul wyaroebSi ufro iSviaTad vxvde-

biT, vidre Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis Sesaxeb.

saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi aseve scodniaT

ramdenime jiSis yurZnis tkbilisa da WaWis garkve-

uli dozebiT erTmaneTSi Sereva da maTi qvevrebSi

erTianad daduReba. magaliTad, qarTlSi, qalaq

gorTan mdebare sofel xidisTavSi icodnen qarT-

lis yurZnis jiSebis - Cinuris, Tavkverisa da go-

ruli mwvanis erTmaneTSi SereviT Zvel droSi

TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gan-

Tqmuli Rvinis - `xidisTauris~ dayeneba. aseve ra-

WaSi aleqsandroulisa da mujureTulis erTad

daduRebiT miiRebdnen mTel saqarTveloSi cno-

bil Rvinos `xvanWkaras~ saxelwodebiT da sxv.

dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos, rom Rvinis qarTu-

lad dayeneba zogadad gulisxmobs yurZnis tkbi-

lis garkveuli raodenobis WaWasTan erTad dadu-

Rebas, daRvinebasa da Semdgom davargebas. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom Rvinis evropulad, anu Rvinis

udedod dayeneba CvenTvis ucxo Zvel droSic ki

ar yofila da amgvari Rvino saukuneebis ganmav-

lobaSi mzaddeboda, qarTul Rvinod moiazreba

ara es ukanaskneli, aramed swored zemoT xsene-

buli teqnologiiT dayenebuli Rvino. miRebu-

lia, rom qvevris Rvinod CaiTvleba is Rvino, ro-

melmac ara mxolod daiduRa qvevrebSi, aramed

garkveuli droiT qvevrebSive davargda. SesaZloa

qvevrebSi Rvino Tavissave WaWaze ar davargdes, ara-

med Rvino da WaWa gancalkevdes alkoholuri du-

Rilis damTavrebis Semdeg an sulac damTavre-

bamde, ise, rogorc magaliTad kaxuri saferavis

SemTxvevaSi, magram WaWidan moxsnili Rvino qvev-

rsave unda daubrundes da ara sxva WurWels (igu-

lisxmeba: kasri, cisterna da sxv.). marTalia, jer-

jerobiT saqarTvelos kanoni vazisa da Rvinis Se-

saxeb qvevris Rvinis teqnologiaze arafers ambobs,

magram, specialistebis azriT, qvevris Rvinod un-

da CaiTvalos iseTi Rvino, romelmac qvevrebSi,

daduRebidan moyolebuli, Tavis WaWianad Tu

uWaWod, minimum sami_eqvsi Tve dahyo.

oriode sityviT SevexoT aseve qvevrebSi Rvinis

Senaxvis xangrZlovobis sakiTxsac. mosaxleobaSi

gavrcelebulia azri, TiTqos, Rvino qvevrebSi

mxolod erT wlamde inaxebodes da amis Semdeg

qvevri Rvinos veRar inaxavdes. es azri mcdaria -

Tu qvevrebSi Rvino xangrZlivad ar inaxeba, es ara

qvevris, aramed imis bralia, rom meRvines daurR-

vevia qvevris movla_higienisa da Rvinis Senaxvis

teqnikuri Tu teqnologiuri wesebi, romlebzec

Cven saubari ukve gvqonda.

moxdili qvevri imereTSi

31

qvevrebSi Rvino, Tuki daculia Rvinis Senaxvis,

marnis mowyobisa da higienis yvela piroba, SesaZ-

loa Senaxul iqnes sakmaod xangrZlivad. Zvelad

Rvinos qvevrebSi aTwleulobiTac ki inaxavdnen.

aseT dros ra Tqma unda, araa gamoricxuli qvev-

ris Rvinis xarisxisa da mdgomareobis garkveuli

periodulobiT gakontroleba da saWiroebis Sem-

TxvevaSi procesSi Careva.

wesebis dacviT damzadebuli da garecxili

qvevri da gamarTuli marani winapirobebia imisa,

rom Rvino Senaxul iqnes xangrZlivad da xaris-

xianad. da Tuki Rvinis xangrZlivad Senaxva SesaZ-

lebelia muxis kasrebSi an liTonis cisternebSi,

qvevrebSi miT umetes SesaZlebelia Rvinis wlo-

biT Senaxva. zogadad, Tuki Rvino Tundac ori

wliT, yovelgvari problemis gareSe Seinaxa

qvevrma, es ukve niSnavs, rom Rvinis Senaxva qvevrebSi

gacilebiT xangrZlivi droiTacaa SesaZlebeli.

32

miuxedavad imisa, rom qvevrSi Rvinis dayenebis

sakiTxi erT mTlian sagans warmoadgens, SeiZleba

sazedaSe qvevri da Rvino mainc calke movlenad

gamoiyos. TavisTavad sazedaSe Rvinis dayeneba di-

dad ar gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi Rvinis daye-

nebisagan. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba am ori Rvinis daye-

nebis SemTxvevaSi aris ar Rvinis teqnologia, ara-

med Sinaarsobrivi, daniSnulebiTi mxare.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixed-

viT, zedaSe aris wiTeli Rvino, romelsac xma-

robdnen ziarebis an jvrisweris wesis Sesrule-

bisas; aqvea meore ganmartebac: saeklesio dResas-

waulebisaTvis sagangebod Semonaxuli saukeTeso

Rvino.

zedaSis qvevri maranSi erTgvar orientirs war-

moadgenda da mas yovelTvis gamorCeuli adgili

unda sWeroda, xolo danarCeni qvevrebic swored

zedaSis qvevrisa Tu qvevrebis mdebareobis gaTva-

liswinebiT ganlagdeboda maranSi. es sulac ar

niSnavs, rom zedaSes Sua, centraluri adgili

unda sWeroda sxva qvevrebs Soris. piriqiT _ ze-

daSis qvevri gancalkevebul adgils ikavebda,

magram zedaSeebis adgili, Rvinis xarisxianad

Senaxvis TvalsazrisiT, unda yofiliyo saukeTeso

sxva qvevrebis mdebareobasTan SedarebiT. igu-

lisxmeba sigrile, mzis sxivebis miuwvdomloba da

SedarebiT myudro adgili.

Cven dRemde ar mogvepoveba masala imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ra gansxvaveba arsebobda Cveulebrivsa da ze-

daSis qvevrebis damzadebis teqnologias Soris.

gansxvavebas zedaSisa da Cveulebriv qvevrebs Soris

arc maTi cviliT damuSavebisa Tu kiriT daduRa-

bebis SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT, Tumca didad savarau-

doa, rom zedaSis qvevrebi ufro gulmodgined

irecxeboda da am mniSvnelovan process meti dro

da energia daeTmoboda warsulSi. zedaSis qvev-

rebisa da Rvinis kultura mTel saqarTveloSia

gavrcelebuli, magram am movlenas ufro metad

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da, konkretulad, ka-

xeTSi vxvdebiT. Zvelad praqtikulad ar arse-

bobda arc erTi marani, sadac zedaSis Tundac

erTi qvevri ar yofiliyo Cafluli.

aqedan gamomdinare, TiTqmis yvela marnis

mflobel ojaxs hqonda zedaSis qvevri, romelSic

mzaddeboda rogorc taZar-monastrisaTvis Sesa-

wiri, ise saero Tu saeklesio dResaswaulebze

sakuTari moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnili Rvino.

ori sityviT SevexoT Tavad sazedaSe Rvinis da-

yenebis wessac. sazedaSe Rvinos esaWiroeba gan-

sakuTrebuli yuradReba, movla da mopyroba, daw-

ye-buli qvevrebis recxviTa da marnis sisufTaviT,

vidre yurZnis gadamuSavebisa da misi daduReba-

daRvinebisa da Senaxvis procesamde.

zedaSis qvevri da Rvino

zedaSes qvevrebi alaverdis taZris ezoSi

33

qvevrebs alkoholuri duRilis periodSi

sWirdeba WaWis xSiri dareva, es procesi SesaZloa

dReSi minimum 5-jer ganmeordes. saerTod ki

kargia, Tu qvevrebSi WaWas yovel or-sam saaTSi

erTxel mainc daureven, gansakuTrebiT mZafri

duRilis periodSi. duRilis damTavrebis Semdeg

WaWa da Rvino unda gancalkevdes da Rvino unda

gadaiRon calke qvevrSi, ris Semdegac sazedaSe

Rvinos esaWiroeba sruli simSvide garkveuli

drois manZilze. Rvinos, WaWidan moxsnis Semdeg,

pirvelma gadaRebam SesaZloa sxvadasxva dros

mouwios adgilis, regionis, mosavlis wlisa Tu

sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es dro SesaZ-

loa iyos, magaliTad, noember-dekemberi. sazeda-

Se Rvinis dasayeneblad unda dawuron mxolod da

mxolod wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSebi. yovlad da-

uSvebelia sazedaSe Rvinis dasayeneblad TeTr-

yurZniani vazis jiSebis gamoyeneba an Tundac maTi

umciresi nawilis Sereva wiTel yurZenSi. aseve ar

SeiZleba wiTel sazedaSe RvinoSi TeTri Rvinis

Serevac, Tundac es iyos Rvinis sul mciredi na-

wilic ki. amis garda, unda gamoiricxos sazedaSe

RvinoSi wylis moxvdrac. amis Tavidan asacileb-

lad WurWeli (qvevri, kasri, minis WurWeli Tu

sxva), unda gamoiyenoT maSin, rodesac igi recxvis

Semdeg kargad gaSreba. sazedaSed aseve ar gamoi-

yeneben vardisferi Rvinis momcem yurZnis jiSeb-

sac, romelTa Seferilobac sustia. zogadad, sa-

zedaSe da aqedan gamomdinare sabarZime RvinisaT-

vis umjobesia Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba Zveli qar-

Tuli wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSebi, rogorebicaa,

magaliTad: “saferavi”, “ZvelSavi”, “ocxanuri sa-

fere”, qarTlisa Tu kaxeTis “Tavkveri”, “Savkapito”

da sxva, dasavleTisa Tu aRmosavleT saqarTve-

los yurZnis jiSebi.

ojaxur pirobebSi dayenebul sazedaSe Rvinos

damuSaveba (igulisxmeba filtracia, gawebva da

sxva qimiuri danamatebi) ar esaWiroeba. aseve ara-

nair saWiroebas ar warmoadgens da aseT SemTxve-

vaSi arc aris rekomendebuli alkoholuri du-

Rilis dros safuvris wminda kulturis gamo-

yenebac. zogadad, ojaxur pirobebSi, araTu saze-

daSe Rvinos, aramed Cveulebriv Rvinosac ar esa-

Wiroeba zemoT CamoTvlili danamatebi da filt-

racia, radgan Rvino, Tuki mas codniT miudgebiT,

bunebrivad da yovelgvari qimiuri danamatebis ga-

reSe gaivlis yvela im etaps, romelic, magali-

Tad, qarxnul meRvineobas esaWiroeba. erTaderTi

meTodi, romlis gamoyenebac daSvebulia zedaSis

Rvinis dayenebisas, esaa qvevrebSi gogirdis Cabo-

leba, rasac WurWlisave sadezinfeqciod mimar-

Taven maTi gamoyenebis win. am meTods Cveni winap-

rebic iyenebdnen. ra Tqma unda, gogirdis Caboleba

ar gamoricxavs WurWlisa da marnis higienis wese-

bis dacvas, rac erT-erTi winapirobaa xarisxiani

Rvinis misaRebad.

aqedan gamomdinare, sazedaSe Rvinos esaWiroeba

ara filtracia, gawebva Tu sxva preparatebiT

gajereba, aramed WaWidan drouli moxsna, gada-

Rebis swori drois SerCeva, wesebis dacviT Senaxva

da, rogorc ukve iTqva, marnisa da WurWelis hi-

gienuri wesebis zusti Sesruleba.

34

qvevris damRebi meqvevris mier dasmuli ergvari

niSnulebia qvevris pirze. Cvens mier gadaRebuli

qvevris damRebis suraTebi mogrovilia rogorc

dasavleT ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan. dam-

Rebis simravliTa da mravalferovnebiT gansa-

kuTrebiT kaxeTia gamorCeuli da Cveni foto-

koleqciis didi nawilic swored kaxeTSia gada-

Rebuli.

marTalia, Zveli meTuneebi damRebs sxva na-

warmsac ukeTebdnen, rogorebicaa: kramiti, aguri,

didi zomis wylisa Tu sxva WurWeli, magram dam-

Rebis yvelaze meti raodenoba Tu mravalferov-

neba swored Zvel qvevrebze gvxvdeba. damRis mi-

xedviT Cven SegviZlia amovicnoT kidec rogorc

qvevris ostati, ise Tavad qvevris warmomavloba,

SesaZloa gavigoT qvevris damzadebis TariRi da

sxv. xSirad damRebi naTels hfenen, saidan sad

gahqondaT qvevrebi.

Zveli qvevrebis umetesobas aqvs damRa, romel-

zec gamosaxuli iyo: meqvevris inicialebi, os-

tatis sruli saxeli da gvari, damzadebis weli,

sxvdasxva ornamentebi, jvari, yvavili, borjRali,

qvevris damzadebis adgili, Zalze iSviaTad

qvevris moculoba da sxv.

xalxuri gadmocemiT, Zvelad damRa amav-

droulad warmoadgenda erTgvar xarisxis niSan-

sac. damRis niSani mamidan Svilze an SviliSvilze

avtomaturad ar gadadioda da yovel meqvevres

Tavis naxelavze damRis dasmis ufleba Tavadve

unda moepovebina.

qvevris damRebi

35

36

boloTqma

leqi iqa, Rvino aqa,

kasri iqa, qvevri aqa.

amrigad vasrulebT broSuras “qarTuli qvev-

rebi”. rogorc mkiTxveli darwmundeboda, wi-

namdebare broSura qarTuli, tradiciuli WurW-

lis - qvevris popularizacias emsaxureba. ro-

gorc SesavalSive aRiniSna, Znelia erTi bro-

Suris farglebSi moaqcio iseTi mniSvnelovani da

amavdroulad moculobiTi Tema, rogoric qvevri

da meqvevreobaa, miT umetes, rom aRniSnuli Tema

jer kidev Semdgomi kvlevis sagans warmoadgens da

bolomde Seswavlili araa. swored amitomac Se-

saZloa, rom aRniSnulma naSromma farTo mkiTx-

vels da gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc ase Tu ise

misdevs mamapapur qvevrebSi Rvinis qarTulad

dayenebis wess, zogierT SekiTxvaze verc ki upasuxa,

rac bunebrivicaa. Cven vimedovnebT, rom axlo

momavalSi am sakiTxebis garSemo pasuxgaucemeli

kiTxva aRar iarsebebs.

Cven momavalSic vgegmavT mevenaxeoba-meRvi-

neobis sakiTxebze axali gamocemebis momzadebas,

romlebic Seexeba qarTuli marnis aSeneba-

mowyobasa da mis arqiteqturas, venaxis gaSenebas,

qarTuli saRvine WurWelisa da venaxisa da marnis

iaraR-inventarsa da sxv. aseve igegmeba gamoices

katalogi “qarTuli vazis jiSebi”.

dasasrul gvinda kvlav gavimeoroT da aRvniS-

noT, rom qarTuli tradiciuli saRvine WurWeli

- qvevri unikaluri WurWelia, am unikalurobas

qmnis misi daxvewili forma, simartive, arqauloba

da, rac mTavaria, misi Seucvleli da didi roli

Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis saqmeSi.

37

�

�

a. boxoCaZe, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba Zvel

saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri masalebis

mixedviT. Tbilisi 1963;

a. lekiaSvili, Sen xar venaxi. Tbilisi 1972;

�l. fruiZe, mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba

saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi 1974;

�iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad.

tomi V. “meRvineoba”. Tbilisi 1986;

�masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da

xelosnobis istoriisaTvis. tomi II. Tbilisi

1979;

�m. zandukeli. qarTuli xalxuri keramika

(qsnis xeoba). Tbilisi 1982;

�qarTlis cxovreba IV. batoniSvili vaxuSti.

aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa;

�ilia WavWavaZe. Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba

(narkvevi). 1887;

�T. Rlonti. ilia WavWavaZe da soflis

meurneoba. Tbilisi 1988;

�gazeTi “meurne” #9. Tbilisi 1888w. 3 marti;

�T. l. e. jorjaZe. mevenaxeoba da Rvinis

dayeneba, keTeba da gaumjobeseba

xelTmZRvanelobisaTvis kaxuri Rvinis

myenebelTa. Tbilisi, 1876;

�j. sonRulaSvili. saqarTvelos mevenaxeoba-

meRvineobis istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi, 1974.

gamoyenebuli literatura

38

SeniSvnebiI

asociacia `elkana~gazafxulis q. # 16, 0177

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

tel./faqsi: +995 (32) 536 488/536 487

biofarm@elkana.org.ge;

www.elkana.org.ge;

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