GLOSSARY

The following words and phrases are non-English terms. Non-English is here defined as any lexical item not found in Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam Webster Inc., 1986).

The language family of each word or phrase is indicated by a letter or letters in parentheses:

(C) (F) (H) (HCE) (J) (P) (S)

Chinese Filipino Hawaiian Hawai'i Creole English Japanese Portuguese Spanish

References for the definitions used in this glossary include: Ernesto Constantino, Ilokano Dictionary, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971); Koh Masuda, ed., Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, 4th ed. (Tokyo: Kenkyiisha, Ltd., 1974); Mary Pukui and Samuel Elbert, Hawaiian Dictionary, rev. and exp. ed. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986); Teresita V. Ramos, Tagalog Dictionary (Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1971); James L. Taylor, A Portuguese-English Dictionary, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963); Edwin B. Williams, The Williams Spanish and English Dictionary, exp. international ed. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978); and Elsa Yap and Maria V. R. Bunye, Cebuano-Visayan Dictionary, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971).

In some instances, the spellings and definitions were provided by Center for Oral History staff or the interviewee in whose transcript the word or phrase appears. Such items are asterisked.

The following definitions apply to the lexical items as they appear in the context of the transcripts.

A-1

adobo (F) a meat dish consisting usually of pork, beef or chicken cooked with vinegar, salt, garlic and bay leaves

'ahi (H) Hawaiian tuna fishes, especially the yellow-fin tuna

aholehole (H) young stage of the Hawaiian flagtail fish

aiyah (HCE) oh wow! oh my goodness!* ajimama (?) a peddler* akamai (H) smart, clever, expert 'akulikuli (H) ice plant, a low succulent with

pink, rose, or orange flowers used for leis

aloha (H) love 'ape (H) large taro-like plants 'api 'i (H) a variety of taro

bango (J) number bento (J) lunch, box lunch bin see wen b6bo (F) dumb; stupid; dull bocha (HCE) bathe* brah, bruddah (HCE) man, brother* bugga, buggas (HCE) bugger; person; thing* bumbai (HCE) by and by, later on*

choke (HCE) lots of* crack seed (HCE) Chinese preserved seeds*

da kine (HCE) an expression with an unspecified referent; whatchamacallit*

daikon (J) Japanese radish

ebi (J) shrimp

furo (J) Japanese bathtub

hana (H) work; do hanawai (H) irrigation; to irrigate hanai (H) foster child, adopted child; to foster

or adopt Haole (H) Caucasian hapai (H) carry; pregnant hapai ko (H) to carry sugarcane bundles harm yee (C) a salty fish paste* hapu 'u (H) an endemic tree fern hau (H) a lowland tree with rounded, heart­

shaped leaves ha 'uke 'uke (H) an edible variety of sea urchin

A-2

he'e (H) octopus; squid heiau (H) pre-Christian place of worship hemo (H) loose, separated, unfastened hinana (H) young 'o 'opu h6 hana (H) fieldwork with hoe, weeding* h6 'i 'o (H) native edible fern ho 'ohuli (H) to drive cattle; cattle roundup ho 'oponopono (H) to put to rights; to put in

order honohono (H) basket grass huli (H) turn, turn over, flip; stem of taro

plant used for replanting

i 'a (H) seafood imu (H) underground oven ipu (H) bottle gourd used as receptacles or

rattles iriko (J) parched small sardine

kahuna (H) priest, expert in any profession kai mimiki (H) receding sea kalua (H) to bake in the underground oven kaukau (HCE) food, eat* kaukau tin (HCE) tiered lunch pail* keiki (H) child, offspring ko (H) sugarcane, sugar koi (1) a carp kolo (H) to pull a seine kolohe (H) mischievous, naughty, prankster konbanwa (J) good evening kong siu pang (C) a hard cookie-sized cake* kuhonu (H) an edible spotted-back crab kukae (H) excreta kukulu 'upena (H) a type of fishnet* kumu (H) teacher kuma (H) goatfish kupuna (H) grandparent, ancestor, relative or

close friend of the grandparent's generation

lamalama (H) torch fishing lauhala (H) pandanus leaf, especially as used

in plaiting laulau (H) packages of ti leaves or banana

leaves containing pork, beef, salted fish, or taro tops, baked in the ground oven, steamed or broiled

lehua (H) flower of the 'ohi 'a tree li hing mui (HCE) dried salted plums*

liliko (HCE) raking cane trash into piles using a tractor*

limu (H) seaweed lo 'i (H) irrigated terrace, especially for taro,

but also for rice; paddy lolo (H) feeble minded, crazy l6lo (F) grandfather lu 'au (H) Hawaiian feast, named for the taro

tops always served at one luna (H) foreman, overseer, supervisor

make (H) to die, perish mauka (H) toward the upland mea 'ai (H) food, groceries. Interviewee uses

this in reference to candies or treats* menpachi (1) squirrel fish having large eyes

and a reddish body milo (H) a tree related to hau used for shade,

wood, medicine, dye, oil, gum moana (H) red goatfish moemoe (H) to set a line or a net, gill net moi (H) threadfish moi li 'i (H) little moi

nehu (H) anchovy, a fish used for eating and to chum

nomai (J) a rice variety*

obake (J) ghost ogo (J) a seaweed* ohayo gozaimasu (J) good morning 'ohana (H) family, relative, kin group 'ohi 'a (H) a native Hawaiian tree

(Metrosideros macropus) 'o 'io, (H) bonefish 'okole (H) buttocks 'okolehao (H) liquor distilled from ti root 'ono (H) delicious, tasty, savory 'o 'opu (H) general name for fishes included in

the families Eleotridae, Giidae, and Blennidae; goby

'o 'opu wai (H) freshwater 'o 'opu 'opae (H) general name for shrimp 'opala (H) trash, rubbish, refuse, litter, waste

matter 'opihi (H) limpet

paka toto (H) marijuana Pake (H) Chinese

A-3

pako (?) interviewee refers to a kind of seafood*

pala hU (H) rotten pali (H) cliff, precipice, steep hill or slope piiloa (H) long seine, as used for mullet papa 'a (H) overdone, burned papamu (H) stone on which the checkerlike

game, konane, was played pastele (S) usually pork and spices encased in

seasoned and grated green bananas and steamed*

pau (H) finished, ended pau hana (H) end of work pee wee (HCE) childhood game played with a

peg and a stick* piko (H) navel pilau (H) rot, stench, rottenness pipi (H) beef, cattle pzprnola (H) a kind of squash with edible

shoots and fruit pipipi (H) general name for small mollusks pohii (H) cape gooseberry pohO (H) out of luck; vain Popolo (H) the black nightshade plant. In

modern slang, refers to African Americans

puka (H) hole pulapula (H) seedlings, sprouts, cuttings pulehu (H) broil on hot embers pupil (H) snail

sakada (F) laborers sent out of their native place

shibi (J) a tuna shOyu (J) soy sauce stay (HCE) precedes verb to indicate present

tense*

tako (J) octopus talk story (HCE) to carry casual conversation tat a (F) father, dad

uaua (H) a variety of taro 'ukulele (H) stringed instrument 'ulu (H) breadfruit ulua (H) jackfish

vinha d 'alhos (P) pork or poultry marinated in

vinegar and spices* vov6 (P) grandma

wahine (H) female; wife, girlfriend warabi (J) large coarse fern weke (H) certain species of goatfish wen (HCE) precedes a verb and indicates past

tense*

zori (1) slippers, thongs

A-4

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) , 72, 76-77 , 78 Alcoholism, 72, 76-78, 313 , 339-40 AlohaCare, 594

Batalona, Joe, 571 Buyers , J .W.A. "Doc," 170

C. Brewer and Company Ltd., 2, 22, 27, 38 , 39, 57, 169, 170, 171, 182. See also Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Ka'u Agribusiness Company, Inc. , Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, Pa'auhau Sugar Company

Catholic Diocese, 190, 592 Children

and discipline, 256, 257, 501 future for, 104, 114, 145, 227-28, 311,

339, 548 as plantation workers , 162, 271, 328,

426-28 See also Family values; Plantation closure

Chinese, 359, 361 Chong, Lily L. K. (interview), 344-97

background: childhood and family, 344-53 , 355-57, 359 , 361-70, 383 ; early aspirations , 384; schooling, 361 , 367-68

as composer, 360-61 , 396-97 as Japanese-Hawaiian, 386 as laundry worker, 389 on moving to Honolulu , 381, 386 on plantation closure, 391-93 as residential manager, 388-91

Clean Water Act, 303 Coito, Barbara (interview) , 466-89, 494

background: childhood and family, 466-74; chores , 469-71 ; schooling, 473

jobs of, 477 on lack of jobs, 487 on moving to Schofield Barracks, 475-76 as parent, 484-85

Coito, Patrick (interview) , 466-89, 494 background: childhood and family, 478 jobs of, 482, 494 on plantation closure, 477-84

INDEX

B-1

plantation jobs of, 479 on Vietnam War, 476 woodworking business of, 483

Community associations , 225 CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations),

243 Cowboys , 2, 37, 51, 387, 388 Crime, 502. See also Plantation closure Crutchfield, Wilton (interview), 62-92

background: childhood and family, 62-66, 72-73, 84 ; schooling, 64

as commercial farmer, 81-84 on Future Farmers of America, 78 as Haole outsider, 79-80 on layoffs, 76 as logger, 71 military service of, 65, 67-68, 69-71 on plantation closure, 80-91 plantation jobs of, 75-76

Davies Hamakua Sugar Company, 131 , 132, 302, 417, 446, 534, 586

Davies, Theo H . & Company, Ltd. , 239, 245 , 586

Dole Corporation, 83- 84 Drinking , 4 , 15 . See also Alcoholism Drought, 149 Drugs , 78, 79, 312, 339-40, 502, 514. See

also IL WU; Plantation closure

Earthquake, 43 Education

aspirations for continuing, 126, 130, 131 , 164, 326

importance of, 111, 146, 164, 187, 227-28 , 230, 549

and lack of jobs, 487 need for technical or trade schools, 487

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) , 138 Ethnic Relations , 68-69, 160, 186, 251

Family values, 4-6 , 145-47, 484-85 , 497-98, 501-2

Farmers Home Administration (FmHA), 27

Farming, 371-72, 402-3 , 412 banana, 211 coffee, 81-83, 189 livestock. See Food, meat papaya, 211, 447, 488 rice, 348, 352, 365, 372, 377-78, 402-3 taro, 119, 121-25, 127-29, 348, 353-54,

356-58, 378, 394, 412, 413-14, 418-19, 524-25, 541, 559, 563, 571-72

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) , 139 Federal Emergency Management Agency

(FEMA), 200 Federal Housing Authority (FHA), 481-82 Figueroa, Estifino (interview), 424-50

background: childhood and family, 424-28, 447; schooling, 425

on high cost of living, 448 on plantation closure, 446-49 plantation jobs of, 426-27, 429-30, 431-38,

443 Figueroa, Mary (interview), 454-62

background: childhood and family , 454-59; schooling, 456

on plantation closure, 460-61 plantation job, 461

Filipinos and parties, 255 as plantation workers, 277, 279, 305, 405,

414 and servicemen, 269, 270 as store owners , 410

Fishing, 254-55, 303, 345, 346, 348-51, 356, 386, 409, 411 , 555-59 . See also Food

Flumes, 432-34, 435 Food, 15-16, 36, 188-89, 355, 350-51 , 363 ,

560 in Arkansas, 66-67 fish, 373, 387, 560. See also Fishing fruits, 260-62 Hawaiian, 251-52, 350-51, 355 , 379, 387 meat, 15-16, 188, 189, 263-64, 355-56,

365, 378, 390, 562 poi, 354-55, 394. See also Farming Portuguese, 188, 262-63 Puerto Rican, 215 rice, 352, 377 vegetables , 262, 352-53

Food stamps. See Plantation closure Forestry, 106, 229, 338, 419, 488

B-2

Fuel, 240-41, 243 Furos , 241, 248 , 375-76

Gamayo, Dardenella Mae (interview), 494-549 . See also Caito, Barbara and Patrick background: childhood and family,

494-502; early aspirations , 496; schooling, 496

on plantation closure, 508-19 on race relations, 499

Gamayo, Darren (interview) 524-49. See also Gamayo, Dardenella Mae background: childhood and family, 524-32;

schooling, 529 as Hawai'i National Guardsman, 532 on plantation closure, 537-49 plantation jobs of, 533-35 on plantation layoffs, 535-39 as security guard, 542

Gamayo, George G. (interview), 402-20 524-25, 530-31 background: childhood and family, 402-4 ;

immigration, 402-4, 411-12 as farmer, 412, 413-14 as macadamia nut picker, 413 multiple jobs of, 412 on plantation closure, 417-20 plantation jobs of, 405 as ranch hand 409-10 retirement of, 416-17

Gangs, 338 Gardening, 188, 256 Government, misuse of public funds, 231 , 478 GTE Hawaiian Telephone, 229 Guerrero, Geraldo (interview), 96-114

543 background: childhood and family, 96-99;

early jobs, 99-100; schooling, 98 and community service, 112 on plantation and its closure, 104-11 plantation jobs of, 100-102 on Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, 105

Haina sugar mill, 217. See also Hamakua Sugar Company

Hamakua elementary schools in, 260 future of, 106, 113, 150, 201-2, 228-30,

317-18, 338-39, 419, 447, 461, 486, 488, 547

Hamakua Ditch Company, 352 Hamakua Housing Corporation, 198 Hamakua Mill Company, 239, 244-45 Hamakua Sugar Company, 120, 206, 208,

298, 302, 534, 586. See also Davies Hamakua Sugar Company, Honoka' a Sugar Company, Laupahoehoe Sugar Company, 'O'okala sugar mill , Pa'auhau Sugar Company, Pacific Sugar Mill Company

Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel , 334 Hauanio, Victor (interview), 554-98

accident and rehabilitation, 580, 581-82 background: childhood and family, 554-63;

schooling, 554 as construction worker, 581 as fisherman, 556, 568 , 596-97 as football player, 572-75 as motorcycle rider, 57 6-77 plantation jobs, 583 other jobs, 592 and Peace Corps , 582-83 as stevedore, 576, 577-81 as youth program worker , 592-93

Hawai' i Agricultural Company , 182 Hawai'i Electric Light Company, Ltd.

(HELCO), 229, 586 Hawai'i Economic Opportunity , 390 Hawai ' i Housing Authority, Hilo, 388, 390 Hawai ' i National Guard , 537 , 541 Hawai ' i Sugar Planters ' Association, 302 Hawaiian Agricultural Company, 37, 158,

159. See also C. Brewer and Company, Ltd .

Hawaiian Dredging Construction Company, 581

Hawaiian homesteads, 211 , 389 Hawaiian Irrigation Company, 118 Hawaiian Macadamia Plantation, 413 , 439-40 Hawaiian Pineapple Company, 272 Hawaiian Ranch, 2-3 , 42 . See also C. Brewer

and Co., Ltd. Hawaiians

as plantation workers, 371, 380 stereotyping of, 44-45 at Territorial Normal and Training School ,

386 Hilo , 15 , 191

B-3

Hilo-Hamakua Support Program, 190, 199 Hilo Hawaiian Hotel, 218 Hilton Waikoloa Village, 198 Honoka'a, change in, 3, 12-13 Honoka'a Sugar Company, 118, 120, 245 ,

414, 425, 430, 446, 564, 586. See also Davies Hamakua Sugar Company; Hamakua Sugar Co.; Pa'auhau Sugar Company

Honolulu crime in, 582 lifestyle in, 273-74, 385-86, 497

Hula, 347-48 Huliau 0 Ka 'u, 172-73, 177 Hunting and gathering, 34, 36-37, 40, 249,

252, 350-51 , 355 , 387, 409 Hutchinson Sugar Company, 158 Hyatt Regency Waikoloa, 208

Illiteracy, 231 ILWU (International Longshoremen's and

Warehousemen's Union) , 18 , 50, 85 , 143 , 169, 174, 199, 223, 244, 408, 526 and favoritism, 300 and insurance dividends , 300 and insurance for workers , 290 and plantation housing , 505 and plantation layoffs, 291 and stevedores , 577-78 substance abuse policy of, 340 See also Plantation closure; Plantation

layoffs ; Strikes ; Unions Irrigation. See Plantations

Japanese in plantation camps, 184-85 as plantation workers, 279 in Waipi'o Valley, 347-48, 359 and World War II servicemen, 269-70

Japanese-language schools , 367-68 Juan, Cynthia (interview) , 182-202

background: childhood and family , 182-89; church, 186; early aspirations , 186; schooling, 182, 186, 190

as community volunteer, 190-91 jobs of, 190, 191 , 202 on plantation closure, 194-98, 201-2 on plantation lifestyle, 194-96 on support programs, 199-201 on Vietnam War, 191-93

KTA Superstores, 509 Kaha, Lilac Loo (interview), 118-53

background: childhood and family, 118-30, 137; schooling, 120, 126; taro farming, 119, 121-25, 128-29

family values, 145-47 as lobby hostess, 131 on plantation closure, 135-41 plantation jobs, 131-34 on plantation layoffs, 135-36

Kamehameha Schools, 390 Kamehameha School for Girls, Hawai 'i Island,

382 Kapapala Ranch Company, 41-42 Ka'u

future of, 28, 58, 92, 177-78 lifestyle in, 4, 8, 15-16

Ka'u Agribusiness Company, Inc. 3, 7, 10, 15, 20, 37, 158, 159

Ka'u Sugar Company, Inc., 3, 37, 158, 184 Kawashima, Sentaro "Jim," 345-48. See also

Chong, Lily Ke, Daryl (interview) 2-28

background: childhood and family, 2-7; early aspirations, 7; schooling; 7, 15

as carpenter, 7-9 on drinking 4, 15 as musician, 4 on plantation closure, 22-28 plantation jobs of, 10-16 on plantation layoffs, 16, 18-20 on powerhouse blackouts, 13-15 as ranchman, 10 on relationship with supervisors, 11-12 values of, 4-6

Ke, Jessie (interview), 32-58 background: childhood and family, 32-37,

45; early life on Moloka'i, 34; schooling, 33

and difficulties as widow, 40-44 as homemaker 38, 45 on hunting and gathering, 34, 36-37, 40 jobs of, 38-39, 42, 44, 45-49 on plantation closure, 50-52, 54-55, 56-58 on plantation layoffs, 48, 52-53, 58 on union, 50 on welfare benefits, 40-41, 49, 53

Kohala, lifestyle in, 471-72 Kohala Seminary, 383

B-4

Kohala Sugar Company, 477, 478-79 phaseout of, 477-79, 480

Kohala Task Force, 478 Kona, overdevelopment of, 486-87 Korean War, 185 Kukuihaele

ethnic makeup of, 121 lifestyle in, 118, 120-21, 570-71

Kukuihaele Association, 357 Kukuihaele plantation. See Pacific Sugar Mill

Company

Language English, 9, 165, 360-61, 572 Hawaiian, 9, 47, 346, 348, 360, 382, 572 Japanese, 184, 348, 367 misunderstandings due to, 74-75, 85 Okinawan, 74 Pidgin English, 74-75, 346, 348 Portuguese, 165

Laupahoehoe changes in, 226-27 lifestyle in, 215

Laupahoehoe Sugar Company, 245, 417 Lee, Donald (interview), 206-34

background: childhood and family, 206-9, 211; early jobs and schooling, 208, 210-11; fishing in Waiki1d, 207-8; military service, 207, 208, 211

on final harvest, 223 on ILWU, 223 on marijuana, 229 on plantation closure, 216-21 as welder, 211, 212-13

Lee, Melanie (interview), 206-34 background: childhood and family, 206,

208, 215; early jobs, 210; schooling, 208, 210, 217

effects of plantation closure, 217-21 on final harvest, 222 on the future, 230 as homemaker, 212 on medical insurance, 224 on plantation housing, 209-10, 213-14 on support following closure, 221, 225

McCabe, Hamilton, & Renny, 578 Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, 21 , 31, 37, 105,

131, 418, 524, 542

Mauna Kea Ranch, 504, 524 Mauna Lani Resort, 210 Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, 27,

39, 40, 81, 169, 171. See also C. Brewer and Company, Ltd.

Mendes, John (interview), 324-40 100, 309, 311 background: childhood and family, 325-26;

early aspirations, 326, 329; schooling, 324, 326

as landscaper, 335 on plantation closure, 332-36 plantation jobs of, 325-29

Mendes, Stanley (interview), 238-319 background: childhood and family, 238-45,

247, 249-51, 253, 256, 259, 297-98, 306, 308; early jobs 270-72; schooling, 256-58, 272-73

on plantation closure, 309-17 plantation jobs of, 275-89 on plantation merger, 296-301 state job of, 306-7 as steward, 291 on World War II, 267-72

Mergers, 166, 296-97, 414-15, 417. effects: on workingman, 301, 415; on community 307 See also Plantation layoffs

Mexicans, 314 Migration, 487 Moloka'i, lifestyle in, 34 Morgan, David, 103, 505-6 Morgan, Francis S., 134, 216, 217, 298,

302-3, 534-35, 586-89 Morrison/Knudsen Construction, 191

'O'okala sugar mill, 216-17, 586-87

Pa'auhau Sugar Company, 192, 245, 282, 403-4, 414, 530, 564

Pa'auilo businesses in, 246, 266-67 change in, 299-300, 312, 337-38 description of, 246, 318 lifestyle in, 245-46, 251, 265 water catchments in, 253 during World War II, 269

Pacific Sugar Mill Company, 353, 367, 380, 564

B-5

Pahala, future of, 92, 177 Parker Ranch, 383, 387, 389, 409-10 Pension, 305, 311, 312, 392, 417 Plantations

accidents, 289-90, 407-8 bankruptcy, 136-37 Christmas parties, 301-2, 526-27 deaths, work-related, 289-90 and independent cane growers, 371, 380 irrigation, 253, 282, 448 and loyalty, 108, 540 on Maui, 547 mechanization, 279-80 and organized sports, 251, 325 as place of learning, 287 and poor management, 302 supervisor-subordinate relationships, 11-12,

323, 543 and waste disposal, 303-4

Plantation camps, 73, 159, 185, 247, 367, 467, 528 crime in, 244 description of, 160-61, 24 7, 248 ethnic makeup, 246-47, 408, 458, 467

Plantation closure comparisons between plantations, 483-84 crime rate following, 57, 90, 111, 146, 147,

176, 201, 225, 314, 337, 503 and dependence on spouse, 89, 109, 334 and disbelief, 85, 177, 197, 310, 317,

333-35, 417-18 and drug abuse, 78, 79, 176,201,314. See

also Drugs effects: on children, 56-58, 111-12,

194-95, 197, 221, 232-33, 337, 503, 548, 592-93, 595. See also Children; on community, 24, 26, 55-58, 111-12, 113, 170, 175-77, 226, 312, 335, 503, 544-45; emotional/mental, 86-88, 108, 138, 141, 171, 194-96, 200, 201, 310, 333, 334-35, 339, 447, 508; on family, 27, 52, 58, 90-91, 110, 141, 143, 177, 200, 220, 312, 318, 336-37, 503-4, 508, 593

employment options following, 24-25, 55, 172-73, 198, 223

employment training following, 50, 105-8, 199' 21 7' 515' 541

expectations prior to

for children, 145-46, 311 for retirement, 136, 137, 145, 333, 478

explanations of, 22-23, 88, 169, 216-17, 302, 339-40, 447, 587-88

final harvest/last day description of, 23-24, 105, 107, 334,

419-20, 461, 516-18, 545, 590 reaction to, 23-24, 105, 107, 108,

139-40, 171, 197, 223, 315-16, 449, 517-18, 545

reasons for participation, 108, 197 farming option following, 24-25, 50-52,

81-83, 172-73, 509 financial hardships following, 53-55,

141-43, 217-25 , 232-33, 504, 508-9 and foresight of workers, 16, 22-23, 80-81,

136, 169, 197, 216, 309, 479, 588 government assistance

food stamps, 141-42, 336, 391-92, 504, 508, 595

welfare, 49, 53, 89, 142, 200,217, 336, 391-92, 504, 510-15, 536, 595. See also Welfare

Women-Infant Care program, 142 lack of jobs following, 55, 91, 108, 198,

217, 219, 233, 334, 418, 509, 591 and leaving plantation town, 113, 218, 219,

228, 307 long work commutes following, 27-28, 109,

113, 219, 307, 309, 335, 337, 487-88, 542. See also Layoffs

medical insurance loss of, 26, 594 through plantations, 172, 594 through QUEST, 198, 542 through spouses, 89, 141, 223-24, 334

news of, 23, 80-81, 104, 136, 197, 310, 332, 537, 590 reactions to, 104-5, 217

pay cut vote, 20-22, 85-88, 169, 170 misunderstanding of, 85, 169

and phaseouts, 86,332,477-79,480 and pity (from others), 336 reaction to, 23-24, 391, 460, 479

by retirees, 174, 418, 446 severance pay, 54-55, 88, 480 support

from churches, 26,89-90, 143, 172, 199 from community, 26, 144, 200, 516

B-6

from community organizations, 111-12, 172, 177, 199, 225. See also Huliau 0 Ka'ii; Hilo-Hamakua Support Program

from food pantries/banks, 172, 199-200, 508

from government, general, 108, 317, 515 lack of, 88, 509 from parents/family, 144, 151-52, 221,

334, 337, 504, 508 from plantation, 172, 199 from schools, 142-43, 194-95, 200 from union, 25, 50, 143, 173-74, 199,

589 unemployment insurance, 89, 107-8, 141,

170, 198, 508-9, 536, 542 Plantation furloughs, 136-37, 535 Plantation jobs

acquisition of, 15, 72, 100, 131-32, 212, 329

bagasse-loader operator, 11, 16, 441-43 brake man, 438 camp boss, 244 cane stacker driver, 330 cleaning plant operator, 75-76, 102, 440-41 cook, 265 cover seed, 42, 275, 280, 327 crane operator, 289, 407-8 crop control worker, 162 cultivator, 405, 435-36 cut cane (cut ko, cane cutter), 37, 279, 405 ,

427 drag line harvesting, 275-76, 443-44 dump truck driver, 416 experiment station, 183 fertilizer thrower, 10 flag boy, 431, 433-35 garage storekeeper, 167 grader, 288 hapai ko, 239, 277, 371, 428-29,

430 harvesting radio dispatcher, 165 haul cane truck driver, 194, 329, 406-8,

583-84 hazards of, 296, 435, 443 h6 hana, 275, 371, 405, 426, 427 irrigation supervisor, 125 irrigator, 196, 478-79 knapsack sprayer (poison gang), 11,

100-101, 208, 326-27, 328, 533

liliko (cane-brooming) operator, 101, 434, 479

mail carrier, 132 mill disassembly, 195-96 mill maintenance worker, 11 , 288-89 molasses making , 182 mule skinner, 37, 283-87, 435-37 off-season work, 288-89, 330-31 on-the-job training for, 12-13, 101, 133,

135, 162, 287-88 , 291-92, 331, 446 payroll clerk, 133-34 planting department, 534 planting machine, 42 powerhouse worker, 12-16 purchaser, 167, 168-69 push rake, 277-78, 443 , 445-46 railroad fireman, 438 railroad track maintenance, 438 sanitation department, 73, 76, 101 security guard, 193 seed planter (plant seed) , 279-82 serviceman, 193, 239-40, 242 stacker operator, 102 steam plow, 437 stroller gang, 11 tire department, 193-94 tractor driver, 208, 286-87, 534 training classes for, 329 utility worker, 101-2 V cutter, 278 wages of, 101, 103, 109, 282, 327, 408,

426, 427-28, 533 welder, 212-13 women in, 42, 131-34, 461

Plantation layoffs Black Fridays, 135-36 and bumping coworkers, 18-20, 76, 102-3,

296-98, 308-9, 331-32, 415-16, 536 effects : on community, 20; early retirement,

166, 332, 415, 536; emotional, 166, 331 , 537-38; on family, 52-53, 58 , 308

explanation of, 166 and housing, 536 and ILWU, 18-20 job retention strategies, 291 at Ka'ii Agribusiness, 16-18, 165-66 and lateral job shifting, 291 long work commutes following, 298-99 news of, 48

B-7

reaction to , 174 and unemployment insurance, 298 See also Plantation closure

Plantation lifestyle, 163-64, 172, 185 , 194, 195, 196, 202, 209, 215 , 515, 525 , 531 , 543, 546-47, 585

Plantation medical insurance, 294-95 , 306 Plantation stores, 266, 459-60 Poi manufacturers, 354, 560, 563 Portuguese , 270 Puerto Ricans, 467-68 Punalu'u Black Sands Restaurant, 166, 168,

171, 174-75

QUEST, 190. See also AlohaCare; Plantation closure

Race relations, 499 in Arkansas, 65-66, 68

Sakado Store, 215-16 Silva, Clyde (interview), 158-78

background: childhood and family, 158-62, 164-65; family farm, 165; schooling, 161, 162

on plantation closure, 168-71 plantation jobs of, 162, 165-66, 167 on plantation lifestyle, 163-64, 172 as restaurant worker, 166, 168, 171 on teacher-student relationships, 163

Sons of Hawai'i motorcycle club, 576-77 Strikes

carpenters', 7-8 and food, 292-93, 409, 527 and ILWU, 274, 292-94, 408-9, 527

Sugar industry, future of, 149-50, 316, 338

Teen pregnancy, 338 Territorial Normal and Training School, 381 ,

384, 386 Thompson, Dan, 240, 280 Tsunamis, 44, 166, 189, 216, 272, 359-60,

569-70

Unemployment insurance. See Plantation closure

Union Mill, 477 Unions, 231, 282, 301, 409

and hiring practices, 288

and plantation closures, 316-17 See also CIO; ILWU; Plantation jobs;

Strikes U.S . Army, 541 U.S. Navy, 208 , 211

Vietnam War, 191-93, 211, 475-76 Volunteer community service, 112, 190, 202

Waiklld, 207 Waimanu Valley , 365-66 Waimea, Hawai'i island, 386-87 Waipi 'o Valley, 345 , 566

accidents in, 357 change in, 358-59, 561-62 housing in, 374, 377, 565 lifestyle in, 126, 348-49, 374-75, 554-55,

560, 597-98 Nanaue waterfall , 396-97 , 555, 566-67 shark legend of, 567

Welfare, 40-41 , 391. See also Plantation closure

World War II, 246, 267-72 blackouts, 267-68, 457 conflicts with servicemen, 269-70 civilian defense, 243 and economic prosperity, 270-72 police , 267-68

B-8

THE CLOSING OF SUGAR PLANTATIONS:

Interviews with Families

of Hamakua and Ka'u, Hawai'i

Volume I

Center for Oral History Social Science Research Institute

University of Hawai'i at Manoa

August 1997