19781978Tokio => Tokio =>
KyotoKyoto
Dear Radioactive Ladies and Gentlemen,
electron
Beta decay„neutron“
neutrino masses neutrino masses very small very small m (neutrino) < m m (neutrino) < m
(electron)(electron)today: m < 0.32 eV
Pauli:
„„If one reflects a neutrino on a If one reflects a neutrino on a mirror, one does not see mirror, one does not see anything.“ anything.“
A. Salam A. Salam 1957 – 1957 – CambridgeCambridge neutrinos => neutrinos => Weyl fermions Weyl fermions
electroweak gauge electroweak gauge theory theory
gauge group SU(2) x U(1)
RL
e eedoublet singlet
SU(2) x U(1)
?????? neutral current
Gargamelle bubble chamber
W. Pauli I invented a new Particle, which Will never be observed!
Neutrino => „Poltergeist“ ( „noisy ghost“ )
RomTulsaMontreal HarwellLiverpoolDubna
1956 discovery of neutrino
Savannah River Reaktor
Fred Reines Clyde Cowan
Steinberger Schwartz Lederman
1962 muon neutrino
B. Pontecorvo Phys. JETP 6, 429
(1957) H. Fritzsch - P. Minkowski Physics Letters 62B, 76 (1976)
e e
Neutrino osccillations
221
21
21
21
21
21
e
Fritzsch - Minkowski
1963calculation solar neutrino flux
John Bahcall
1965 => Homestake Goldmine South Dakota
expected: 1.5 neutrinos / expected: 1.5 neutrinos / dayday
observed: 0.5 neutrinos / observed: 0.5 neutrinos / dayday
deficit solar neutrinos
Ewigkeit ist lang, speziell gegen dem Ende zu.W.A.
Atmospheric neutrinos
ok
½ of expected rate
Ewigkeit ist lang, speziell gegen dem Ende zu.W.A.
1998 muon neutrino => tau neutrino => Neutrino oscillations
Ewigkeit ist lang, speziell gegen dem Ende zu.W.A.
Ewigkeit ist lang, speziell gegen dem Ende zu.W.A.
Nobel prize 2015 Takaaki Kajita
2001 Canada Sudbury Neutrino Observatory S N O
npd
eppd
xx
e
Oscillations yes no
OscillationsOscillations
Solar NeutrinosSolar Neutrinos
ArthurMcDonaldNobel Prize 2015
321
321
321
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Daya Bay Antineutrino Detector
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weak transitions
cc tt SU(2) x U(1) // Quarks
flavor mixing
cc tt
bsd
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bsd
tbtstd
cbcscd
ubusud
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CKM – MatrixCabibbo / Kobayashi / Maskawa
Experiment
999.0040.0009.0041.0973.0225.0004.0225.0974.0
|| CKMV
::H. Fritzsch – Z. H. Fritzsch – Z. XingXing
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od
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AM
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H. Fritzsch – S. Weinberg
““texture zeros”texture zeros”
“Grand Unification” “Grand Unification” SO(10)SO(10)
CBBA
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od 4.00.13
ooExp 6.27.11:
s
dd m
mtan
oou 7.00.5
ooExp 1.14.5:
c
uu m
mtan
flavor mxiing leptons
e
e
mm
mm
el
tan
tan2
1
ExperimentExperimento
suno 3532
49.0...39.0/ 21 mm
:
44.0/104.2
105.7
21
23232
25221
mmeVm
eVm
neutrino - massen ( eV )
050.0010.0004.0
3
2
1
mmm
mm
mm
at arctanarctan3
2
0
00
38
1424
at
at
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atle
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tan
mme
l
133 sinsinsin atleV
0013
132
2.17.8
025.0090.02sin
013
132
4.8
018.0083.02sin
???????? ??????????????? ??????? neutrino - massesneutrino - masses very small very small ???????? ??????????????? ???????
GeVMMaj10105
MajMmeVm2
050.0
ln E
GeVM
massMajorana
Maj10105
:
GeVM
massPlanck
Planck191022.1
:
GeVMmasskelectrowea
ew 205:
ee
Neutrinoless Double Beta decay
e.g.e.g.
not observed
eBaXe 2
:0136136
effective Majorana neutrino mass:
< 0.115 eV
KamLAND experiment
experiment:
|| 3232
221
21. mVmVmVm eeeeff
Expected: eVmeff 005.0.
eVmeff 12.0.
s
dd
c
uu
mm
mm
tan
tan
ooExp 6.27.11:
oou 7.00.5
ooExp 1.14.5:
od 4.00.13
neutrino masses ( eV )
050.0010.0004.0
3
2
1
mmm
0013
0
2.17.8
38
at
Observed:
expected:
eVmeff 12.0.
eVmeff 005.0.