H1.1 – Invited Speaker - aemt-geomagnetic.org. Originally Antipathy (SYMPOSIUM-H).pdf · Lombok, Indonesia, 10-13 August 2015 ISSN 1411-1284. stretched / teruntung), djering, Muntok,

H1.1 – Invited Speaker

Institutionalization and Mainstreaming of Community Engagement in

High Education Institutions Rokiah Omar

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia [email protected]

Abstract. Community engagement is important to encourage social change and this can be done by engaging university’s expertise and resources. Higher education institution can play a significant role to promote productive community with robust economic growth. Institutionalization and mainstreaming of community engagement in High Education Institutions will require broad thinking in the implementation. It will require co-operation from higher management up to grass root in order to achieve successful and sustainable educational and research programmes using ‘real’ society or “situation” to solve issues faced by the community. The output will be able to enhance the quality of life of the community involved and at the same time provide a platform for students to experience social relevance effectively. This paper will discuss the importance of institutionalization and mainstreaming of community engagement in High Education Institutions.

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Proceeding of the 14th International Conference on QIR (Quality in Research) Lombok, Indonesia, 10-13 August 2015

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Implementation of Local Cultural Policy Management Wisdom (Rate Lom) in District Bangka Belitung Islands

Rosalita Agustini1,a, Yusinta Natalia Fina1,b, and Junus J. Beliu1,c

1Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Tribe Lom; Local Wisdom; Implementation

Abstract. Lom tribe is the tribe known as Mapur rate derived from the current location as a hamlet Air Abik (District Belinyu, Bangka) Mapur people generally still adhere to the customs and beliefs of origin of their ancestors, including burial procedures. Another belief that abstinence is still telling secrets and supernatural magical powers customary, especially supernatural powers contained in the forest Air Abik. Local wisdom is formed as a local culture of excellence and geographical conditions in the broad sense. Local knowledge is a product of mass culture should continuously hold onto life. Although local but worth the value contained therein is considered very universal. The main problem in this research is: "How is wisdom development policy Implementation of Local Culture (Tribe Lom) in Bangka island province of Bangka Belitung“.

Introduction

Lom tribe is the tribe known as Mapur rate derived from the current location as a hamlet Air Abik (District Belinyu, Bangka) Mapur people generally still adhere to the customs and beliefs of origin of their ancestors, including burial procedures. Another belief that abstinence is still telling secrets and magical powers suernatural customs, especially supernatural powers contained in the forest Air Abik.

At Lom Tribe housing, especially in Hamlet Pejem, which lies between the group and the house is quite remote and tribal. Rumah Lom is leaf stage house roof thatch. System houses on stilts designed by ethnic Lom is a house on stilts designed by tribe Lom, with the ground floor of the house does not cover directly. They believe that the land also breathes like a human, so need a cavity between the floor of the house and land.

The Framework

From the theoretical time previously, the implementation of the policy of management of the resources of local wisdom (tribe Lom) can includes three elements namely the organization of policy implementation, interpretation, and application. Element organization because through this policy through their institutions Bangka tourism department, then in the process took their interpretation of the members of the organization for decisions or programs created by the organization.

In this study, an element of interpretation becomes an important part to be explored. This is because the shape of Bangka tourism office organizations that are collaborative. In the organization shaped like this there will be a variety of different interests of the respective members. Based on these possibilities, then the interpretation of the implementing aspects of the local knowledge management policies ( Lom rate ) becomes important to explore.

According to Jones the implementation of policies to deal with issues that are quite complex, such as:

1) Problems and demands that always comes back in the policy process. 2) The occurrence of different interpretations of the intent of the program, the programs that

are multi-participant. Such programs require community participation and cross government. Assumption of different organizations often are not solved.

3) The program is often implemented without studying the failures that have occurred. Page 2


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4) Program or policy is more a result of an agreement rather than real certainty 5) Policy programs are often implemented without definite the problem.

The third characteristic of the implementation of the policy explained that first: the organization

is the realignment of those resources, units, and methods that would affect the program; second; interpretation is an attempt to interpret the program (which is generally defined in regulation) into plans can be directed to appropriate and acceptable possible thereafter; and third; the application of the rules of the routine of services, payments, or other things that adjusting the program objectives or instruments.

In this study, therefore different forms and with the organization in general, the question of organization is the most important aspect to be explored, namely how this collaborative works organization, and formulate programs and activities, as well as the responsibilities of each unit in it, So that then can be found in the part where the real weaknesses of the organization, resulting in the formation of this organization has not provided tangible benefits. Secondly, the issue of interpretation is also urgent aspect to be observed, because the elements in the management of local cultures differ, in such conditions, the most important thing to observe is: can the elements in the Department of Tourism to build a shared understanding on policy or program formulated without releasing the interests of the organization of origin.

So then dug in this study is how each element of trying to interpret that program into the plans can be directed to the right and could possibly be accepted and implemented. Third, the discussion of aspects of the application is determinant to find the core issue, namely about why.

Research Method

Design Research

This study used a qualitative approach using qualitative methods with the use of reason wants to explore the issue of the implementation of the management of local wisdom (Tribe Lom) in more depth in terms of content and policy. The location and schedule of study

The research location is in the village of Mapur District Belinyu Bangka, this research subject is the parties who are in District Belinyu, as well as related SKPD in policy implementation program management indigenous culture.

Discussion

Description of the Research Object

Overview of the history of ethnic origin Lom In the corner of the terminology, the name 'People Lum' is derived from the Malay Bangka,

which means' yet (Lum) or 'Pre', which is then interpreted as a group of people who "not religious" in the specific context has the meaning "not Islam", or pre-Islamic, have not embraced the religion of Islam. "Lum person's name in the Pacific actually is a popular new preposition eighteenth century, where the name" Lum "suddenly appeared and inherent in these Colonies: is a new name given by the Netherlands.

In the context of universal Bangka, the Lum called checkmate that many inhabit to the place where the offing society checkmate man was then experiencing growth and decline of indigenous culture which influenced the geographical conditions as well as the local culture in which they live. Checkmate person actually has its own characteristics as found in other Indonesian regions such as in Riau, and tend to be associated with marine life. The fart, apparently the word checkmate down the differentiation of meaning to mention colony Lum as tribal groups derived from derivatives checkmate. In Dutch notes, that mentioned the lum lot of living in Belinyu, sungaliat, koba (kelekak

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stretched / teruntung), djering, Muntok, and Sempan. From many of this region has been inhabited group of tribes of ethnic Malay-Muslims who they refer to as 'the lum', although the population is most 'people lum' exists in the region Mapur-wink, Abik water, and closed, the third area is what is known as the realm of people lum. In addition to a lot of them, tribe systems and traditional values of a tribe applied with indigo primordialisme strong.

Note that both argued that the Lum is a descendant of a pair of men and women who mysteriously from Bukit Sumidang - Belinyu after the great flood receded, while according to the chairman of the traditional institutions of Bangka Belitung Province Suhaimi Sulaiman, the Lum is a descendant of the aristocratic Javanese Majapahit in East Mojokerto.

Hogwood and Gunn stated that things that affect and will determine the quality of the implementation and results to be obtained from a policy, namely:

a. External conditions that do not support Seeing conditions concern in this implementation, there is no relevant SKPD in support of the implementation of the implementation of better management for the tribe Lum while this all policies centered on Dispora Bangka, There are no laws protecting umbrella policy for improvements in the management policies Lum tribe.

b. Availability of Time and Resources Less time becomes a very important factor in determining

Implementation of policy implementation Lum rate and limited resources where the number of staff diaspora Bangka is insufficient to process with good local knowledge Tribe Lum.

c. Availability of a wide range of resources needed Resource is also an important factor in determining the implementation of policy implementation rate Hars Lum there sufficient resources, both staff and facilities /infrastructures.

d. Implementation of policies that are not based on a proper theory Implementation management policy should also be based on the theories of the right, so that the processing becomes appropriate.

e. Analysis of cause and effect relationships are not adequate Analysis of relationship for cause and effect must be adequate, if not adequate then there is obtained what is the problem in the process of the policy issues.

f. Dependency relationships that are minimal In the implementation of policy implementation of local knowledge management ( Lum 's tribe ), the effort should not be too dependent on, other SKPD, allowing management will occur very difficult, to Dispora Bangka district, that’s optimal enough.

g. The existence of understanding and agreements ( commitments ) to the results to be achieved In the management of Lum 's tribe must be held understandings and agreements, so there should be an agreement to be achieved, according to the researchers, there is understanding and agreement, but its management are not yet good enough. There is a description tasks complete and detailed, and is based on correct sequence.

h. There is good communication and coordination i. The presence of authority in carrying out the task

Conclusions and Suggestions

Conclusion

1. From the results of research and discussion is done, it can be concluded, that the implementation is not yet success where the rate management policy wisdom in the district Lom Bangka Belitung province of Bangka island was the source of the problem is on the organizational aspects. Various programs and activities that have been planned are not able

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to walk because of the absence of clear guidelines, and the organization has not had a clear and unequivocal authority. The absence of hierarchy and a clear division of tasks led to all members of the organization be committed to the decisions of the organization. As it turns out in an organization like this, there is no obligation to comply with existing regulations within the organization.

2. Furthermore, in terms of the aspect which causes weakness related agencies in managing their local knowledge culture is not something that is mandatory to be implemented, the main cause is jealousy over management rights management Lum indigenous tribal cultures, this situation boils apparent in turn led to the implementation of the management of Lum tribal culture.

Suggestions

Academic Advisory: organizational aspects of the theory of knowledge management implementation Lum tribal culture must be followed by the division of tasks and clear authority, if there is no clear division of authority of the organization's objectives and it will not be realized of the organization's goals. Practical Advice: handling problems managing local wisdom Lum parts must be made jointly by following all the parties, both from the provincial and district administrations.

References [1] Karya Ilmiah Dinas Pariwisata Bangka, Suku Lom Mapur, Pemegang kemurnian Tradisi di

Tengah Hutan Bangka, 2009. [2] B.Pati. Agustinus, Implementasi Kebijakan Pengelolaan Taman Nasional Bunaken Di Manado

Provinsi Sulauwesi Utara, Ringkasan Disertasi, 2013 [3] Kabupaten Bangka dalam Angka 2012, BPS [4] Kemensos RI, Pembangunan Hukum Berbasis Lokal [5] Riau Silip dalam Angka, 2013, BPS [6] Suryabrata, Sumadi. Metodelogi Penelitian Rajawali pers. Jakarta. [7] Teungku Sayyid Deqy, Korpus Mapur Islamisasi Bangka. Yogyakarya : Penerbit Ombak, 2004.

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Toward a Green Sustainable Campus: Lessons Learned from Conserving Water in the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia

Nyoman Suwartha1,a and Erly Bahsan1,b 1Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok

16424, Indonesia [email protected], b [email protected]

Keywords: Groundwater monitoring; Piezometer well; Recharge well; Sustainable environmental management; Universitas Indonesia; Water conservation; Water quantity and quality

Abstract. Water scarcity and quality deterioration remains a major issue today. University which is also referred to as a small city has an important role in sustainable environmental management. Since the beginning of 2014, a program called “Towards Green & Sustainable Society” has been initiated at the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. One of the featured program is to conserving groundwater through the construction of recharge wells, along with groundwater levels and groundwater quality monitoring. In total, there are 27 shallow recharge wells and 5 piezometer wells have been constructed inside the faculty area. Groundwater level measurements are conducted regularly every 2 weeks in each piezometer wells using specific sensor instrument. Furthermore, water quality testing is conducted periodically by collecting groundwater samples from the 3 existing deep wells. Although relatively could infiltrated small volume, the presence of shallow recharge wells could reduce the rate of surface runoff so as to mitigate volume of flooding and inundation during excessive rainfall. In general, the groundwater level changes indicate conformity with the seasonal variations during the observations time. Groundwater quality of all three deep wells shows within safe limits (below the threshold quality standards), except for the pH and TSS parameter. The present recharge wells need to be maintained and further developed to ensure water conservation program sustainability. Moreover, this program is expected become a best practice model that can be implemented by other faculties in the UI Depok campus and or surrounding communities.

Introduction The issue of climate change and its impact on the environment remains a major concern for

institutions/organizations scaled from cental government, local government, down to colleges [1]. One of the obvious impacts we are facing nowadays are water scarcity and quality deterioration. In response to these problems, community movement to conserve water has been campaigned and performed in several places with a variety of types and sizes across the globe.

A common water conservation practice can be done through development of artificial recharge well, biopores, rainfall harvesting, eco-drainage, etc. [2]. Furthermore, in order to ensure these consevation program runs in long term and sustainable, a monitoring activity and maintenance periodically are play an imprtant role.

University which is also referred to as a small city [3] has an important role in sustainable environmental management. A huge number of faculty, student, lecturer, and academic staff resulted in increasing water demand both in quantity and quality. They play two signifcant roles; work as a waste production agent, and a massive environment recovery agent. It will be an added value and advantage when educational institutions can participate actively and become a direct model in implementing sustainable environmental education . Since June 2013, a program called “Towards Green & Sustainable Society” has been initiated at the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. Among the five programs, one of the featured programs is to conserving groundwater through the construction of recharge wells, along with groundwater level and groundwater quality monitoring.

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This paper presents an initiative program for water conservation in campus environment at the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia which covers development of shallow recharge well and piezometric well, monitoring groundwater level and quality.

Methodology Developing Recharge Well. As described in the Low Impact Development concept, whereas controlling and managing excessive rainfall induced runoff is an important target, the Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia constructed 27 shallow recharge well. The design of recharge well is referred to SNI [4, 5, 6] with dimension is about 0.8×0.8×1.1 m3. The layer structure (from bottom to top) consists of black sugar-palm fiber 0.15 m, crushed stone 0.50 m, and gravel 0.25 m [7]. The 27 recharge well are distributed equally; 21 well in 7 department building (@ 3 well) and another 6 well are located in 2 new building, as shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Distribution of the shallow recharge well

Monitoring Groundwater Level. In order to understand the changes of groundwater level as the effect of recharge well development, monitoring ground water level is carried out periodically once in two weeks during the rainy season and dry season.

Piezometer Observation Well. Five observations well were built for monitoring groundwater level using piezometer method. Schematic design of the piezometer is presented in Figure 2. The distribution and elevation position of each observation well at ground surface can be seen in Figure 3. Since the contour of the Faculty of Engineering land is varies, hence the piezometer surface also measured at different height. The DB05 point is positioned at relatively lower than the DB01 or DB02. The DB05 point is located at East side, the closest to Salam Lake which bordered Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Humanities.

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Fig. 2. General schematic of

piezometer [8] Fig. 3. Distribution of the piezometer observation well

Measurement. The height of groundwater level is monitored by measuring the water level depth

relative to the land surface. The measurement process is conducted using water detector sensor (Figure 4) that connected to a wire. The sensor can be extended to enter the piezometer well (Figure 5) up to the presence of water is detected (which is marked with a beep sound). Then, the length of the extended wire is measured from the land surface. The measured wire length is noted as the groundwater level depth.

Fig. 4. Water level detector Fig. 5. Measurement of ground water level

Monitoring Groundwater Quality. The groundwater quality is also monitored periodically to understand the effect of recharge well presence on the water quality changes. Groundwater samples were taken from 3 sampling point that originated from two existing deep well namely SP02 and SP03, and one newly developed deep well (SP01). Detail location of each sampling point is presented in Figure 6.

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Fig. 6. Location of the groundwater sampling point Amount of 1.6 L groundwater sample were collected manually using plastic bottle, marked the date and time of sampling and sealed (Figures 7 and 8). The collected sample was then analyzed in Laboratory of Sanitation and Environmental engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. The parameter of water quality being analyzed are several common parameter that widely used to identify groundwater quality changes as the effect of recharge well presence, i.e. Chloride (Cl), Turbidity, Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Color, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), and pH [9].

Fig. 7. Groundwater sampling at SP02 Fig. 8. Groundwater sampling at SP03

Results and Discussion Groundwater Level Fluctuation. The result of monitoring groundwater level from the five observations well during the May 2013 to June 2014 is presented in Figure 9. It is clearly be seen that the ground water level is not significantly fluctuated. From the May 2013 to middle of January 2014, it is relatively steady and the rise sharply by February 2014 when the rainfall season reach the maximum [10]. Recession occurred from end of February to end of April 2014, and slightly increase up to middle of May 2014. In line with the contour condition, groundwater level at DB01 point is the highest, followed by DB02.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23G.

W.L

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)Sampling Number

DB01

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embe

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Fig. 9. Recorded groundwater level from May 2013 to June 2014

The comparison of groundwater level condition between May-June 2013 and May-June 2014 shows that groundwater elevation recorded in 2014 was relative higher than those in 2013. It might be due to the recharge well after development shows delayed response. However, these results cannot be concluded further to see the effectiveness of shallow infiltration wells for observation is still not long enough. Besides, it should also be taken into account the rainfall data in these months. Groundwater Quality Changes. The results of laboratory analysis on groundwater quality in all of the three sampling point (SP01 to SP03) during May-June 2013 and May-June 2014 observation are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Results of groundwater quality analysis on May-June in 2013 and 2014

No. Parameter Unit Max. Standard*

Max. Standard**

May-June 2013 May-June 2014 SP01 SP02 SP03 SP01 SP02 SP03

1 Color Pt-Co 15 - 127 4 4 84 12 7 2 Chloride (Cl) mg/L 250 - 5.3 7.7 11.7 9 10.7 21.2 3 Turbidity NTU 5 - 39.2 0.36 1.12 26.7 1.13 1.02 4 Total

Dissolved Solids (TDS)***

mg/L 500 1000 88.3 147 258 117.9 105.4 230

5 pH 6.5-8.5 6-9 5.32 5.8 6.4 5.98 5.31 5.86 6 Iron (Fe) mg/L 0.3 0.3 1.11 0.04 0.23 9.50 0.07 0.26 7 Manganese

(Mn) mg/L 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

*Permenkes No. 492/MENKES/Per/IV/2010 tentang Persyaratan Kualitas Air Minum **Peraturan Pemerintah No 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air (Kelas 1) *** Potentiometric method

It can be seen from the Table 1, there are several parameter exceeding the maximum threshold standard issued by the Permenkes No. 492/MENKES/Per/IV/2010, such as Turbidity, and total Iron (Fe). On the contrary, parameter pH was found lower than the minim standard threshold. Turbidity levels at SP01 was found about 39.2 NTU in 2013, and decline to about 26.7 NTU in 2014. Though it is still exceeding the maximum threshold standard, it describes an improvement process of groundwater quality. The high content of turbidity might be caused by the effect of disturbed soil layer during the development of deep well for SP01. At this sampling point (SP01) also found high content of total Iron (Fe), around 1.11 mg/L on 2013 and incline to 9.50 mg/L on 2014. It might be

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due to the location of SP01 was nearby the Waste Processing Unit (UPS) that producing leachate that may infiltrate over the ground surface, whereas it was not found in the two other sampling point. The parameter pH from all the three sampling point reveal an acid-soil (<6.5). This result similar to the research result by Gusnisar [7], which might be caused by large amount of CO2 content in the soil that affect groundwater acidity since H2CO3 will formed when CO2 having contact with water, and lead to groundwater become acid [2]. Compare to the 2013 measurement, there is an increasing acidity in 2014. Significant increasing of acidity was shown in SP03 (near S-Building) from relatively normal pH value around 6.4 on 2013 rise up to 5.8 on 2014.

Conclusion In general, groundwater level changes showed conformity with the current seasonal variations observations. However, it needs to be observed at longer time span so that be able to analyze the behavior groundwater level, especially when it is to be associated with the effectiveness of shallow recharge well. Groundwater at all the three sampling point are classified in good quality (below the threshold quality standards), except for parameters pH at the three-sampling point, and for Turbidity and Iron (Fe) at SP01. In order to support and ensure the sustainability program of groundwater conservation, hence developing new recharge well and revitalization of recharge well should be intensified in number and larger dimension. Groundwater quality monitoring at all the three sampling point should be continued and conducted regularly in the rainy season and dry season to ensure the infiltrated water across ground surface are in the ranges of the standard quality threshold. Groundwater level observation needs to be conducted continuously to monitor the effectiveness of shallow recharge wells in reducing surface runoff, by comparing the recorded data per year. Furthermore, the dynamic fluctuation of the groundwater level should be evaluated to estimate a real demand on recharge well, in order to propose alternative design and number of recharge well which suitable for environment condition in the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia.

References [1] N. Suwartha and R.F. Sari: Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 61, (2013), pp. 46-53 [2] R.A. Freeze and J.A. Cherry, in: Groundwater. New Jersey: Pretice-Hall, Inc. (1979) [3] H.M. Alshuwaikhat and I. Abubakar: Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 16 Issue 16,

(2008), pp. 1777-1785 [4] Indonesia National Standard, SNI 06-2459-2002: Specification of Rainwater Recharge Well

for Grounds. 2002 (in Bahasa) [5] Indonesia National Standard, SNI 03-2453-2002: Guidelines for Engineering Design of

Rainwater Recharge Well for Grounds. 2002 (in Bahasa) [6] C. Saleh: Media Teknik Sipil, Volume 9, Number 2, (2011), pp. 116-124 [in Bahasa] [7] M. Gusnisar, in: Effect of Recharge Well to Groundwater Quality in the Faculty of

Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. Undergraduate Thesis. Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia (2012) [in Bahasa]

[8] Dunnicliff, Available online at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/, (1988) [9] Lehl, H. Jay, Keeley and Jack, in: Water Encyclopedia Groundwater. New Jersey: John

Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2005) [10] Sabariah Musa, Nor Azazi Zakaria, Lau Tze Liang and Dwi Tjahjanto, Available online at

http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/2546/1/Subsurface_Conditions_with_Geo-hydraulic_Properties.pdf

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http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/



Analysis and Design of Knowledge Management System for Agribusiness Community Development

Ahmad Zuhdi1,a*, Anna SN Dasril2,b, and Sri Yani Kusumastuti3,c 1 Informatics Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Trisakti University,

Indonesia 2,3 Faculty of Economics, Trisakti University, Indonesia

Keywords: Knowledge management system; Information system analysis and design; Agribusiness management information system; IT based community development

Abstract. This paper describes a model of knowledge management system to facilitate all stakeholders of agribusiness system and to support excellent decisions, related to performance and business value improvement. Case study conducted on oyster mushrooms agribusiness community in West Bandung, which has five subsystems namely production facilities providers, farm production, agro-industry processing, marketing and supporting institutions. There are 16 stakeholders, which has various need of information to conduct their business. The study emphasizes on the analysis of the needs of each subsystem, according to three aspect of knowledge, i.e. process knowledge, product knowledge and business knowledge. Requirement analysis identifies the need for support of information, both from functional and non-functional views. Solution of the problem formulated by the design of the knowledge management system of the community, to enable the stakeholder improve their capability on empower the valuable information and knowledge in their organization. This effort leads to actuate excellence operation of the business, through implementation the design in the real system. Introduction

Most of our people live with agriculture or farming activities, agriculture become an economic sector which plays an important role in the initiative for realizing Indonesian population welfare. The most important sub-sector of the agriculture is food crops, which has recorded the highest increase in performance. In the first quarter of 2013, GDP of the food crops sub-sector increased by 68.60 percent against the previous quarter, while GDP plantations and farms fell respectively by 12.76 percent and 3.38 percent [1]. Good agricultural development requires systematic and effective plan to make the necessary changes, using innovation and appropriate technology to potential local agro-ecosystem. This effort will increase the income and welfare of farmers and their partners. Successful agricultural development will ensure improved quality, performance and productivity of agriculture sector.

Agribusiness is agriculture based business or other fields that support it, which has comprehensive series of activities, from procurement and production activities to the industrial processing and marketing activities. Since agribusiness is a system, then there is a lot of factors and related parties which are contribute to the success of its development [7]. Agribusiness development can be conducted by development of seed industry and fertilizer industry support on it, technical and financial support from stakeholders, give regulation to the conducive market, and an efficient supply chain

Agribusiness system is generally divided into five subsystems [9], i.e. subsystem production facilities providers, farm or on-farm activities (primary production), initial processing (secondary production), and late processing services (tertiary production), and the demand side of the market or consumers, neither foreign nor domestic. Communication and coordination between its subsystems is crucial in the success of the development of agribusiness [7]. The availability of information has very large role in supporting communication and coordination between subsystems accurately and

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smoothly. To ensure smooth information and good coordination between subsystems often do vertical integration where several subsystems that have the potential cause of the perceived high transaction costs are often ultimately acquired company into a large agribusiness corporations [7]. Bridge of communication between subsystems can be developed in the form of an equal partnership between agribusiness that have different competencies that could eventually form an effective and efficient system of vertical coordination. Vertical integration will encourage the growth of large agribusiness. While vertical coordination will provide more opportunities for agribusiness actors including farmers to remain a role in the overall system of agribusiness.

Each subsystem agribusiness requires high quality information and knowledge, which is accurate, complete and up to date, to increase production capacity and improve the ability of human resources in the subsystem. While on the side of the market is essential is that the protection and transparent information, both for producers and consumers so that producers and consumers have many choices of action or transaction with the appropriate quality assurance. Information needed by agribusiness to communicate and coordinate the data is in the form of pricing, product information, location, time, quantity and quality of production.

Fig. 1. Collaboration and information sharing between Mushroom Agribusiness stakeholders [12]

System Requirements Analysis is implemented to obtain a thorough and detailed understanding

of the business need as defined in information system development and captured in the business need, and to break it down into discrete requirements, which are then clearly defined, reviewed and agreed upon with the stakeholder decision-makers [2][6][8]. The purpose of the requirements analysis phase is to transform the needs and high-level requirements specified in earlier phases into unambiguous (measurable and testable), traceable, complete, consistent, and stakeholder-approved requirements [8]. Knowledge Management System for Agribusiness Community Development

Knowledge is information that changes something or somebody, becoming grounds for action by making an individual, or institution capable of different, more effective action [4] Knowledge of organization is stored in the form of tacit type and explicit type. Tacit knowledge couldn’t be accessed directly because it is inherent in the organization people memory, so it is difficult to formalize, because of its subjectivity, cognitive, experiential learning, highly personalized, and sticky knowledge. Whilst explicit knowledge is leaky and could be accessed directly because it has Codified, so it is more Objective and rational. It could be in the form of technical Policies, goals, strategies, papers, reports [10]. Knowledge in an organization also awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision (Suwal, 2013). Knowledge Management System (KMS) is the organized collection

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of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to create, store, share, and use the organization’s knowledge and experience. KMS is a kind of Information System that contains collection of information or data that is useful in achieving goals. The system The concept of Knowledge management (KM) focuses on the life-cycle of knowledge process where knowledge is generated and then stored so that it can be distributed and applied within an organisation. KM encompasses both a people focus and an IT focus. IT facilitates but the big issue is people, who generate, share, and apply knowledge. KM is about nurturing policies and processes that help knowledge flow; to be shared, created and evaluated.

Personnel involved in a KMS include [10]: i. Data workers: secretaries, administrative assistants, bookkeepers, other data-entry personnel

ii. Knowledge workers: people who create, use, and disseminate knowledge, Examples: professionals in science, engineering, and business; writers; researchers; educators; corporate designers

iii. Chief knowledge officer (CKO): top-level executive who helps the organization use a KMS to create, store, and use knowledge to achieve organizational goals

iv. Communities of practice (COP): group of people dedicated to a common discipline or practice, such as open-source software, auditing, medicine, or engineering Excel at obtaining, storing, sharing, and using knowledge

Knowledge management model describe knowledge sharing techniques among the personnel to enhance and enrich knowledge of the organization, through socialization, externalization, combination and internalization. The model has popularized by Nonaka, and called SECI model [11].

Fig. 2. SECI model of knowledge dimensions [11]

Socialization explains social interaction as tacit to tacit knowledge transfer, through face-to-face or share knowledge through experiences, such as meetings and brainstorm Tacit knowledge is difficult to formalize and often time and space specific, so it can be acquired only through shared experience, such as spending time together or living in the same environment. Knowledge transfer between tacit and explicit knowledge can be facilitated by Externalization, through developing factors, which embed the combined tacit knowledge which enable its communication. When tacit knowledge is made explicit, knowledge is crystallized, thus allowing it to be shared by others, and it becomes the basis of new knowledge. Concept creation in new product development is an example of this conversion process. In Combination, knowledge is organizing and integrating, by combining different types of explicit knowledge. The creative use of computerized communication networks and large-scale databases can support this mode of knowledge conversion. Explicit knowledge is collected from inside or outside the organization and then combined, edited or processed to form new knowledge. The new explicit knowledge is then disseminated among the members of the organization. Finally the Internalization means, knowledge is receiving and application by an individual in the organization. It is enclosed by learning by doing; on the other hand, explicit knowledge becomes part of an individual's knowledge and will be assets for an organization. Internalization is also a process of continuous individual and collective reflection and the ability to

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see connections and recognize patterns and the capacity to make sense between fields, ideas, and concepts.

Methods There exist various proposals for methodologies that support the systematic introduction of KM

solutions into enterprises. One of the most prominent method-logies is CommonKADS that puts emphasis on an early feasibility study as well as on constructing several models that capture different kinds of knowledge needed for realizing a KM solution [3]. In order to successfully carry out a KMS development and implementation project, while at the same time reducing the degree of complexity, it would be a great aid to be able to use a stage-based methodology that defines the whole creative process in each phase [5]. This would involve defining, among other things, the tasks to be performed, the techniques to be used, the modeling languages for representing the knowledge and the technological infrastructure that allows knowledge to be stored, processed and distributed, depending on the roles that have been defined.

As application software, the development of KMS must follow the software development methodology. Software that is built correctly can transform as the organization and its business transforms. Software should be effectively meets user needs will help an organization or network of organizations become more productive and enhance decision making. One of the popular methodology, that widely applied is Rapid Application Development (RAD). RAD is a concept that products can be developed faster and of higher quality through (1) Gathering requirements using workshops or focus groups (2) Prototyping and early, reiterative user testing of designs (3) The re-use of software components (4) A rigidly paced schedule that defers design improvements to the next product version

The methodology has less formality in reviews and other team communication emphasizes extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate the systems development process. The prototype is an essential part of the analysis phase when using a RAD methodology, because it is a smaller-scale representation or working model of the users’ requirements or a proposed design for an information system. RAD methodology has focus initially on creating a prototype that looks and acts like the desired system. Actively involve system users in the analysis, design, and development phases. Accelerate collecting the business requirements through an interactive and iterative construction approach

Case Study and Its Results Each of members in the community of Agribusiness system requires three type of knowledge, i.e.

product knowledge, process knowledge and business knowledge. This knowledge provides all of the necessary information sharing in each subsystem agribusiness actors in decisions, related to performance improvement and economic added value. Product knowledge contains all type of knowledge related to the product, such as quality, value, designs, its entire derivative, etc. Good knowledge worker is always create better precious product or service to the organization. Whilst process knowledge is according to know how to accomplish the task or activity in the effective and efficient way, especially in production or operation activities. Whereas business knowledge is according with know how to conduct excellent business, such as to how to find customers, suppliers and other partners, how to expand the business, and how to respond the business needs. Identification of data and information exchange between stakeholders can be presented by data flow scheme, which is facilitated by the system [2].

In our research, management of the knowledge is conducted by applying the SECI model. Implementation of Knowledge Management system based on web applications, so the first step is to Externalization by uploading basic knowledge related the stakeholders. Then the initial prototype is socialized by disseminating it through focus group discussion or online media related. If the existence of the system has been well communicated, the stakeholders and other users will be active on Internalization process by utilizing the information available on the web. Users will also be encouraged to actively share important information to the community, to improve their excellence

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together. Finally, the system administrator or web master will combine resources uploaded stakeholders, which may have different formats.

The documentation on the analysis of functional and non-functional requirements should be done carefully, in order to obtain good quality of the analysis results, which are indispensable in the further process of system design. In addition, the development must also explores the supporting infrastructure needs, whether it might be hardware, software (system, database, and other), as well as computer networks and telecommunications networks. Associated with the ease of operation of the system will, need to be analyzed the behavior of each user in the use or access information from a computer application, commonly presented in the specification of interaction with the system users.

Concluding Remarks Agribusiness Systems Oyster Mushrooms requires KMS to perform more excellent in

operational, that gives some mutual benefit to its stakeholder, by providing and sharing information and knowledge.. The required knowledge is related to achieve best performance business operations, by maximizing utilization and sharing of product knowledge, process knowledge and business knowledge among the member of the organization. It had been identified 16 streams of data that shows the collaboration between stakeholders in the exchange of data and information, which is then presented in the context diagram. In general, data or information exchanged includes a data / business information and data / technical information. The information presented can be either policy or technical knowledge or business. To facilitate the analysis of functional requirements, need to be identified the processes required in system procedures. The structure of existing processes in the system have been identified and then presented in a functional decomposition. The system has four main processes, namely user administration, data input, show information and collaboration Acknowledgement The research related to this paper is founded by Directorate of Research and Community Services Ministry of Education and Culture, through research project on MP3EI (Master Plan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia) in the year 2014 and 2015. We would like to express our very great appreciation to Dr Rina K. Kusumaratna for her valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this research work. Her willingness to give her time so generously has been very much appreciated.

References [1] Buletin PDB Sektor Pertanian Vol. 13, No. 2, Juni 2014 - See more at:

http://epublikasi.setjen.pertanian.go.id/arsip-buletin/52-buletin-pdb/183-vol-13-no-2#sthash.dP5DEdmo.dpuf (Last access July, 30-th, 2014)Beaumaster, S., 1999, Information technology implementation issues: an analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

[2] Chalmeta, R and Grangel, R (2008), Methodology for the implementation of knowledge management system. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology, 59 (5), 742-755.

[3] Drucker Peter F, 2009, The New Reaities, 4-th edition, [4] G. Schreiber, H. Akkermans, A. Anjewierden, R. de Hoog, N. Shadbolt, W. Van de Velde,

and B. Wielinga, 1999. Knowledge Engineering and Management, The CommonKADS Methodology . The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England,

[5] Kroenke, D. M., 2007, Using MIS (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall

[6] Natawidjaja, Ronnie. S. 2002. Jaringan Informasi Digital Untuk Menunjang Pengembangan Pertanian Berbasis Agribisnis

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http://epublikasi.setjen.pertanian.go.id/arsip-buletin/52-buletin-pdb/183-vol-13-no-2%23sthash.dP5DEdmo.dpuf

http://epublikasi.setjen.pertanian.go.id/arsip-buletin/52-buletin-pdb/183-vol-13-no-2%23sthash.dP5DEdmo.dpuf

[7] O’Brien, J. A., 2004, Management information systems: managing information technology in the business enterprise (6th ed.). New York, McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

[8] Saragih B. 2001. Suara Dari Bogor: Membangun Sistem Agribisnis. Yayasan USESE dan Sucofindo. Bogor.

[9] Suwal, Rajendra, 2013, Understanding Know-ledge Management concept, http://dms.nasc.org.np/sites/default/files/documents/Understanding%20Knowledge%20Management%20concept.ppt Last accessed January, 12, 2015

[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECI_model_of_ knowledge_dimensions Last accessed January, 12, 2015

[11] Zuhdi, Ahmad, Dasril, Anna SN, Kusumastuti, Sri Yani, Preliminary Requirement Analysis Of Mushroom Agribusiness Information System In Bandung , Indonesia, International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, Vol 2, Issue 10, pp 77 – 80.

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http://dms.nasc.org.np/sites/default/files/documents/Understanding%20Knowledge%20Management%20concept.ppt

http://dms.nasc.org.np/sites/default/files/documents/Understanding%20Knowledge%20Management%20concept.ppt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECI_model_

Originally Antipathy Turn into Care for Disaster Preparedness Teti Zubaidaha, Bulkis Kanatab, and Made Sutha Yadnyac

Research Group on Applied Electromagnetic Technology, Electrical Engineering Department, Mataram University, Jl. Majapahit 62, Mataram 83125, Lombok-Indonesia

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Tsunami; Earthquake; Preparedness; Data transfer; Geomagnetik; Lombok

Abstract. The Nurul Bayan Boarding School and the Junior High School (SMPN) 2 Gangga in the northern part of Lombok Island, which have up to 600 students and teachers, are located in the Tsunami prone areas. Mataram University in cooperation with the Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam - Germany have prepared to operate a geomagnetic station at Nurul Bayan for earthquake and Tsunami hazard mitigations of eastern Indonesian regions. Some local people being antipathy by arguing with security reasons and concern about foreign interventions. On the other hand, several skilled persons are needed in maintaining the facilities and transferring data regularly to a server at the University (75 km away from the station). Moreover, training of hazard preparedness for students need to be programmed regularly, which will be benefit for initiations of “Sekolah Siaga Bencana” in the Nusa Tenggara Barat province. Intensive communication with the local communities resulting in mutual commitments and agreement, which can be continued with some fieldworks, establishing infrastructures at Nurul Bayan, and performing simulation/training of disaster preparedness at SMPN 2 Gangga. These activities will be followed up by training of data transfer for local technicians at Nurul Bayan geomagnetic station.

Introduction Geographically, northern part of Lombok Island is located in an active tectonic region, which is

vulnerable by earhquake and Tsunami hazards. However, the community of Lombok Island in general are not aware of the importance of disaster preparedness, evident from the results of a simple survey that has been done in the Nurul Bayan Boarding School which is located right on the coast of North Lombok [1, 2].

Earthquake and Tsunami disasters may happen when lessons hours in schools or boarding schools, when students or students are not being with their families. In such events, the schools or boarding schools preparedness are needed. Establishment of Disaster Preparedness School (Sekolah Siaga Bencana, SSB) is expected to reduce the fatality rate due to the disaster, thereby also reducing the overall risk of disasters. Continuous and programmed disaster preparedness trainings are very important and vital to get to the formation of SSB.

Although located in disaster-prone areas, Nusa Tenggara Barat province (especially Lombok Island) had none school that can be categorized as SSB up to now. Therefore, the research group on "Applied Electromagnetic Technology" from the Department of Electrical Engineering Mataram University have conducted community development activities, expected to educate and being facilitator for the formation of SSB in Lombok. Among the activities that have been conducted was disaster preparedness training in SDIT (Elementary School) Anak Sholeh Mataram [1]. While previously activities have been focused in Mataram City, the current activity is conducted at the northern part of Lombok Island, under Ipteks bagi Masyarakat (IbM) project.

The program is done considering the national law of disaster management [3], as everyone is entitled for social protection and security; and for geting an education, training, and skills in disaster management.

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Methods of Implementation The IbM team invites Nurul Bayan Boarding School and SMPN 2 (Junior High School) Gangga

in the North Lombok District as partners. Locations of the partners are shown in Fig. 1. Both were selected based on the geographical location and number of students, which are quite a lot, reaching more than 600 people. Moreover Nurul Bayan Boarding School is located right on the north coast of the Lombok Island, which deal directly with the extension of Flores Thrust, estimated increasingly active in the last decade [3]. Therefore, the Mataram University (i.e. the IbM team) planned to construct and operate a geomagnetic monitoring station in Nurul Bayan.

Fig. 1. Location of two partners: Nurul Bayan Boarding School and SMPN 2 (Junior High School) of Gangga in the North Lombok.

This IbM program is basically real efforts for disaster risk reduction, which is done through 5 (five) consecutive activities [4]:

1. Introduction and monitoring disaster risks; 2. Participatory planning of disaster management; 3. Development of disaster awareness culture; 4. Increase commitment to the offender disaster management; and 5. Application of the physical, non-physical, and setting disaster management.

Based on the mitigation startegies and efforts to reduce fatalities of earthquake [5], the IbM program pursued through two types of activities, namely:

1. Disaster preparedness training and mentoring for Students and Teachers as well as all components related to the communities in SMPN 2 Gangga, which has been conducted through the steps: a) Build understanding and commitment, doing fieldwork in the neighborhood school

(includes fixing geographical coordinates, elevation data, and area/volume of available space), and making of maps and evacuation route.

b) Make a plan of action together, simulation/disaster drill of Earthquake and Tsunami, Assess readiness level of the school by using five parameters (knowledge and attitudes; policy; emergency response plans; early warning systems; and resource mobilization).

c) SSB formation workshops, conducted with the school and stakeholders, including local government and the Education Department, and the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD). Monitoring and evaluation of program implementation, dissemination and promotion of the presence of SSB.

2. Training and mentoring for prospective technicians for operation of Geomagnetic Monitoring Station at Nurul Bayan, which is implemented through the following steps:

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a) Procurement and installation of IT facilities, b) Training on IT (web/internet and means of on-line geomagnetic data transfer) for at least

3 (three) Students/Teachers of Nurul Bayan Boarding School, c) Mentoring and monitoring of the operation of IT equipment and means of geomagnetic

data transfer, by verifying the quality of the data that are sent to Mataram University, based on the reference value of the Lombok Geomagnetic Observatory and other nearby geomagnetic observatories.

Results and Discussion

Socialization and training in SMPN 2 Gangga is considered successful, which achieved very satisfactory results with a success rate for each class exceeds 90% obtained through one-time exercise. This reflects the excellent cooperation of all the elements in this school, especially from the Headmaster who always participate actively throughout the entire training process. Awards and prizes were given to the Headmaster, The best “Disaster Preparedness” Teachears I, II and III which holds the value of the highest success rate in its class evacuation. Documentation of the activities which have been carried out are shown in Fig. 2 to Fig. 11.

Fig. 2. Dissemination of disaster preparedness and operation of Geomagnetic Station at Nurul Bayan Boarding School, along with Keynote Speakers and DAAD Alumni in conjunction with 1st AEMT International Conference on April 13th 2014. Left: Dr. Monika Korte, Prof. Wolfgang

Martin Boerener and IbM team member (Made Sutha Yadnya, seated the right most) participated and guided the discussion, with speakers Dr. Muzli from BMKG. Right:

Communities of Nurul Bayan Boarding School and some alumni of DAAD (sitting in the front row) were seriously and enthusiastic listening to engage in dialogue with IbM team.

Fig. 3. IbM team leader (Teti Zubaidah) was delivering evacuation maps and technical plans of disaster preparedness training at SMPN 2 Gangga. The Teachers of SMPN 2 Gangga diligently

listened the socialization delivered by IbM team. At the left front row is IbM team member (Bulkis Kanata).

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Fig. 4. Delivering disaster preparedness materials for students of SMPN 2 Gangga was performed interactively in dialogue, using three posters containing preparedness before - during

- and after Earthquake and Tsunami, displayed in the school yard.

Fig. 5. Preparation/briefing before training of disaster preparedness at SMPN 2 Gangga. The team leader (Teti Zubaidah) was briefed the facilitators (students of Electrical Enggineering

Dept. of Mataram University).

Fig. 6. Left above: Training of disaster preparedness at SMPN 2 Gangga was held when school hours. Right above: Students take refuge under their desks when the fore shock is happening. Left below: Students were directed by the teacher to immediately run to the evacuation point,

which must be done in 30 seconds. Right below: Students were expected to be at their evacuation points and remain standby for 1.5 minutes at arrival times of main shock and

aftershocks. The teacher lead their students to remain calm/not panic and pray.

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Fig. 7. Award for Students and Teachers of “Best Disaster Preparedness”. Left: The Headmaster of SMPN 2 Gangga (Muhammad Aenuddin) was giving a gift as a token of appreciation to the

students who has best answered the questionnaire in each class level. Right: IbM Students (facilitator leader) was delivering the prize to the best teachers.

Fig. 8. Left: The IbM team leader awarded the Headmaster of SMPN 2 Gangga as “Disaster

Preparedness Headmaster School”. Right: The IbM team leader delivered keepsake and congratulations to the Headmaster of SMPN 2 Gangga as embryo of Disaster Preparedness

School in North Lombok. The Headmaster did hope that the partnership with the IbM team will continue in the future.

Fig. 9. Elevation survey in SMPN 2 Gangga surroundings, using Trimble GPS equipment.

Fig. 10. Testing of measuring instruments and geomagnetic data transfer system in the Faculty

of Engineering Mataram University and in the Lombok Geomagnetic Observatory. Page 22


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Fig. 11. Left: The Headmaster of Nurul Bayan Bording School was posing in front of

Geomagnetic Monitoring Station. Right: Preparing of the non-magnetic pillar for the sensors at the Geomagnetic Monitoring Station, which were made as high as 3.2 meters, with a section that

is embedded in the soil as deep as 2.0 meters.

Summary Based on the implementation of the activities and results achieved to date, it can be concluded

that: 1. Understanding and commitment shared by both partners have woken up with a very good,

visible from the full support of both partners to carry out planned activities. 2. The field study in SMPN 2 Gangga has been implemented and results were poured in the

maps and evacuation route. Socialization and training of disaster preparedness has been executed, with very satisfactory results (success rate of evacuation exceeding 90%).

3. Activities related to the preparation of geomagnetic data transfer infrastructure at Nurul Bayan Boarding School has completed more than 80. Technical constraints within tests of the equipment (magnetometer) had experienced several failures, until the problems were consulted directly to GFZ Potsdam and equipment was recalibrated in Germany.

4. Given much benefits to the society, disaster preparedness trainings and formation of disaster preparedness school should be continued, through IbM or other community service schemes.

5. Similar activities with the same partners must be constantly held and evaluated from time to time, to ensure activities have an impact in long time. Partners should continue to be involved in promoting the establishment of disaster preparedness schools, including making partner as a resource in the workshops which invite other schools (potential partners for the upcoming IbM activities).

6. Because this activity involved a lot of persons, it is important to coordinate with the parties that can assist in implementation of activities, especially Dikpora and BPBD.

References [1] Zubaidah T, Paniran, Rosmaliati, Irmawati B, Kanata B (2012) Pelatihan Siaga Bencana di

SDIT Anak Sholeh Mataram. Laporan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Mataram.

[2] Zubaidah T, Korte M, Mandea M, Hamoudi M (2014), New insights into regional tectonics of the Sunda–Banda Arcs region from integrated magnetic and gravity modelling. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 80: 172-184.

[3] UU No 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan Bencana. [4] PP No. 21 Tahun 2008 tentang Penyelenggaraan Penanggulangan Bencana. [5] Panduan Pengenalan Karakteristik Bencana dan Upaya Mitigasinya di Indonesia, Set

BAKORNAS PBP dan Gempa bumi dan Tsunami, Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Departemen Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136791201300610X

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136791201300610X

The Influence of Economic, Socia-cultural, and Environmental of Tourism Toward Pro-poor Tourism Initiatives

in Bunaken National Marine Park Budiarto Subroto1,a and Oscar Tiku1,b

1Magister Management Study Program, Graduate School of Sahid University, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Economic impacts; Socio-cultural impacts; Environmental impacts of tourism; Pro-poor tourism initiatives

Abstract. The development of tourism in Bunaken National Marine Park and the appointed of Bunaken as one of Destination Management Organization should bring better implication to the living of the locals. Yet, the public infrastructure development and local community has not properly developed. Therefore, this research comes from this phenomenon, to clarify the current circumstance and seek out the relationship between the variables. Thus, this research is aimed to understand how economic, socio-cultural, and environment impacts of tourism may encourage the pro-poor tourism initiatives in Bunaken National Marine Park. This research conducted to perceive the relationship between independent variable economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts of tourism and dependent variables pro-poor tourism initiatives partially and simultaneously. The results are economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts of tourism influence pro-poor tourism initiatives in Bunaken National Marine Park partially and simultaneously. Introduction

The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) forecast for annual global growth in tourism,

has been estimated at an average 4% per annum over the next ten years in real terms (Tarmaynagh, 2013). Tourism has already emerged as one of the world’s most important socio-economic sectors, and has been steadily expanding at an average rate of about 4-5 per cent annually during the latter half of the 20 th century.

Developing countries are receiving an increasing number of international tourists as they improve transportation access, develop tourist attractions, facilities and services and become known as desirable tourist destinations. Their share in the international tourist arrivals grew up from 28 per cent in 1990 to 31 per cent in 1997. Moreover for developing countries, this tourism activity constitutes a large fraction of total export receipts and the share in GDP can rise above 40 per cent in some Caribbean countries (UNCTAD, 2007).

According to data from Provincial Statistics Department, the number of arrival of foreign tourist has decreased since 2009 significantly, but strive up back in 2013. The figure can be seen as below.

Table 1 Number of Arrival of Foreign Tourist from Sam Ratulangi Airport

Year Average 2013 156.726 2012 1.9111 2011 20.074 2010 20.220 2009 158.076

Source: Statistics Indonesia, 2014, edited Bunaken National Marine Park has contributed to North Celebes, Indonesia’s economics roughly

about 3.2 million dollar per year, included 4-5 billion rupiah per year to Manado City Council from

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government tax of tourism (DPTNB, 2000). Tourism is expected bring multiplier effect on Bunaken National Marine Park which indicated by

the development of tourism business, transportation, restaurant, seaweed plantation, and fishery and more efficient infrastructure development by promotion, government tax on hotel and restaurant, transportation tax, entertainment tax, fishery tax, export tax, employment.

Researcher argues that tourism have significant impact, not only economically but in socio-cultural and environment as well. The development of tourism should be sustainable, equal and fair to the citizen and nature. Research Objective

This research aims at explaining the nature of certain relationships, the variance in the dependent

variable and offers an enhanced understanding of the relationship that exist among variables. So, the objectives of this research are: [1] To measure how economic impacts of tourism influence pro-poor tourism initiatives in unaken

National Marine Park. [2] To measure how socio-cultural impacts of tourism influence pro-poor tourism initiatives in

Bunaken National Marine Park. [3] To measure how environmental impacts of tourism influence pro-poor tourism initiatives in

Bunaken National Marine Park. [4] To measure how economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts of tourism

influence pro-poor tourism initiatives in Bunaken National Marine Park simultaneously. Literature References

According to Koenig (2010), within the global service economy, tourism const itutes the largest

and most globalised sector, surpassing goods exports in the most prominent industries. Tourism is also the only major service sector where developing countries are able to maintain trade surpluses and positive balances of payments (Neto, 2003; Croes & Vanegas, 2008) – usually a persisting issue concerning other trade activities where terms of trade tend to deteriorate over time, thereby perpetuating relative economic underdevelopment of poor countries that still lack of a strong voice in international trade negotiations and related agenda - settings.

To measure the influence of the tourism industry and its component activities on the economy, the instrument of Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) was developed by a partnership involving the United Nations (UN), the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Euro stat, government statistical agencies, national tourism administrations and central banks. The idea of TSA is to analyze in detail all aspects of demand for goods and services which are associated with tourism within the economy, and to measure tourism’s relationship to the supply of such goods and services. Under the TSA concept, the tourism industry can be divided into tourism - specific, tourism-connected and nonspecific industries according to the goods they produce (Bazini, 2008).

Economic Impact of Tourism. Tourism has an impact on the whole economy directly and indirectly or through induced effects in terms of generation of value-added employment, personal income, government income, etc. (UNWTO; Euro stat in Bazini, 2008). Tourism growth is most often measured through increases in international arrivals, length of stay, bed occupancy, tourism expenditures and the value of tourism spending. However, none of these measurements provide any means of determining the scale of the impact on the poor or even the trends which result from overall growth or decline on the poor. Although in the literatures there are references to the importance of tourism in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), there is very little consideration of the impact of tourism on the poor in developing countries, rural and marginalized areas.

Sociocultural Impact of Tourism. The socio-cultural impacts of tourism described here are the effects on host communities of direct and indirect relations with tourists and of interaction with the

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tourism industry. For a variety of reasons, host communities are often the weaker party in interactions with their guests and service providers, leveraging any influence they might have. These influences are not always apparent as they are difficult to measure, bu t depend on value judgments and are often indirect or hard to identify.

The impacts arise when tourism brings changes in value systems and behavior and thereby threatens indigenous identity. Furthermore, changes often occur in community structure, family relationships, collective traditional life styles, ceremonies and morality. But tourism can also generate positive impacts as it can serve as a supportive force for peace, foster pride in cultural traditions and help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs.

Environmental Impact of Tourism. The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential for tourism. However, tourism relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources. On the other hand, tourism has potentials to create beneficial effects on environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance.

Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT). According to Goodwin and Edmunds (Pro-Poor Tourism and the Challenge of Measuring Impacts, UN ESCAP, 2004), development economists and policy makers use the language of pro-poor to distinguish economic development in general and forms of economic development which impact on the lives of poor people positively and enable them to rise poverty out.

Tourism is pro-poor initiatives, if it provides (1) Economic gain through the creation of full or part-time employment, or the development of SME opportunities through sales to tourism businesses or to tourists (2) Other livelihood benefits such as access to potable water and roads, which bring benefits to poor producers, for example, through improved access to market, improved health or education etc (3) Opportunities and capacity for engagement in decision making, in order that the poor are able to improve their livelihoods by securing better access to tourists and tourism enterprises. The usage of information technology can support pro-poor tourism initiatives, and promote green development by using paperless documentation.

Hypotheses. A hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Relationships are conjectured on the basis of network of associations establiched in the theoretical framework formulated for the the research study (Sekaran, 2003). There are several hypothesis that we would like to check in our research: H1: The economic impacts of tourism encourage pro-poor tourism initiatives in Bunaken

National Marine Park significantly.H2: The socio-cultural impacts of tourism encourage pro-poor tourism initiatives in Bunaken National Marine Park significantly.

H2: The socio-cultural impacts of tourism encourage pro-poor tourism initiatives in Bunaken National Marine Park significantly.

H3: The environmental impacts of tourism encourage pro-poor tourism initiatives in Bunaken National Marine Park significantly.

H4: The economic, sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism encourage pro-poor tourism initiatives in Bunaken National Marine Park simultaneously and significantly.

Methodology

The researchers use quantitative approach to analyze the phenomena and evaluate the relationship

among variables. According to Aliaga and Gunderson (2000), quantitative research is explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).

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The specificity of quantitative research lies in the next part of the definition. In quantitative research, we collect numerical data. This is closely connected to the final part of the definition: analysis using mathematically based methods. In order to be able to use mathematically based methods, our data have to be in numerical form.

Fig. 1. Conceptual Framework

Type of Research. This research is categorized as hypothesis testing research. It explains

the nature of certain relationship, or establishes the difference among groups or the independence of two or more factors in a situation. Hypothesis testing is undertaken to explain the variance in the dependent variable or to predict organizational outcomes. Hypothesis testing offers an enhanced understanding of the relationship that exists among variables. It could also establish cause-and- effect relationship. Furthermore, type of investigation that were used is causal study which means the study in which the researchers want to delineate the cause of one or more problem (Sekaran, 2003). The research questions and how the problem is defined are looking for cause-and-effect relationship.

Research Framework.

Fig. 2. Research Framework

A variable is anything that can take on differing or varying values. The values can differ at

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various times for the same object or person, or at the same time for different objects or persons. There are two kinds of variable that involved in this research, i.e. dependent variable (X) and independent variable (Y).

The dependent variable is the primary interest to the researchers. The researchers’ goal is to understand and describe the dependent variable, or to explain its variability, or predict it. For this purpose, the researchers are interested in quantifying and measuring the dependent variable as well as the other variables that influence this variable (Sekaran, 2003). In this research itself, the dependent variable (Y) is Pro-Poor Tourism Initiative.

Hypotheses. There are two ways to confirm the validity of multiple linear regressions equation model, t-test (partially) and F-Test (simultaneously). [1] t-test (partially)

H 1 : T h e i n f l u e n c e o f economic factors of tourism toward pro-poor tourism initiatives. This research accepts Ha which means there is an effect of economic impacts of tourism on pro-poor tourism initiatives. H2: Socio-cultural factors of tourism toward pro-poor tourism initiatives. This research accept Ha which means there is an effect of economic impacts of tourism on pro poor tourism initiatives. H3: Environmental factors of tourism toward pro-poor tourism initiatives. This research accepts Ha which means there is effect of environmental factors of tourism on pro poor tourism initiatives.

[2] F test (simultaneously)

There are three independent variables involved in this research, i.e. X1: Economic Impact of Tourism, X2: Socio-Cultural Impact of Tourism and X3: Environmental Impact of Tourism. By using research data, the result of the the regression equation shown as follows: Y= 5.551 + 0.211 X, + 0.359 X2 + 0.310 X3 + e This research accept Ha which means that there is an effect of economic, socio-cultural and

environmental impacts of tourism on pro-poor tourism initiatives simultaneously.

Summary

Conclusions. Based on the data analysis and its result interpretation, there are four conclusions that can be concluded (1) There is significant influence of economic impacts of tourism toward pro-poor tourism initiatives. It means that the local people of Bunaken National Marine Park agree that economic impacts of tourism could contribute to economic gain for the better lives of local people which enable them to improve income, better employment and SME development along with enable them to rise poverty out (2) There is significant influence of socio-cultural impacts of tourism toward pro-poor tourism initiatives. It means that the local people of Bunaken National Marine Park agree that socio-cultural impacts of tourism could contribute to improve livelihood benefits of local people, including access to infrastructure, access to better health and education which could improve the welfare of the people in Bunaken (3) There is significant influence of environmental impacts of tourism toward pro-poor tourism initiatives. It means that the local people of Bunaken National Marine Park agree that environmental impacts of tourism could help to improve engagement of the people related to community involvement in tourism and culture preservation (4) There are influences of economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism toward pro-poor tourism initiatives simultaneously. Furthermore, socio-cultural impacts of tourism have the most influence toward pro-poor tourism initiatives.

Recommendations (1) Recommendation for local people. According to correspondent responses

and conclusions above, some recommendation need to be addressed to local people. According to Page 28


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correspondent demographic data, only 16% of l oca l peop le have alternative income and most of them depend on their family economy. Local people should start entrepreneurship as alternative income from tourism business as major important industry in Bunaken does not run properly due to seasonal job, low season, and after strike and also to motivate local people to be independent. Possible entrepreneurship or SME business to be run are handcraft such as seashell and seed jewelry, local food and beverages outlet such as fried banana, coconut water, halua kenari, dodol, etc. Informal service jobs such as masseur and spa therapist, tour guide and tattoo maker (2) Recommendation for Government. According to research results and conclusions above, some recommendations need to be addressed to government (a) Appropriate job training is important to encourage local people to start entrepreneurship and be independent. Government should sponsor training for informal job in order that local people can learn how to start business and apply it in real life. Training such as cooking training, basic service and handcraft training are recommended.

References [1] Aliaga & Gunderson, Interactive Statistics (On-line), Available: http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/36869_muijs.pdf (2002). [2] Ashley, C., Boyd, C., Goodwin, C., Pro-Poor Tourism: Putting Poverty at the Heart of the

Tourism Agenda. Overseas Development Institute, 51 (2000). [3] Bazini, E, Impact of the Tourism Development on Poverty Reduction in Albania as a Country

in Transition, The Annals of the “Stefan cel Mare” University Suceava. Fascicle of the Faculty of Economics and Public Administration, No. 8, 29-35 (2008).

[4] Canada, A., Regional Tourism Satellite Account, UNWTO Statistic and TSA Issue Paper Series, STSA/IP/2013/02 (2013).

[5] Jamieson, W., Goodwin, H., & Edmunds, C., Contribution of Tourism to Poverty Alleviation: Pro-Poor Tourism and the Challenge of Measuring Impacts, Paper Amended for Transport Policy and Tourism Section Transport and Tourism Division UN ESCAP, Paper Presented at the Expert Group Meeting on Measuring and Assessing the Impact of Tourism Innitiatives on Poverty Alleviation, Bangkok Thailand (2004).

[6] Sekaran, U, Research method for Business: A Skill Building Approach, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc (2003).

[7] Walpole, M. J., Goodwin, H. J, Local Economic Impacts of Dragon Tourism in Indonesia, Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (3), 559-576 (2000).

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