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Hacking for Designers
1
Alan Turing
and the
Machine of
Thinking
2
Hacking for Designers
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
"The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-
processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine."
- Time Magazine, 1999
Hacking for Designers
3
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Hacking for Designers
4
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Turning Machine
He proved that some such machine would be capable of
performing any conceivable mathematical computation if
it were representable as an algorithm.
5
Hacking for Designers
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Turning Machine
Every algorithm can be expressed in a language for a computer consisting of only five basic instructions:
• move left one location• move right one location• read symbol at current location• print 0 at current location• print 1 at current location
Hacking for Designers
6
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
UniversalTurning Machine
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Hacking for Designers
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
"von Neumann ... firmly emphasised to me, and to others I am sure, that the fundamental conception is
owing to Turing—insofar as not anticipated by Babbage, Lovelace and others."
- Letter by Stanley Frankel to Brian Randell, 1972
Hacking for Designers
8
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Hacking for Designers
9
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
ACETuring produced a detailed design for what was called the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE.)
Hacking for Designers
10
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Bendix G-15Introduced in 1956, some consider it to be the first personal computer
Hacking for Designers
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Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
TheImitationGame
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Hacking for Designers
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
EnigmaMachine
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Hacking for Designers
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
U-Boat
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Hacking for Designers
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
"You needed exceptional talent, you needed genius at Bletchley and Turing's was that genius."
- Asa Briggs
Hacking for Designers
15
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
September 1939
joined by other mathematicians at Bletchley Park, Turing rapidly developed a new machine (the ‘Bombe’) capable of breaking Enigma messages on an industrial scale.
Bombe
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Hacking for Designers
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Could Have Been
Hacking for Designers
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Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Ex Machina
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Hacking for Designers
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
?CanaMachineThink
Hacking for Designers
19
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Artificial Intelligence
In 1950, he published a paper entitled Computing Machinery and Intelligence, in which he explored the notion.
In the paper, Turing suggested that rather than building a program to
simulate the adult mind, it would be better rather to produce a simpler one to simulate a child's mind and
then to subject it to a course of education.
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Hacking for Designers
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
The idea was that a computer could be said to "think" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human
being.
His Turing test was a significant, characteristically provocative and lasting
contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence, which continues after more than
half a century.
Turing Test
Hacking for Designers
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Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
WhatisComputerScience
?
Hacking for Designers
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Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Traveling SalesmanProblem
Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the origin city?
Hacking for Designers
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Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
WhatisComputerScience
Computational ComplexityComputer Graphics
Programming LanguageHuman-Computer Interaction
Computational BiologyArtificial Intelligence
…
Hacking for Designers
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Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Since 1966, the Turing Award has been given annually by the Association for Computing
Machinery for technical or theoretical contributions to the computing community.
It is widely considered to be the computing world's highest honor, equivalent to the Nobel
Prize.
Turing Award
Hacking for Designers
25
Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Charles Babbage(December 1791 – October 1871)
Considered by some to be a "father of the computer”, Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as "pre-eminent" among the many polymaths of his century.
Hacking for Designers
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Alan Turing and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
Ada Lovelace(December 1815 – November 1852)
Chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognized as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first computer programmer.
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Hacking for Designers
Alan Turning and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
World-class Runner
Hacking for Designers
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Alan Turning and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
The Apple Logo Anecdote
Hacking for Designers
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Alan Turning and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
"God, we wish it were."
- Steve Jobs
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Hacking for Designers
Alan Turning and the Machine of ThinkingS0:
- Vint Cerf
“Turing's legacy continues to evolve, astonish, challenge and excite. His insights and fearless
approach to daunting problems set benchmarks for decades to come.”