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Haemorrhoids
Essentials of diagnosis
Rectal bleeding, protrusion, discomfort
Mucoid discharge from rectum
Secondary anaemia
Characteristic findings on anal inspection and anuscopic examination
THE PROBLEMNobody likes them: patients and doctors
Very frequent
Major discomfort
Treated often by non-specialists
Well treated=good results
Sensitive area
DEFINITION
Normal structures of the rectal wall which are displaced from the original position Normal histological structures Plenty vascularization: both arterial (inferior
haemorrhoidal artery) and venous lakes which may be distended.
Chrinic constipation + straining on defecation + increased anal tonus – favor the development of haemorrhoids.
Symptomatic classification
Grade 1 – bleedingGrade 2 – prolaps with spontaneous
reductionGrade 3 – prolaps that needs digital
replacementGrade 4 – Prolaps - permanent
TRATAMENT – depending on symptoms
Anatomic classification
Symptoms
Painless bleeding
Pruritus
Prolaps
Pain (asociated with a complication – thrombosis or inflamation)
Incontinence
BLEDDING PER RECTUMHow to evaluate!!!
Small drops of blood on toilet paper Clinical examination + rectal + rectoscopy
Blood dropping in the toilet Rigid recto-sygnoidoscopy
Blood mixed with feces Rigid recto-sygnoidoscopy + barium enema OR
colonoscopy = complete examination of the colon
Dark blood Complet examination of the colon
Massive OR Chronic
May be massive and presents as an emergency
May be a cause of chronic anaemia
May explainSevere iron deficiency anaemia Ischaemic cardiac disease due to low
levels of oxygen transporter
NEVER
NEVER treat haemorrhoidal disease without clinical and digital examination of the rectum
MALPRAXIS = patients life and your money
PRURITUS ANI
Frequently associated with haemorrhoidsMinute incontinence with local irritation of the
skinAggressive local cleaning may produce small
lesions that will generate pruritus TagsLocal edema
PAIN
External thrombosed haemorrhoidsRound blue lesions (perianal haematoma)
with significant edema and very tender
Internal thrombosed haemorrhoidsPain is less severeMajor pain in cases of strangulated prolaps
of haemorrhoids
EXAMINATION
Speaking with the patient will create trust
Offer an intimate room
RECTAL EXAMINATIONBlind – use a hydro soluble gel Forts evaluate visually the perianal region Evaluate the tonicity of the sphincter in non contracting status and during contractionProstate Content
RECTOSCOPYANUSCOPY
SYGMOIDOSCOPY
RECTOSCOPY + ANUSCOPY
Masses that prolaps in the tube of the scope
Stigmata of recent bleeding
WHY COMPULSORY TO EVALUATE
Colonic cancer is frequently missed due to obvious haemorrhoidal disease
Main diagnosis is delayed for a long time – too late
CONSERVATIV TRATAMENT
Bleeding
Dietary suplements with fibers (larger volume + softer)
Increase vascular tonusGinko Biloba Flavonoids (Detralex)
CONSERVATIV TRATAMENT
PRURITUS
Hot bath – decreasing muscular tonus
Fibers in food
Analgetic creams
Corticoids locally (supositories or cream) but no more then 7 days
Changed local hygiene
CONSERVATIV TRATAMENT
THROMBOSIS OF HAEMORRHOIDS
Surgical thrombectomy – first 48 hours
Analgetics
Dietary changes
Hot bath
Surgical treatment 1 – Milligan - Morgan
Surgical treatment 2 – Ferguson
Surgical treatment 3 – Stappler haemorrhoiedctomy
NEW TECHNIQUES
BANDING
Principles:Elastic ligatures on the base of
haemorrhoid followed by necrosisDetachment of necrotic areaScar formation + sclerosis will fix the
mucosa
SCLEROTHERAPY
Irritative substances (Almond oil + phenol)
Slerosis + fixation of mucosa
Injection only around vessels
ANAL DILATION
Hypertony is a major cause of pain
Unde rgeneral anaesthesia
Make banding easier and better
Decreased the tonus of the sphincter – mechanism of hemorrhoid formation
Not in cases with low tonus
FOTOCOAGULATION
Infrared radiation directly over the hemorrhoid
Therncauterisation followed by sclerosis
In stages
CRIOCOAGULATION and ELECTROCOAGULATIONCriotherapt forceps – rapid cooling at -36 degree
Similar effects with infrared thermocoagulation
Lesions will shrink
More efficient for large hemorrhoids
CO2 LASER
Hemorrhoidectomy by vaporisation of tissue
Similar with surgical excision
Very expensive and difficult to use
Harmonic knife
Ultrasonic energy
Very little effects on the tissue around the area treated
No smoke, low temperatures (50-100 degrees)
Seals vessels and coagulates proteins
Harmonic knife
No burned tissue (doesn’t coagulate via dessictaion)
Coagulates even large vessels
Low chances for postoperative bleeding
Ligation of haemorrhoidal artery HAL
New technoque
Ligation of feeding artery
Good results
COMPLICATIONS OF ALL METHODS
Stenosis
Tags
Recurencies
Fissure
Incontinence
Impactation with feces
Postop bleeding
RESULTSVery good
Dependeing on the tpe of hemorrhoids and clnical signs
Rational choice of therapy
Better in the hands of a proffesional
FISSURA IN ANOANAL FISSURE
General considerations
Denuded epithelium of the anal canal overlying the internal sphincter
Painful – highly sensitive area
Typically single ulcerations
Hypertrophic papilla – chronic inflammation
Sentinel pile
Diagnosis
3 ELEMENTSUlcerHypertrophic pappilaSentinel tag
Clinical findings
Symptoms and signs:Painful bowel movement associated with
bright red bleedingPain severe: after movement and
sensation is described like burning Constipation
Clinical examinationWith anaesthesia
Rectal:Tag Ulcer – in the middle Pappila Increased tonusSigmoidoscopy should be deffered
Differential diagnosis
Other ulcers:SyphilisCarcinomaTBCGranulomatous enetritis with ulcers
NOT TYPICALBiopsy
Association with haemorrhoids
TREATMENTMedical:Softening of the stoolTopical cream with myorelaxantHot bathFlavonoids
Surgical:Lateral internal shpyncterotomyAnal dilation
PROGNOSIS
Very good if good care
Tend to become chronic
The do not become malignant
ANORECTAL ABSCESS
ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS
Persistent throbbing rectal pain
External evidence of absecss
Systemic manifestations of infection
General considerations
Invasion of pararectal spaces by pathogenic microorganisms (mixed infection + frequent anaerobs)
Infection starts from an infected cript
Classification is anatomical according to the spaces invaded
Classification
Perianal – bellow levator aniIschiorectal – ischiorectal fossaRetrorectalSubmucousMarginal – in the anal canal beneath the anodermPelvirectalIntermuscular
Clinical Findings
The more superficial, the more painful
PAIN – related to sitting and walking
Infection: swelling, redness, induration, tenderness
Deep abscess – limited local signs + sepsis
Complications
Spreading to adjacent spaces
Pelvic gangrene or necrotizing fasciitis when anaerobic infections spread without concern for anatomic bariers
Fistula formation
TREATMENT
SURGICAL Incision and drainageDo not wait for the abscess to point
externallyFistulotomy may come in discussion if a
fistula is found (caution for the quality of the remnant sphincter)
ANORECTAL FISTULA
Essentials of diagnosis
Chronic purulent discharge
TRACT: palpable or probed will lead in the rectum
General considerations
At least 2 openings
Most fistulas originate in the anal cript Subcutaneous Submucoasal Intramuscular Submuscular
Anatomical Anterior Posterior Single/complex Horseshoe
Clinical Findings
Symptoms and signsPurulent drainage and dischargePalpation - cordlike tract in relation with the
spincter Probe
Rectal examination + rectoscopy – the internal opening
Exploration
Contrast fistulography
MRIAnatomy of the fistula for surgical excisionMostly in complex fistulas
Differential diagnosis
Hidradenitis suppurativaPilonidal sinusGranulomatous disease – CrohnInfected lesions (comedomes, sebaceous cyst, foliculitis, bartholinitis)Retrorectal dermooid tumorColoperineal fistulaPostraumatic sinuses or foreign bodyEtc.
Complications
Recurrent abscess formation
Generalized sepsis
Carcinoma in a chronic untreated fistula is possible
Treatment
SURGICALPrimary opening must be found end
excisedComplete identification of the tractThe tract must be unroofed on the entire
length – open woundCareful construction of the wound to favor
healing
Operations for fistula
Pilonidal disease
Essentials in diagnosis
Abscess or chronic discharges from a sinus in the sacrococcigeal area
Pain, tenderness, induration
General considerations
Drainig sinus or abscess
Underlying cyst containg granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis + tufts of hair
Congenital vs aquired
CAUSE: infection + irritation and trapping hair in deep tissue of the area
Clinical Findings
Asymptomatic until becomes infected
Acute suppuration in sacrococcigean area
If drained spontaneously – sinus with intermittent discharge
Probe may pass in the sinus – in to the cyst
Complications
Infection + multiple tracts
Sepsis
Malignant degeneration - rarely
Treatment
Acute abscess: Drainage
Chronic disease:Excision of all damaged tissueCystotomy to excision
Malignant tumors of the anal canal
Epidermoid carcinoma
75% of all malignancies of the areaEarly: verucous, nodular lesionLate: ulcerated, indurated, nodular nmass
Palpable inguinal nodesMay invade the rectum: false imprssion of rectal carcinomaLymphatic spread: like rectal + inguinal nodes
Treatment
External radiation + concomitant chemotherapy
Radical surgery in case of failure
Malignant melanoma
Horrible prognosis
Dark mass protruding from the anus
50% pigmented
Lymph node MTS early
Treatment - not clear advantage of any alternative
Bowen’s diseasecarcinoma in situ
Like all other places of skin
Plaque-like eczematoid lesion + pruritus
Biopsy-carcioma in situ + hyperkeratosis and giant cells
Therapy: local excision with safety margins
Basal cell carcinoma
Ulcerating tumor (uncommon)
“Rodent ulcer” like every other place of skin exposed
Doesn’t spread distantly
Local excision
Paget’s disease
Rare conditionPale plaquelike condition with induration + nodular mass (not always)Nodular mass= coloid carcinoma from glands or other skin appendagesLocal excision (without mass)Radical surgery + chemo + RT for coloid carcinoma