Hail to the ChiefHail to the Chief

Jumpstart Assignment

Describe the following political cartoon.

Describe What’s Happening in the Cartoon

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Executive Branch: Inception

• The Articles of Confederation: combined executive and legislative branches

• The Virginia Plan: proposed separate executive and legislative branches

• Some feared a strong executive branch could lead to tyranny or monarchy

• Checks on executive power Pennsylvania delegate James Wilson

Demographic Characteristics of U.S.

Presidents• 100% male• 97% Caucasian• 97% Protestant• 82% of British

ancestry• 77% college educated

• 70% politicians• 63% lawyers• >50% from the top 3%

wealth and social class• 0.5% born into

poverty• 69% elected from

large states

http://www.presidentsusa.net

Constitutional Qualifications Must be at least

35 years old

Must have lived in the United States for 14 years

Must be a natural born citizen

And that’s it!!!

The President’s Term• Until 1951, the Constitution placed no limit on the number of

terms a President might serve.• Presidents limited the number of terms served to two. This

tradition was broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 when he ran for and won a third term in office. He then went on to be elected to a fourth term in 1944.

• The 22nd Amendment placed limits on presidential terms. A President now may not be elected more than twice or only once if they became President due to succession.

Chapter 13, Section 1Chapter 13, Section 1

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Presidential Term of Office

• The two-term precedent• The 22nd Amendment

President Franklin D. Roosevelt was

elected to four terms

George Washington set

the two-term precedent

Presidential Benefits $400,000 taxable salary $50,000/year expense

account $100,000/year travel

expenses The White House Secret Service

protection Camp David country

estate Air Force One personal

airplane Staff of 400-500

Christmas at the White House, 2004

Presidential RolesPresidential Roles

Head of StateHead of State

Chief Diplomat; Symbol of the US Chief Diplomat; Symbol of the US

Head of StateHead of State

Queen Elizabeth and President Reagan, 1983

President Kennedy speaks at Berlin Wall, 1963

Chief ExecutiveChief Executive

Administrator of the federal government Administrator of the federal government

Chinese Presidents Visit to the US

Chief ExecutiveChief Executive

President Bush holds cabinet meeting in October, 2005

President Clinton with Janet Reno, the first female Attorney General,

February, 1993

Commander in ChiefCommander in Chief

Civilian commander of the US Armed Forces

Civilian commander of the US Armed Forces

Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief

President Bush aboard U.S.S. Lincoln, May, 2003

President Johnson decorates a soldier in Vietnam, October, 1966

Chief LegislatorChief Legislator

National agenda setter; proposes bills for consideration in Congress

National agenda setter; proposes bills for consideration in Congress

Chief LegislatorChief Legislator

President Clinton delivers the State of the Union Address, 1997

President Roosevelt signs into law the Social Security Act, 1935

Political Party LeaderPolitical Party Leader

Head of the party who assists in member’s elections or appointment to office

Head of the party who assists in member’s elections or appointment to office

Barack Obama delivers his Inaugural address in front millions in Washington and millions more on worldwide TV.

Political Party LeaderPolitical Party Leader

President Reagan & Vice-President Bush accepting their party’s nomination in 1980

Crisis ManagerCrisis Manager

Lead country through disasters, both natural and man-made

Lead country through disasters, both natural and man-made

President Barack Obama wipes away a tear during his speech at the event "Together We Thrive: Tucson and America" honoring the January 8, 2011 shooting victims

Crisis ManagerCrisis Manager

Vice-President Johnson sworn in aboard Air Force One

after President Kennedy’s assassination, 1963

President Bush at Ground Zero after 9-11

Moral PersuaderMoral Persuader

The White House as a bully pulpit (From President T. Roosevelt, meaning a platform from which to persuasively advocate and agenda. Word “bully” means superior.”

The White House as a bully pulpit (From President T. Roosevelt, meaning a platform from which to persuasively advocate and agenda. Word “bully” means superior.”

Moral PersuaderMoral Persuader

President Lincoln during the Civil War, 1862

President Roosevelt and the “Bully Pulpit,” 1910

Role of the Vice PresidentRole of the Vice President

Role of the Vice PresidentRole of the Vice President____ 1. The vice president is also the president of the Senate._____2. The vice president is also head of the judicial branch and presides over the Supreme Court.____ 3. The vice president and cabinet are part of the legislative branch.____ 4. The vice president is first in the line of succession to the presidency.____ 5. The Constitution notes only one official role for the vice president.____ 6. The qualifications for the vice presidency are not the same as those for the presidency.____ 7. The vice president administers the oath of office to the president.

Presidential Disability

Chapter 13, Section 2Chapter 13, Section 2

• Sections 3 and 4 of the 25th Amendment provide procedures to follow when the President is disabled.

• The Vice President is to become acting President if:(1) the President informs Congress, in writing, “that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office,” or (2) the VP and a majority of the members of the Cabinet inform Congress, in writing, that the President is thus incapacitated.

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The 25th Amendment

• Deals with instances in which the president dies or becomes disabled

• Established an order of succession

• Set rules for choosing a new vice-president

Lyndon Johnson takes the presidential oath of office after the

assassination of JFK

Presidential Succession Act of 1947 Provides an official line of Provides an official line of

succession should succession should something happen to the something happen to the President or Vice President.President or Vice President.

Non-Natural-Born citizens are ineligible Must have been confirmed by Senate 14 VP’s have went on to become

President. 5 of our last 11 Presidents were once VP.

Vice President

Joe Biden-D

Speaker of the House

John Boehner - R

President Pro Tempore of the Senate

Patrick Leahy-D

Secretary of State

John Kerry-D

Secretary of the Treasury Jacob Lew-Ind

Presidential Powers of the United States

Constitutional Powers

Powers/duties are very limited “executive power” – enact/enforce

law1. Military Power2. Diplomatic Power3. Appointment Power4. Veto Power

Formal Powers of the President

Constitutional or enumerated powers of the presidency

Found primarily in Article II of the Constitution

Formal Powers: Commander-in-Chief

(National Security Powers)

Commander in Chief of the Army & Navy Commander in Chief of the state militias (now

the National Guard) Commission all officers

Formal Powers: Commander-in-Chief -

Examples Abraham Lincoln as Commander in

Chief during Civil War FDR during WWII Eisenhower sends army to

segregate HS in Little Rock, AR (1957)

George W. Bush deploys National Guard reservists in Iraq

Formal Powers: Chief Executive(Administrative Powers)

“Faithfully execute” the laws Require the opinion of heads of executive

departments Grant pardons for federal offenses except for

cases of impeachment Nominate judges of the Supreme Court and all

other officers of the U.S. with consent of the Senate

Fill vacancies that may happen during recess of the Senate

Formal Powers: Chief Executive -

Examples Washington created the first cabinet

(1789) President Ford pardoned Richard

Nixon (1974) President Reagan appoints first

female Supreme Court Justice (1981)

Formal Powers:Foreign Affairs(National Security Powers)

Appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls

Make treaties subject to Senate confirmation

Receive ambassadors

Formal Powers:Foreign Affairs -

Examples President Kennedy negotiates the

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the USSR

Formal Powers: Chief Legislator(Legislative Powers)

Give State of the Union address to Congress

Recommend “measures” (legislation) to the Congress

Upon “extraordinary occasions” convene both houses of Congress

Adjourn Congress if House and Senate can not agree on adjournment

Formal Powers:Chief Legislator (cont.)

Presidential Veto

Veto Message within 10 days of passing the House of origin

Pocket Veto - President does not sign within 10 days

Congress can override with 2/3 majority from both Houses

Veto Politics Congressional override is difficult (only 4%)

Threat of veto can cause Congress to make changes in legislation

Formal Powers:Chief Legislator -

Examples George Washington gave the first

State of the Union address FDR and the New Deal Obama and Stimulus Plan

JUDICIAL POWERS Grant reprieves and pardons for

federal offenses (except impeachment)

Nominate federal judges (including Supreme Court Justices), who are confirmed by the Senate

• Those powers not explicitly written in the Constitution

• Similar to “necessary and proper” powers of Congress

• In the modern era (since 1933), the President’s informal powers may be significantly more powerful than his formal powers

Informal Powers

Executive Orders• Orders issued by the

President that carry the force of law

• Clinton’s “Don’t ask don’t tell” gays in the military policy

• FDR’s internment of Japanese Americans

• GWB trying suspected terrorists in military tribunals

Notice for Japanese “relocation,” 1942

Executive Agreements

• International agreements, usually related to trade, made by a president that has the force of a treaty; does NOT need Senate approval

• Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana in 1803 • GWB announced cuts in

the nuclear arsenal, but not in a treaty; usually trade agreements between

US and other nations

Executive Privilege• Claim by a president that he has the right to decide

that the national interest will be better served if certain information is withheld from the public, including the Courts and Congress

• United States v. Nixon (1973) – presidents do NOT have unqualified executive privilege (Nixon Watergate tapes)

Questions for Discussion• Why are informal powers more important

than formal powers, particularly to modern presidents?

• Identify several advantages and disadvantages of the use of the president’s informal powers.

• Has the use and perhaps abuse of the informal powers created an “Imperial Presidency?” Defend your answer.

War & PeaceWar & Peace - Whose Power - Whose Power Is It?Is It?War & PeaceWar & Peace - Whose Power - Whose Power Is It?Is It?

The War Powers Struggle Between The War Powers Struggle Between the President and Congressthe President and Congress

Constitutionally Constitutionally Speaking:Speaking:

War PowersWar Powers

War Powers - PresidentWar Powers - PresidentCommander in Chief of the Army & NavyCommander in Chief of the state militias (now the

National Guard)Commission all

officersAppoint ambassadors,

ministers and consulsMake treaties subject to

senate confirmationReceive ambassadors

Indirect War Powers – President “Faithfully execute” the laws Require the opinion of heads of executive

departments Recommend “measures” to the congress Upon “extraordinary occasions” convene

both houses of congress

War Powers - Congress Declare war Raise & support army

& navy Ratify treaties (Senate) Advise & consent of

ambassadors (Senate) Make rules concerning

captures on land & water

Organize, arm, train & provide for the militia

Suppress insurrections & repel invasions

Indirect War Powers-Congress Make all laws necessary and proper for

carrying out the expressed powers of the Constitution

Regulate commerce with foreign nations Originate tax bill (House) Collect taxes, duties, excises (both Borrow (both) Define and punish offenses against the law

of nations

War Powers Resolution - Purpose Full intent of the framers Insure “collective judgment” between

Congress and the President occurs when US armed forces are introduced into hostilities

Cites necessary and proper clause to grant Congress authority in WPR

The War Powers ResolutionThe War Powers ResolutionThe War Powers ResolutionThe War Powers Resolution

1. President must consult w/ Congress before introducing armed forces into hostilities

2. Consult with Congress regularly until troops removed

3. If war not declared, President must submit report to Congress within 48 hours of troop deployment

4. President must remove troops after 60 days (+30 days for withdrawal) if Congress has not declared war

1. President must consult w/ Congress before introducing armed forces into hostilities

2. Consult with Congress regularly until troops removed

3. If war not declared, President must submit report to Congress within 48 hours of troop deployment

4. President must remove troops after 60 days (+30 days for withdrawal) if Congress has not declared war