Haitian Revolution

Haiti• Located in the

Caribbean • Originally

colonized by the French

• Site of sugar plantations

• Site of the largest successful slave rebellion in history

Sugar is grown on plantations. It is very profitable, but it was the

deadliest form of plantation slavery there was.

The French Revolution

• The revolution loosened French rule.

• Free Africans on Haiti expected the Declaration of the Rights of Man would apply to them.

• When the French refused, free Africans revolted.

1791 - The Slaves join the fight

• No one expected the slaves to fight

• The French tried to put down the rebellion

• In 1794 the Declaration of the Rights of Man was applied to Free Africans, but slavery remained

Toussaint Louverture• Self educated former

slave• Re – conquered Haiti for

the French• Ruled Haiti for a few

years• Ended slavery in Haiti and

also freed slaves in nearby Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)

Toussaint Louverture• Slavery ended during his rule• Issued a constitution for Haiti• Was persuaded to join with

the French in 1802• Louverture was betrayed and

imprisoned by the French• He died in prison in 1802

Haiti Wins Independence

• Jean Jacques Dessalines was the next leader of the Haitians

• The Haitians were helped by the British blockade of the French

• Dessalines beats the French on November 18, 1803

• The French quit

The Haitian Republic

• On January 1, 1804 Haiti is declared a republic

• The Second republic in the western world

• The largest successful slave rebellion ever

Causes of the Boxer Rebellion

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Causes of the Boxer Rebellion • Recognizing the

weakness of the Chinese military, the Western powers rushed to claim more territory in China. Germany, Russia, Great Britain and France all carved out spheres of influence there.

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The Boxers• Resentment towards

foreigners was on the rise due to continued foreign involvement within China.

• This gave rise to nationalist movements like the secret society called The Righteous & Harmonious Fists, called “Boxers” by Westerners because they practiced martial arts.

Boxer Philosophy• Opposed foreign influence in

China.• Believe that Christian

missionaries were destroying Chinese culture by spreading their religion.

• They wanted to destroy and kick the foreigners out of China.

• Eventual they won the support of the Qing dynasty who’s rulers hope to gain back control over their empire.

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The Boxer Rebellion• Began in 1899 when

the Boxers set out to destroy anything foreign.– Slaughtered Chinese

Christians, missionaries, & anyone foreign.

– Burned houses, schools, & churches

• Laid siege to the foreign Embassies in Beijing.

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Military of the Powers during the Boxer Rebellion, with their naval flags, from left to right: Italy, United States, France, Austria-Hungary, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Russia. Japanese print, 1900.

Causes of the Sepoy Rebellion

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Changes To Indian Society• The British East India Company also invited Christian

missionaries to spread their beliefs

• Some Indians began to believe the British were trying to destroy their society.

• These changes resulted in strained relation between Indians and the British.

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The Sepoy Rebellion• In 1857, these strained relations exploded into a rebellion.• The introduction of a new type of British rifle set off

rebellion.– To load the rifle, a soldier had to bite off the end of a

paper ammunition cartridge and pour the powder and bullet down the barrel of the gun.

– A false rumor spread that the cartridges were greased with pig and cow fat.

– This offended the Muslim & Hindu sepoys.– Muslims did not eat pork and Hindus did not eat beef.– This process would have caused the Sepoys to get soul

polluting grease directly into their bodies.

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The Sepoy Rebellion• Sepoys refused to use

cartridges thinking it was a plot to make them abandon their religions.

• The Sepoys were punished by the British for protesting.

• In response, the sepoys rose up against the British.

• Violence was ferocious.• Both sides committed

atrocities.• Lasted for two years

Causes of the Zulu Wars

Zulu Expansion• The Zulu were a South African

tribe that placed an emphasis on military organization and skill, as established by their legendary leader Shaka Zulu.

• Under Shaka’s rule, the Zulu broadened their land claims throughout Southern Africa and by the early 19th century had become a powerful kingdom.

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Zulu Wars• By 1870 European colonial expansion was at its

borders. – The British were expanding from the south. – The Boers were expanding from the west.

• Along with land, Southern Africa was rich in natural resources, especially diamonds and gold that all three groups were competing over.

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Zulu Wars

• The British goal was to unite all of Southern Africa under their control.

• To do this the Zulu kingdom had to be removed.

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Zulu Wars• During this time the British were

fighting many small wars in various colonies and did not want another war.

• Lord Chelmsford felt that war was unavoidable and would be short.

• He used a minor border incident as justification to demand that the Zulus give up their military system which was key to their culture.

• The Zulus refused and the war began in January of 1879. 26

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