Hakas English Dictionary

8/10/2019 Hakas English Dictionary

1/104

KHAKAS-TURKISH-ENGLISH

DICTIONARY

TURKISTAN LIBRARY

www.turklib.com

TURKISTON KUTUBXONASI

www.turklib.uz


2/104

THE KHAKAS LANGUAGE

Khakas is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas people, who mainly live in the southernSiberian Khakas Republic, or Khakassia. The Khakas number 78,500, of whom 60,168 speak theKhakas language; most people are bilingual in Russian.

Traditionally, the Khakas language is divided into several closely related dialects which taketheir names form the different 'tribes': Sagay,Kacha,Koybal,Beltir, andKyzyl. In fact, thesenames represent former administrative units rather than tribal or linguistic groups. Later on, theShordialect was recognized as a Khakas dialect as well. The people speaking all these dialectssimply refer to themselves as Tadar(i.e. Tatar).

The Khakas literary language, which was developed only after the Russian revolution, is

based on the central dialects Sagay and Kacha; the Beltir dialect has largely been assimilated bySagay, and the Koybal dialect by Kacha. The Shor dialect of Khakas is spoken by people whooriginally came from Shoria, an area bordering on the west of Khakassia. The language spokenin Shoria, Shor, is closely related to Khakas, and can in fact be regarded as a dialect of Khakas.

The first text recordings of Khakas originate from the 19th century. The Finnish linguistMatthias Castrn, who travelled through northern and Central Asia between 1845-1849, wrote atreatise on the Koybal dialect, and recorded an epic (1857).

Wilhelm Radloff travelled the south Siberian region extensively between 1859 and 1870. Theresult of his research was, among others, published in his four volume dictionary, Versuch einesWrterbuches der Trk-dialecte(1893-1911), and in his ten volume series of Turkic texts,

Proben der Volkslitteratur der trkischen Stmme(1866-1907). The first two volumes containhis Khakas and Shor materials, mainly epics and songs, which are provided with a Germantranslation. The ninth volume, compiled by Radloff's student Nikolaj Fedorovich Katanov, whowas a Khakas himself, contains further Khakas materials.

Apart from some minor publications, it was only in the forties of the twentieth century thatpublications in Khakas on a larger scale started off.

Introduction to the Khakas Vocabulary

[A] [B] [] [E] [I] [] [] [K] [M] [N] [O] [] [P] [S] [Sh] [T] [U] [] [X] [Y]

The alphabetical index above points to files in word format, the index at the bottom of the page

points to older files in html format.


3/104

The Khakas language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet, to which some letters have been added(in transcription these are: , , ,j,gh, and ). The Cyrillic lettersf, v, ts, andshchoccur inRussian loanwords only. The table below presents the letters used here and their pronunciation.

The Khakas ConsonantsConsonants labial alveolar palatal velar uvular

plosivesvoiceless p t k

voiced b d

affricatesvoiceless

voiced

fricativesvoiceless s sh x

voiced z zh g gh

nasals m n

liquidslaterals l

vibrants r

approximants y

The Khakas Vowels

Vowelsfront back

unrounded rounded unrounded rounded

high i, u

non-high e a o

The lettersshandzhonly occur in Kyzyl, Kacha and Shor dialect forms.

A number of additional letters are used by Radloff:(next to e, in the modern literary language both represented by e)q(literary languagex)

g'('soft' or nearly frictionless pronunciation ofg)b'(slighly nasalised b)l'(velarized l)

Radloff furthermore employs two additional letters, ajwithout dot, and ajwith comma-like dot.According to his dictionary, these graphemes represent aypreceded by a soft tand by a soft drespectively; in his Proben, however, these representations have been switched. Following hisdictionary,jwithout dot is here represented by t', andjwith comma-like dot by d'. These

graphemes occur mainly in Koybal dialect words, and correspond roughly to literary language andj.

All vowels may have length, except for the reduced .


4/104

Note that kandgoccur in front-vocalic words, andxandghin back-vocalic words.

The letters b, d,j,z,g,gh, , l, randydo not occur in word-initial position (except forloanwords); the Kyzyl dialect allowsshandyin this position.

The Khakas-English vocabulary presented below is based mainly on the Khakas-Russian

dictionary edited by Baskakov and Inkizhekova-Grekul (1953). Many of the Russian loanwordshave been omitted here. To these materials, the words of the Sagay, Koybal, Kacha and Kyzyldialects in Radloff's dictionary (1893-1911) have been added. Occasionally, words form othersources have been included.

Etymological references are being noted (as time goes by).

KHAKAS VOCABULARY:

A

aand, but. aah! aalvillage, settlement; obsolnomad camp; Xzl Aal'The Red Village' (name of a local

newspaper); aal sovedvillage council; aaldaghbeing in the village; pertaining to thevillage, village-; aaldagh gretteacher of the village. [


5/104

aarfar; thither; aar par!go thither! go away!; aar-peerhither and thither; aar-tdrtoand fro; aar aylanza - ay osxas, peer aylanza - kn osxas aar-tdrfolkif she turnsthither, she is like the moon, if she turns hither, she is like the sun (said of a beautifulgirl). [


6/104

aghastree; wood; srghay aghasdead wood, dead standing trees; a wooden pole forshaking down ceder cones; aghas odrtazforest plantation; the planting of young trees;aghas taxtawooden bridge; aghas promshlennozwood industry; te aghasbanner.[


7/104

aljaasta=to be mistaken; cfobsolSagay,Koybal, Shornaal=. [LM aljiyas]. ajciankle. [LM alu]. allghbroad. alnfront; frontside; before (possessiveof aln); tura alnthe frontside of the house;

alnndain front (of); before; ta alnndabefore dawn; sotsialistieskay marghlastaolarn brigadaz alnnda parain the socialist emulation, their brigade goes in front;

alnnda paratxan kolxoza kolxoz marching in front, a progressive kolxoz; l plannsrok alnnda toldrghabswe have fulfilled the year plan before date; revolyutsiyapastalar alnndaon the eve of the revolution; ol kirek trt l mn alnnda polghanthat matter occurred four years before this. [


8/104

between, in the mountains; kz arazna kr=to enter society, to meddle with otherpeople's business; ara xon=to spend the night;k-aratwins (animals). [


9/104

at=to shoot. [


10/104

ayghasRI:15Sagayteasing. ayghaxdialclaw. ayghsmooth, equal. ayghrdialcfasxrstallion. ayghr=to shout. [


11/104

azrl=to be separated. [


12/104

adialhair; amB75:5Kaamy hair; cfsashair. adghresting place, place for lying down; Sagaywood blown down by the wind. [


13/104

ar=to become light, to shine; kn arpathe sun is shining; ay arpathe moon isshining; ta arpadawn is breaking; kn sala la araandaat the first light of day;tigr arp turghanthe sky lighted up. [


14/104

idlcough. [


15/104

lghwarm. [


16/104

orxjourney; walk, gait, pace; pu att orgh axsthe gait of this horse is good;corx kztraveler.

orxillness, sickness; epidemic, infection; cfsr. orxtghhaving a trotting gait, trotting. oxthere is not, (is) not present; poverty; poor; ox pol=to become nothing, to be lost.

[


17/104

e-RI:656Sagay,Koybal,Kachato be (defective verb); ediRI:657Sagaywas; ebsRI:657Sagay, emsRI:953Sagay,Koybal,Kachais not. [


18/104

elgkt=RI:822Sagay,Koybal,Kachato sieve, to sift; cfilge=. elgl=RI:822Koybalto knock [lgl=RI:822Kyzylto shiver, to tremble]. [cfCT

*elgen=]. eliginjiRI:819Sagayfiftieth [eligint'iRI:819Koybal,Kacha, elig'jiRI:819Sagay]. elisRI:819Koybalsheet of paper. [Rus list']. elkcfilkfemale of the wild goat.

elkSagaymockery [elkRI:811Koybal,Kacha]. [


19/104

eres=to roll about together (for laughter, etc.). eret=to cause to roll about (for laughter, etc.). ergp-tirRI:785Koybalit is necessary, must. ergs=to joke; to amuse oneself. eristig'RI:772Sagay,Koybalboring [rishtg'RI:772Kacha]]; cfirsboredom,

weariness.

ern=dialcfirn=to be lazy, indolent. ernjekdialcfirnjeklazy; laziness. ermeka kind of cheese. eskiril=RI:882Sagay,Koybalto be reported, announced, notified; cfiskr=to report. eshtr=RI:913Kachato let hear, to announce. til=RI:843Kyzylpoeticto speak. eyexclamation; ey oolax, peer kildekeh, son, come here! zpRI:894Kyzylnumber. [?Ar]. zptn=RI:894Kyzylto calculate. ezt=RI:889Sagay,Koybalto make yawn, to bore; [cfize=to yawn. eziriktg'RI:896Sagay,Koybal,Kachaintoxicating. ezrln=RI:893Sagay,Koybal,Kachato be saddled [zrln=RI:893Sagay]. ezhengeshKyzylcfzenshope.

I

ibhouse, home, yurt [eb'RI:925Sagay,Koybal, ebiRI:931Sagay (speech along theriver Is), pRI:1308Sagay]; ibdeat home [eb'dRI:925]; ibzer parimlet me go home[eb'g(~ eg'b') parimRI:926]; ibdefrom home [eb'd sqtRI:926s/he went out];toghst ibge al=to take work home; aghas ibwooden house; tos ibbirch house; kiis ibfelt yurt; sigs pulungh iboctagonal yurt; xaralgh ibKachaobsolhouse with askylight; tegri eb'RI:926church; ib xuzdomestic bird. [


20/104

ibrs=to turn around, go around, surround, encircle together; to help revolve, to rotate[


21/104

igrle=to bend, to distort, to make something crooked. igrlen=to be bended, distorted; to twist, to twitch. igmendiala piece sewn on the shoulder of a woman's dress; cfen, dialimen, Sagay

igben. iiwoodgrouse [RI:1407Koybal]. iikRI:1414Koybalviolin, fiddle; cfx.

iilt=RI:1493Sagay,Koybal,Kachato bend down, to stoop. iirevening [RI:1456Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]; iirdein the evening [iirdRI:1456]; xsx

iirwinter evening; iir solbanevening star; summer lightning; xzl iirat sunset. [


22/104

ilget=to order to sieve, sift, to have sieved, sifted. [


23/104

ineyold woman, grandmother; wife [inyRI:1442Sagay,Koybal, enyRI:730Sagay,Koybal(also a term of address for married women)]; enyi ebddRI:730is your wifeat home?; tas ineystone statue (in the steppes of Khakassia); cfip, Sagayreken.

ineyekgrandmother, old woman; wife. inylg'RI:1442Sagayhaving a wife, married [enylg'RI:731Sagay,Koybal]; enylg'

pal'al'g' kiziRI:731a man having wife and children; enylg' tur-aaRI:731he is

married. insmountain slope. [


24/104

iptet=to cause to fit, adapt, adjust [eptt=RI:922Sagay,Koybal,Kachato fit, to adjust;to always act as reconciliator].

iptgfitting, apt, exact, comfortable, as it oughts [eptg'RI:923Sagay,Koybal,Kacha];iptg sapogboots that fit.

irman; husband [erRI:753Sagay,Koybal,Kacha]; al'ghan erRI:753Sagayhusband; irpol-parghanhe has become a man, grown up into a man, he has reached manhood; irge

par=to marry, to get married; cfiren. [


25/104


26/104

is=to scoop; to row [es=RI:871Sagay,Koybal]; sughn knekne is=to scoop waterwith buckets; iskne is=to row with paddles. [


27/104

they received his/her greetings; izen polzamif I am healthy; ezn yrzm sh shl'dpaznda men ebg ayl'anarbnRI:890Sagay[sic] if I remain healthy, I will returnhome in three years; ol izen tustaat the time of his/her life; izen mind!health to you!;izen mind pirstlerfolkthey greeted one another; izen polzn pastagh maylong livethe first of May!. [


28/104

qaydiiba?RI:854like this, like that or otherwise?; edy kerk, aqsRI:849that's right,good!.

dgthe act of pushing, squash, crush, repulsion. dn=to push one another, to jostle; to push off, to repulse; to fidget, to move restlessly.

[


29/104

lgstghaving a peg, hook. lgrshelf for dishes [lgrRI:1857Sagay]. [LM elggrpeg, hook, hanger]. lgrlghaving a shelf for dishes. lgobsolthe width of a finger (as a measure of length), inch [ilig'RI:1485Sagay, illig'

RI:1493Sagay,Koybal,Kacha, elig'RI:819Sagay,Koybal];k lgtwo inch. [


30/104

rngpurulent; snotty. [


31/104

zen=to hope, to expect; to trust, to rely on [izin=RI:1542Sagay, ezn=RI:890Sagay,Koybal,Kacha];zengen kzma person I trust; kz izinm, qudaygha izin!RI:1541don't rely on your power, rely on god!. [


32/104


33/104

maymythgoddess protecting newly-born and small children. [


34/104

rsluck, good fortune; succes; cfaaska. [cf


35/104

zr=to bite. [


36/104

kil- RII:1071Koybalto make noise.

kn-RII:1071 Sagay, Koybalto gnaw.

kep RII:1185Sagaysuddenly.

kept- RII:1188 WSagay to believe.

keptn- RII:1189 Sagay to dry. [cfCT *kebi-]

ker RII:1083Sagay, Kacha, Koybalmonster, giant animal. [cfAlt kr]

ker RII:1086 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal point in time; at as kerzind poan RII:1086 Sagay s/he was

about six years old. [


37/104

kir-BI78bcfkizr-to make go across.

kireBI78a across, over; kol kireBI78aacross the road; cf kizre.

kidenBI73alinen, flax, sackcloth [kednRII:1133Sagay, Koybal]. [Ar kattn]

kidenngBI73aof linen, flax, sackcloth.

kider BI73a west, westwards; aside [kedr RII:1134 Sagay, Koybal sidewards]; kidertn BI73a from the

west; kiderk BI73awest-, western; kider tur-BI73ato stand or step aside; kiderk granitsaBI73awestern

border. [cfCT *ketirti]

kideyBI73astingy, miserly, niggardly; unsociable; cfxaram.

kideylen-BI73ato be stingy, miserly, niggardly; to be unsociable; cfxaramnan-.

kidr-RII:1378 WSagayto thunder softly.

kigr-BI73ato belch [kigr-RII:1341Sagay, Koybal]. [


38/104

kiklsBI74bdial cfkilegeystammerer.

kil-BI74bto come [kel-RII:1111Sagay, Kacha, Koybal,B**7 Kyzyl]; att kildm BI74bI came by horse, on

horseback; kilgenm puBI74bso I have come; kilgen axsBI74bit is good you have come; kiler pold

BI74bs/he was to come, promised to come; ana kilgeyziBI74bplease come after-wards;kil-turBI74b

come sometime; xustar kileler BI74b the birds are coming; kiler lknde BI74b next Sunday; kiler

kndeBI74bin the following days; kr-kelRII:1112look!; sr-kel RII:1112drive here!; sq-keldiRII:1112s/hecame out; usxun-kild BI74b,usqan-keldi RII:1112s/he woke up; s kildBI74bs/he grew up; uzirm kile

BI74bIm getting sleepy. [


39/104

kimegeBI75a stovefordistillation.[cfShor, Alt kbg]

kimelgBI75ahaving a ship, boat; sun kimelg kiskebsBI75awe crossed the water by boat.

kimr-BI75ato gnaw. [


40/104

kipBI76a last (for shoes) [kepRII:1184Sagay, Koybalpossibility];kebi ou RII:1184Sagay there is no

way; kep ssRII:1185story, legend. [


41/104

kirektg BI77anecessary, required, important; busy [kerkt RII:1089 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kirektg

nime necessary thing; t kirektg iskrginforma-tion of the utmost importance; ulu kirektg iskrg

highly important information. [


42/104


43/104

kize-torBI73b, BI77bflatly, straight, point-blank; roughly, impolite; ol aaa kize-tor nandranBI73b

s/he answered him/her point-blank.

kizekBI73bpiece, part, bit, lump, segment, section, fragment [kizkRII:1389Sagay small];pu kizekt

xr-salBI73bread this section loud; ulu pek kizp alanBI73bs/he cut off a large piece of bread for

him/herself;kizek malBI73bscanty livestock; kizk isRII:1389small shrubbery. [


44/104

kbrenkBI78bgrumbler; cfnaxlanx, pernek.

kbrenkB114grumbling, grumpy; cfnamzanax.

kelg BI80adiligent [kigliRII:1380 Sagay, kiblikRII:1380Sagay].

ken-BI80ato look after, to take care of; to apply oneself to; to make efforts.

kenbes BI80blight-hearted, careless.

kiekBI80bsmall, little; tiny, wee; a little, just a bit [kiikRII:1384Sagay, kikRII:1383Kyzyl]; kiek

tustaBI80bwhen s/he was small, in his/her early youth; kiek botinkalarBI80bsmall boots.

kg BI80b small; young, youthful [kii RII:1383 Sagay]; kg qras RII:1383 Sagay name of a month,

January; xara kgde saraBI80bfrom a young age; kg oolmBI80bmy youngest son. [


45/104

knelep: knelep tuan xoy BI79bsheep that has given birth to its second lamb.

kre- BI79bto ring (of dishery, voice) [kir-RII:1343Koybalto neigh ringingly]; an n krep sxa

BI79ahis/her voice is ringing.

kren- BI79bto sing to oneself, to utter a muffled sound to oneself.

kret- BI79b to make a shrill sound [kert- RII:1071 Kacha to have a high sound, tone]; at krede

kstebskenBI79bthe horse neighed shrilly.

kr BI79bdirt, filth [kirRII:1349Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]. [


46/104

kste-BI80ato neigh [kist-RII:1388Sagay, Koybal]; cforan-to whinny. [


47/104

kbe BI86b fluffy, downy; friable, crumbly, loose, porous [kb RII:1316 Kacha, Koybal filled with

feathers, upholstered, kbnRII:1316Sagayfeather-bed]; kbe tzek BI86b downy bed; kbe ks BI86b

crumbly embers; cfkp. [


48/104

krs- BI93a cf kzrs-to let copy together.

ksBI93amigrating; nomad camp.

ks-BI93ato nomadise together.

kdeBI87a certain brain disease in horses [kd RII:1282Sagay]. [cfShor kd]

kdes BI87b bucket, pail; (cast iron) kettle, pot [kds RII:1282 Sagay, Koybal]; toy kdes BI87b

earthenware pot [toi kdsRII:1282]; syn kdes BI87bkettle, pot [syn kdsRII:1282 iron pot]; kds

tmirRII:1283 Sagaythe iron rod for taking the pot off the fire. [cfArgu *kde]

kds-RII:1283 Sagay,Koybal,kds-RII:1286Kyzyltoshow;srtnaksknqaistkdzpodurapard,

umacanaksknpuunkd-zp odura pard RII:1286s/he showed the belt cut from his/her back,

s/he showed the joint cut from his/her little finger.

kdr-BI87b to lift, to take up, to raise; to weigh [kdr-RII:1284Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to lift, to raise,

to carry]; sada kdrp pobass RII:1285 Sagay you cannot lift the bow; seni kdrrg at ouRII:1285Sagaythere is no horse that can carry you; ad pazn kdrp sqanRII:1285Sagayhis/her horse

lifted its head. [


49/104

kgder- BI87aKacha folkto torment, to harass, to make to suffer; cf ilet-.

kgenekBI87aclothing, shirt [kgnkRII:1231Sagay,knkRII:1427 Sagay];stneksekgenekBI87a

undershirt, chemise. [


50/104

kkmerBI89adial cfkkesmbragging.

kks BI89aconceit.

kkt- BI89ato stir up against, to set up on.

kklBI89adoll [RII:1227Sagay]cf Kyzyl axpyax**. [Ru kukla]

kkse- BI89ato scold, to abuse, to rebuke [kks-RII:1229Sagay, Kacha, Koybalto scold, to get angry,

kks- RII:1230Kyzylto scold; (of a bear) to roar];kksep ayt- BI89aSagay to speak angrily, to rebuke;

kksp aittRII:1229s/he spoke angrily. [cfShor, Kzk kks-]

kkset-BI89ato let scold, abuse, rebuke.

kksre- BI89ato have a slight cough. [cf ksr- **]

kkte-BI89ato take after, to inherit a habit, charac-teristic; ol min kkted BI89as/he took after me;

szra kkteenBI89aresembling, being very much alike. [cf CT *kk]

kkte-BI89bto sew together the straps of the harness [kkt-RII:1227Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to sew].

[CT *kkle-]

kktet-BI89bto let sew together the straps of the harness [kktt-RII:1228Sagay, Kacha, Koybalto let

sew].

kktgBI89bbluish, with a blue hue.

klBI89b lake [RII:1267Sagay, Kacha, Koybal lake, RII:1268Sagayswamp]; oym kl BI89blake formed in a

depression. [


51/104


52/104

kmske BI90aeyebrow, brow [kmskRII:1322Sagayeyebrow]. [LM kmsge]

kmskelg BI90ahaving eyebrows; xara kmske-lg BI90ahaving black eyebrows.

kneBI90aSagaypool; palxt kneBI90aplace where fish abound. [cfShor kn]

knek BI90abucket [knkRII:1242Sagay, Koybal]; aas knekBI90awooden bucket; timr knekBI90a

iron bucket. [


53/104

klen- BI91ato love; to fall in love [kln-RII:1269Sagay, Kacha,Koybal]. [


54/104

kpssBI91bdial cfksks species of fish.

kptel-BI91bto become more, to increase, to rise.

kpteldr-BI91bto let become more, increase, rise.

kpteldreBI91ba little more.

kpteldrerBI91bincrease, expansion.

kptr-BI91bto let swell, become swollen; (of dough) to let rise, puff up.

kptrgesBI91bflat dry shortbread, flat cake.

kr-BI91b to see; to watch, to look; to look after; to test, to examine [RII:1249Sagay, Kacha, Koybal];

pit kr[rg] RII:1250 Sagay to look for lice; axsaan kr- BI91a to see as, to consider, to regard as;

palalar kr-BI92a to look after the children;mal kr- BI92a to watch the livestock; an min pozmn

xaramna krgem, pozmn xulamna iskem BI90bfolk I saw it with my own eyes and heard it

with my own ears; ol pray nime krgen BI92as/he tested everything; xaraxxa krerge axsBI92agood

to see, nice to look at; pu xaraxna krbineBI92a s/he detested it; kre saam olBI92ato strongly

detest; tudp kr-BI92ato feel, to perceive; xr-kr- BI92ato try to cry; pas-kr-BI92a to try to write;

kis-kr-BI92ato try on; odr-kr-BI92ato try to sit down; tadiin kr-BI92ato try the taste. [


55/104

krmng BI92b model, demonstrative; handsome, stately [krmn RII:1258 Sagay, Koybal signifi-

cant, stately]; krmng xs BI92bstately girl. [


56/104

kstr-BI93a to let nomadise, migrate; cf kzr-, kr-.

kstr- RII:1298Kachato show.

kBI93bKyzyl cf ks.

ky- BI88b to burn, to burn down; to be scorched; to catch fire, to be on fire; to become tanned,

sunburnt [ki-RII:1216Sagay, Kacha, Koybal];tzm kyeBI88bI have a heartburn; knge ky-BI88bto

become tanned from the sun; ugara ky-BI88bto be poisoned by charcoal fumes (Ru ugorat);st

koyeBI88bs/he is envious. [


57/104

kzegelg BI88a curtained [kzgl RII:1301Sagay,Koybal]; kzegelg kzenekcurtained window.kzenegesBI87alittle window.

kzenek BI88a window [kznk RII:1303 Sagay, Koybal, kznk RII:1302 Kyzyl]; kzenek irkn BI88a

window sill; kzenek xaraBI88a window pane. [


58/104

kresen BI94a cfkrestyan peasant.

kreste- BI94ato baptise, to christen; to make the sign of the cross [krst-RII:1530Sagayto baptise].

[Ru krestit]

kresten- BI94ato make the sign of the cross on oneself [krstn-RII:1531Sagay].

krstgRII:1531Sagayhaving a cross, baptised.

krestyanBI94a peasant;cfkresen.[Ru krestjanin]

kristop BI94aEastern. [Ru]

kukuyakBI94aKachaegg; cfkoka,nmrxa.

kumaznikBI95a purse.

kurkaBI95a dial cftaaxchicken, hen.

kbr BI95afluffly, crumbly, loose;kbr xar BI95aloose snow; cf dialkpsr.

kbrn-RII:1519 Sagay,Kacha,Koybalto grumble, to be unwilling. [cfShor kbrn-]

kbrnkRII:1520 Sagay,kbrnkRII:1520 Kacha,Koybalthe act of grumbling, unwillingness.

kbrndr-RII:1520 Sagay,Koybalto make to grumble, to evoke unwillingness.

ken- BI98bcf ksten- to strive, to reinforce. [


59/104


60/104

kls-BI96a to laugh together; to mock one an-other; to disgrace one another [kls-RII:1473Sagay,

Kyzyl,kl-RII:1473Kacha]. [


61/104

kn BI96bcf knnegjealous. [cfShor kni]

knne- BI96b to be jealous [knn- RII:1442 Sagay, Kacha, Koybal to be jealous, kn- RII:1439 Sagay,

Koybalto gossip, to slander]; men qatnm o qsqa knnp adrRII:1442my wife is jealous of that

girl. [


62/104

krend BI97athe act of raking up; garbage, refuse.

kre BI97abrown, swarthy [krRII:1450Sagay, Kacha, Koybal]; kre BI97bbrown colour; xara

kre BI97bdark brown [qara krRII:1450]; xara kre tlg BI97bred fox; kre at BI97b brown horse;

kre nek BI97b brown cow; kre xzl BI97b dark red, brown red. [LM kreng]

kres- BI97b to fight, to struggle [krs- RII:1452 Sagay, Koybal, kr- RII:1453 Kacha to struggle, towrestle]; sovetskay on mir n kreseBI97bthe sovjet people fight for peace. [


63/104

ksBI98aobs autumn; kskBI98a autumn, autum-nal [kskRII:1502Sagay, Kacha, Koybal autum-nal];

kskdegBI98aautumnal; kskde BI98ain autumn;ksk tostar BI98aautumnal tasks. [


64/104


65/104

maghatgood; decent, honest, upright; just, true; very good [RIV:2001Sagay]; cfmaat.[LM maghadsure(ly)].

maghatta=to do good, well, thoroughly; to act justly [maghatta=~ maghat=RIV:2001Sagay]; maghadp kr!RIV:2001look good [at it]!; aragh ikende adghanmaghadp qaqtRIV:2001when s/he had drunk liquor, s/he played the chatkan well.[LM maghadla=to verify].

makpasCas129aKandakovtall tree trunk. mallivestock; mstg oon mal(large) horned livestock, cattle [RIV:2036, Cas129a

Koybal, balCas129a]Kott; lgh malhorses; as malyoung livestock; az irtken malold livestock incapable for work; mal xazaazlivestock pen; mal fermazanimal farm;nola malRIV:2036Sagayall kinds of cattle.

mala=Sagaycfmanna=to be careful. malan=dialto grumble (of people); cfkbren=. malaxSagayliquid mud; silt [malaqRIV:2042Sagay]; cfpalghas. malghadacapricious, fickle, fretful; cfmalghat. malghat=to swagger, to swank, to put on airs; to be capricious, to play up; kemge

malghat-turz?for whom are you putting on airs? malghatcfmalghadacapricious. maljay=to become flat (e.g. of metal objects); to wear (boots) down at the heels.

[Mongolic]. maljRIV:2040Kacha,Koybalherdsman. mallan=to acquire livestock, to provide oneself with livestock. mallghhaving livestock; being rich with livestock [RIV:2040Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]. malql=RIV:2039Kachato complain. malsraxwho fancies livestock. maltaSagayaxeRIV:2040; malta qabaxe case; malta sabhandle of the axe; malta

tkpezibutt end of the axe; cfpalt. maltB75:7Shorcfpaltaxe. maltrghanSagaybunch [RIV:2009SagayHeracleum (a species of plant)]; azgh

maltrghanRIV:2009Angelica silvestris; cfpaltrghanAngelica. maltrxa=dialto pretend to know everything; maltrxap tumziin suxathinking to

know it all, s/he pokes his/her nose into anything; cfpzrxa=. mana=RIV:2016to fence in. manitsilver money; ruble. [Rus moneta]. manna=to be careful, to take care of, to spare; to carefully make use of, to not waste; to

be considerate; cfSagaymala=. mannan=to be careful, to mind. mannancxthrifty, economical; considerate.

mannat=to let be careful, to let spare; to let be considerate. mafree, spare (of time) [RIV:2011Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]; magha ma oghlI haveno time.

madialwith; mltx mawith a rifle. maancfmaghanwhite horse, blaze, maxandialpale yellow [maanCas129a

Koybal,Kandakovpale yellow (a horse colour)]. maatvery good; maatta maatbest, excellent; cfmaghat. masRIV:2007Sagay,Kacha,Koybalsilk; ala masmulticoloured (of the exterior of

new-born children in folk tales). marsnfield garlic; reg? [Rus slizun]; xoy marsn? [Rus ovechij slizun]. [cf LM

manggirwild onion].

marsnna=to gather field garlic. marsnnghabundant in field garlic; marsnngh irplace where field garlic grows

abundantly.


66/104

manan=to have leisure time, spare time, to be free from work; to manage, to cope with(businesses); to tidy up (a room) [RIV:2009Kacha,Koybal, Cas129aKoybalto manage,to cope; Sagayto still have time to do something; Sagay,Kyzylto overtake, to catch up].

mananmashaving no spare time. manansprogress; grenclern mananstar axsthe progress of the students is

good.

mananstghhurried(ly); quick(ly); urgent(ly); pst predpriyatiyelern toghnclarnaa axghlarn mananstgh toldralarthe workers of our undertakings are hastily

filling new orders. manxfree (from work). manghKoybalembroidered pocket [manqRIV:2009Koybalembroidered]; manq

tonRIV:2009embroidered dress; cfnandx. maraRIV:2008Kamasthunder. matsRIV:2010,KachaKoybalrest. maxandialpale yellow (a horse colour) [maqanRIV:2008Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]; cf

maghan, maan. [LM mangxanhorse with a star on its forehead]. mazaySagayoften, always [RIV:2006Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]; cftreml. mazra=to hurry [RIV:2011Sagay,Kacha,Koybal, mazera=Cas129aKoybal]; cf

mide=. mazraahurried; fussy; cfmazros. mazraaqRIV:2011Sagay,Kacha,Koybalhurried, being in a hurry. mazraasB75:16Sagaycfmazrooshastily. mazralRIV:2011Sagaybeing in a hurry. mazrashurry, haste. mazras=to hurry one another; to hurry (of several people). mazrat=to cause to hurry [RIV:2011Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]. mazroosB75:16hastily; cfmazraas. mazroscfmazraahurried, fussy. mazthaste, hurry; fuss. mazttahastily, in a hurry; ulugh mazttain a big hurry. mazttghurgent, pressing; mazttgh kirekurgent matters. mara=to bleat [maara=RIV:2025, mara=RIV:2008Sagay,Koybal]. [


67/104

marxabutton, knot, knob; xoltx marxazlateral knot (of a Khakas dress) [maarqaRIV:2028Sagay, maarqRIV:2029; toghulaq maarqaa globular knob]; cfmartxa.

marxala=to button up. marxalan=to button oneself up. marxalandr=to have oneself buttoned up. marxalas=to button up together.

masstraight at the mark, bull's eye. maspaqRIV:2056Sagay,Koybalflat stones on which grain and salt are crushed; cf

paspaq. masta=to hit the mark. masxaSagayhammer [masqaRIV:2053Sagay,Kacha,Koyballarge hammer]; cfpasxa. mata=dialto do something well, thoroughly [matta=RIV:2047Sagay]. matapvery, very good, greatly; matap sooxvery cold; matap kr=to look well. matrhero; bold, courageous [RIV:2045Sagaybold]; cfalp. matrlan=to boast of. matrxa=to consider oneself strong and important. maxfame; praise [maqRIV:1993Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]; maxxa sx=to become

famous. maxarevenge; anger [maqqaRIV:1996Sagay,Kacha]; maxam xandI took revenge. maxabrave, courageous, bold, fearless, daring. maxaevil, furious, bloodthirsty; robber [maqqaRIV:1996Sagay, maqqajRIV:1996

Kacha]. maxalan=to be brave, courageous, bold, fearless, daring. maxalan=to grow furious; to rob, to plunder. maxan=Sagayto go down on all fours. maxayaxpine cone, fir cone. maxayaxankle bone; cfpaghayax, Sagaymaxpayax. maxla=to grieve, to mourn; to lament; to squeal [maqla=RIV:1996


68/104

mayqRIV:2014Sagay,Kacha,Koybaltired, worn out, meagre. mayx=to get tired, fatigued; to be exhausted [mayq=RIV:2014Sagay]; mayx-

parghanexhausted, worn out; cfmayl=. mayla=to mew. maymaxboot; kiis maymaxfelt boots; tuup maymaxleather boots; maymax tike

bootmaker; maymax sata magazinshoe shop [maymaqRIV:1991Sagay,Koybal,

maymakCas129aKoybal]. maymaxtghhaving boots. meeSagaycfmaghato me. mekeiSagayRIV:2073deceiver, cheater. menB7KyzylcfminI. mendile=Sagay,Koybal[RIV:2088] to greet. menigSagay,Koybal[RIV:2083] to have a mole, birth mark. meleyglove [RIV:2099Sagay,Koybal, meeleyCas129aKoybal]; xoostaan meley

embroidered gloves; tuup meleyleather gloves; sazan meleygloves from raw hide; tkmeleymittens. [Bur beelei].

meshkeKyzylfungus, mushroom; xzl meshkefield mushroom; cfmiske. met: pas metstart; azax metfinish. miibrain, marrow [Sagay,KoybalRIV:2148,KoybalCas129a, Cas129bbrain]; pas

miizbrain; argha miizspinal cord; cfmiis, Sagaymis. miilgwith brain. miisVop60Sagay,Kyzyl[RIV:2162Sagay,Kacha,Koybal] cfmiibrain. mikedeception, cheating, trick; slyness, ruse [mekeRIV:2071Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]. mikele=to deceive, to cheat; to be cunning; to seduce, to tempt [mekele=RIV:2073

Sagay,Kacha,Koybal, Cas129aKoybal]; sin mikelrge an sumezi iderfolkhis/her?cunning sufficed to cheat you. [Bur mekelnem].

mikeleedeceiver, cheater, seducer, tempter, flatterer; sly, cunning, flattering. mikelen=to be deceived, cheated, seduced, tempted. mikelet=to let deceive, cheat, seduce, tempt. mikeligdeceptive, delusive [mekeligRIV:2073Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]. milcestes=dialto meet, to run across; cftoghas=. minI; mingenitivemine, of me; minaccusativeme [miini, meeniCas129bKoybal];

maghadativeto me; mindelocativeat me; minneablativefrom me; instrumentalwithme; minzerdirectivetowards me; mindegequativelike me [menRIV:2085Sagay,

Koybal, Cas129bKoybal]; cfmen. mindword used as a greeting [mendiRIV:2087Sagay,Koybal]; irkn altap mind

piredrstepping over the threshold, s/he welcomed [him/her]; paza toghasxanca, izenmind!until the next meeting, be healthy! [LM].

mindles=to greet, to welcome one another [mendiles=RIV:2088Sagay,Koybal] alpizennezp minlezp parp kilp trzer odrdthe heroes greeted and welcomed oneanother, and went and sat down on the places of honour.

mindreel [mindir, meender, mendirCas129bKoybal, meentaraCas129aKott]; cfxort.

mindrhail; ulugh mindrlarge hail; cf tas mindr, todol. mindrle=to fish for eel. minksn=to consider as one's own, to appropriate. minksneecwho likes to appropriate; owner, proprietor. minksnsappropriation. mimole, birth mark [meRIV:2079Sagay,Kacha,Koybal].

mide=to hurry, to haste; xaydar midep parirz?where are you hurrying to?; cfmazra=. mirSagaycfmirtlymph gland.


69/104

mirceSagayimperturbable, cool, calm; inert, sluggish. mirgestick for playing 'gorodki' (a kind of skittles). mirgecekKyzylhedgehog. mirgele=to aim; to threaten; to throw, to hurl, to fling. mirgelet=to let aim, threaten, throw. mirgenwell-aimed, accurate; dexterous [mergenRIV:2094Sagayformidable, strong];

mirgen atswell-aimed shot; mirgen atghcgood marksman; mirgen ooxtaanhe hitthe mark, he said well; cfie. mirsgland with internal secretion. mirtlymph gland; cfSagaymir. misSagaybrain of the head; cfmii. miset pol=to impede, to interfer with; toghnargha miset polbado not impede the

work. [Rus meshat']. miskemushroom [RIV:2163Sagay,Koybal]; ie miskeedible mushroom; xurutxan

miskedried mushroom; xaz miskezbrown cap boletus; os miskezorange-capboletus; xaraghay miskezsaffron milk cap; tizek miskezagaric, field mushroom; xzlmiske red mushroom;ax miske white mushroom; tlg miskezchanterelle [calqued

from Rus lisichka]; namr miskez[Rus kolpachki]; aday miskezmorel; tree-fungus;cfKyzylmeshke.

miskele=to gather mushrooms. to go mushrooming. miskelet=to make gather mushrooms. miskelghaving fungi, mushrooms; miskelg ira place where fungi, mushrooms grow;

miskelg rgemushroom soup. mistrka species of bird. mitingele=to hold a meeting. [Rus mitingovat']. mkSagayreading, writing [miikRIV:2161Sagay]; cfpk. mckSagayliterate [miikilRIV:2161Sagay]; cfpk. mcra=to crack, to crackle, to creak; to crunch; to rustle; cftcra=. mlabath [RIV:2144Sagay, mljaRIV:2143Kacha,Koybal]. mltxgun [multak, multkCas129aKoybal]; tas mltxflintlock, firelock; xrlgh

mltxthreaded, rifled gun; mltx at=to shoot with a gun; mltxt atzgunshot. mnaon, using; at mna par=to go, set out on horseback. mlRIV:2139Sagay,Koybalvibration, trembling. mlla=RIV:2139Sagay,Koybalto vibrate, to tremble. mllaqRIV:2139Sagay,Koybalsoft, vibrating, trembling. mqta=RIV:2137Sagayto roar. mraCas129bSalbaa species of fish, Cyprinus rutilus. mrghshepherd's horn.

mrsSagaypepper [RIV:2143]. moghusRIV:2122Sagay,Kacha,Koybalfighter, warrior. molatsteel [RIV:2126Sagay,Kacha,Koybal, moolatCas129aKoybal,Kandakov,

mulatRIV:2196Sagay]; molat kizenRIV:2126Sagaysteel shackles; molat tomaraqRIV:2126Sagaysteel shaving knife [LM].

molaghclumsy, awkward. molca=to arrange, to agree, to reach an agreement, understanding [molja=RIV:2126

Koybalto decide on a term]. molcaghagreement, understanding, condition; term, date, period [molaq, molcaq

RIV:2127Sagay, moljaghRIV:2126Kacha,Koybal, mold'axCas129bKoybal]; cfmolcas.

molcaghlghhaving an agreement, understanding. molcamRIV:2127Kyzylbeating to death, abatis. molcascfmolaghagreement, term.


70/104


71/104

muksunonion [muqsunRIV:2174Koybalgarlic, chives, muxsunCas130achivesKoybal].

munzuruxfist; cfdialnuzurux. munzuruxta=to hit with the fist; cfdialnuzuruxta=. munu=to grow old, to grow decrepit. muthousand [RIV:2180Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]; nince-nince museveral thousands.

muRIV:2178Sagay,Kacha,Koybalsickliness. muarwith thousands. munan=dialcfmuxan=to suffer. munughRIV:2180Sagay,Kacha,Koybalsuffering (from a disease), ill. muqal=RIV:2178Sagayto tire, trouble oneself, to wear oneself out; muqalp sqtad,

lghads/he cried vehemently. musta=of a bull to bellow. mustasthe bellowing of a bull. mustas=of bulls to bellow together. muxalan=cfmuxan=to suffer. muxan=to suffer (from); to act negligently, careless [mughan=RIV:2174Sagay,Kacha,

Koybalto be tired, weak; to tire, trouble oneself, to wear oneself out]; cfmuxalan=, dialmughan=, munan=.

muxandr=to cause to suffer (from) [mughandr=RIV:2174Sagay,Kacha,Koybaltomake weak; to let oneself be troubled, worn out].

muxassuffering. muyghaxfemale of the maral deer [muygakCas130aKoybal]; cfsn. muyghaxSagayOrion. mreSagaycheese curd from sour milk; cfpr. mkSagayeternal [RIV:2218Sagay, mgRIV:2219Sagay]; mk suu, mg suu

water of life; cfmge. mk=Kachato rear, to prance, to kick, to skip, to jump (of a wild horse) [mk=

RIV:2218Sagay,Koybal,Kyzyl]; alpt at mkp tastabstthe horse jumped and threwdown the hero; cftulgha=.

mnstock, soup [RIV:2221Sagay,Kacha,Koybal, Cas130bKoybalfish soup]; palghmnfish soup.

mn=to ride, to mount [RIV:2221Sagay,Kacha,Koybal, Cas130bKoybal]; atxa mn=to ride, to mount a horse.

mnceriding; mnce malriding livestock, animals. mndr=to let ride, to mount [mndr=RIV:2221Sagay,Koybal, Cas130bKoybal]. mndrdial[RIV:2221: Sagay,Koybal] cfmindrhail. mndrle=RIV:2222Sagay,Koybalto hail.

mndrt=RIV:2222Sagayto let ride, to mount. mndrgesmountain ash, rowan-tree [mndrbesRIV:2222Sagay]. mnRIV:2220Sagaysilver. [LM]. mreskeRIV:2222Koybala kind of mouse [cfKaragasmreshke, mreshk,

mrneshkeCas130b, Cas150a]. mtRIV:2132Sagayhoney. [Rus med']. mre=to moo, to bellow (of cows, calves) [mre=RIV:2132Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]. mregmooing, bellowing (of cows, calves). mres=to moo, bellow together (of cows, calves); ax mal kistes, mres, maras-

xaldfolkhis white livestock was neighing, bellowing, bleating together. mret=to make to moo, bellow (of cows, calves).

mshorn [RIV:2221Sagay,Kacha,Koybal, ms, mzCas130bKoybal]; xua mzrams' horns; sn mzantlers. mste=RIV:225to inlay with horn, to manufacture from horn.


72/104

mstghorned [mstgRIV:2226Sagay, mstxCas130bKoybal]; mstg oonmal(large) cattle.

myB17Sagaycfmysimilar. mzkSagayhigh [mzkRIV:2134Sagay, mzkRIV:2226Sagay, mzkCas130b

Kandakov]; mzk taghhigh mountain; cfpzk. mzrkRIV:226


73/104

odna=to go into the wood for firewood [oduna=RI:1126Sagay,Kacha,Koybal].[


74/104

ol'ghaaq(~ ol'ghaq)RI:1088Sagaysmall boy. olghanchild [ol'ghanRI:1088Sagayboy]; xs olghangirl; olghan-uzaxchildren

[olghan uzaqRI:1088Sagay]; olghan prgchild's hat; olghan tuschildhood, youth[RI:1088Sagay]; olghan tustain one's childhood, youth. [


75/104

oarl=to be understood; to gain an understanding of; to come to one's senses, torecover, regain consciousness.

oarldr=to make clear, understand; to make recover, regain consciousness. oarlghaxquick in the uptake; cfSagayoghnaax. oarlsunderstanding; regaining consciousness. oarlstghquick in the uptake; intelligible, clear.

oarljxcfoarlghaxquick in the uptake. oartnfrom the right side of [RI:1028Sagay,Koybal]. odaymanner; way, means [udayRI:1627Sagay]; qaydii udaymaRI:1627how, in

what way; ol odaynain this way, manner; axsi odaylargood manners. odayla=to correct, to set right, to repair; to adjust, to regulate. odaylal=to be or become correct, set right, repaired; to get right, to return to normal, to

become sorted out; olarn xonii odaylalatheir life is returning to normal. odaylan=to be or become correct, set right, repaired; to get better, to recover; to grow

fat, to put on flesh (of cattle); to put on weight. odaylghin good repair; industrious; suitable, appropriate; decent, respectable, honest;

odaylgh toghsan industrious worker; odaylghmotor a motor in good repair;

odaylgh kzan honest man. ona=to understand; to master, to learn; to know, to recognize [RI:1031Sagay,Koybal,

Kacha, una=RI:1626Sagayto know, to understand; to correct, to make better];unabas kizhiRI:1626an unknowing, unwise person; unabastaRI:1626withoutknowing, unaware; cfSagayoghnan=.

ona=to be at the right side of; to be the right hand of. onaghunderstanding, comprehension. onan=to be succesful, good, apt, felicitous; to have the good fortune, luck to, to be

lucky enough to [RI:1031Sagayto correct oneself, to become better]. onasunderstanding, comprehension. onastghquick in the uptake; intelligible, clear. oopoison, poisonous [RI:968Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]. [


76/104

ooshandful [RI:1138Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]; pir oos un perdRI:1138s/he gave ahandful of flour; qos oosRI:1138two hands ful; pir ooz as pol'-adrRI:1138Sagay,pir oot' as pol'-aarRI:1138Koybalone handful of you is to little. [


77/104

orbaKoybala staggering movement [RI:1077]; cfKoybalol'ba-ol'ba. orbana=to be startled, to be frightened. orbanas=RI:1077Koybalto topple, to roll; cfKoybalol'banas=. orbanoseasy to startle, easily scared. orbay=to be bewildered, to betaken aback. [cfLM orboi=]. orxcfoorxspindle.

ord'aqRI:1061Sagay,Koybalordinary, common, insignificant. ordaSagaylair, den; lan ordaza snake's den. [


78/104

ortaright, correct, true, regularly [RI:1064Sagay,Koybal,Kachamiddle]; orta pazarspelling, orthography; orta drob'tarproper fraction in mathematics; op-ortaabsolutelycorrect; orta nimesnot correct, not right; xap orta teds/he hit the target, mark; qamortaRI:1064Sagayright in the middle; kn ortazRI:1064Sagaynoon; tn ortaz

RI:1064Sagaymidnight; ortamsta pol'dRI:1065Sagays/he was right between us; onortazndaRI:1065Sagaythrough the middle of the people; orta qol'RI:1066Sagay

middle finger; cfortmiddle. [cfCT *ortu~ *ortamiddle, perhaps < *orto]. ortadaghRI:1070Sagaybeing in the middle. ortal'qRI:1070Sagay,Koybalan island in the middle of a river or lake; cfoltrx. ortaqRI:1067Sagayforwards, further. ortmiddle; incomplete; distance between two places; ort xaramidnight; ort olhalf-

way;k aal ortzthe distance between two villages; ortzndain the middle;ortzndaghbeing in the middle; cfortaright. [cfCT *ortu~ *ortamiddle, perhaps


79/104

spikes, thorns; ooxa othenbane; fly-agaric; death-cap; poja otsorrel; xy otpastor'slettuce; aghbax otbaby's breath; tumbleweed;zg otdialfeathergrass; sorokin otaspecies of grass; ot ayJuly. [


80/104

oydas=to fall on one's back, to lean back; ol oydas-pards/he fell on his/her back. oydatamasmole; cftisker azax, Sagayoyda azax. oydr=to have made a hole, to oreder to hollow out, gouge out. [


81/104

ozna: ol oznasince that time; parighan ozna turbsxan?as s/he went s/hestopped.

ozr=RI:1147Sagay,Koybalto fart. [


82/104

kerekbeautiful; sympathetic, friendly; xaydagh kerek poro!what a beautifulflower!; sray kerekwith a beautiful, friendly face; cfabaxay, slg, Sagayker.

ksorphan [kksRI:1181


83/104

lles=to make wet, sprinkle, wash, water together. llet=to order to make wet, to have sprinkled, washed, watered. llgwet, humid. lr=RI:1250Sagay,Koybalcfdr=to kill. [


84/104

rlen=to rise, to ascend, to climb, to gain height; of the sun to rise [rln=RI:1233Sagay]; kn rlenip sxtthe sun rose [RI:1233]. [


85/104

rte=to burn, to scorch (something), to set fire to, to set on fire; xazan rte=to burn thecauldron; cfSagayrte=, kydr=. [


86/104

tre (tre)through, over, across; pr kksn tre attrghanthe wolf was shotthrough its chest; tire tus-par=to come through; tire krinetken suleyketransparentglass. [


87/104

uughsflight, the act of flying [uughushRI:1724Sagay]; pzk uughsa high flight. uughs=to fly together. uuxchaff. [cfCT *uuk]. uuxend of a thread [uuqRI:1724Sagay, ut'uqRI:1639Koybal,Kacha]. [LM ucig]. uux=to fly, to fly up [uuq=RI:1724Sagay, ut'uq=RI:1638Koybal]; uughbs=to

fly off [RI:1724]; qus uuq-adrRI:1724the bird is flying; uux kil=to come flying.

uuxta=to make pointed (of a thread so as to put it through a needle), to pass a threadthrough a needle, to thread a needle [uuqta=RI:1724Sagay, ut'uqla=RI:1639Koybal,

Kacha]; cfusta=. uuxtghhaving chaff, with chaff. uuxtghthreaded (of a needle) [ut'uqtg'RI:1639Koybal,Kacha]. uuxtr=to make fly, to let fly (a bird) [uuqtr=RI:1724Sagay, ut'uqtr=RI:1639

Koybal,Kacha]. uxanlightly, thoughtlessly; playful, frolicsome. udaafrequent, often; ol pste udaa poladrs/he is often at our place. [LM udagha]. uduropposite, in front, contrary [RI:1713Sagay, udraRI:1715Sagay,Koybal,Kacha];

udur il rea contrary wind is blowing; udra salqnRI:1715Sagaya contrary wind,

head-on wind; alard udra anndaRI:1715Sagayat the opposite side; udur gr=to run towards, to run to meet; udra pardmRI:1715SagayI went to meet him/her;udra attandRI:1715Sagays/he rode to meet him/her; udra-sq-partrRI:1715Sagays/he threw him/herself on him/her; udra sqan kiziRI:1715Sagaya person sent to meet;udur-tdropposite one another [udur-ddrRI:1714Sagay,Kyzylto opposite sides];udur ooxta=to object, to raise an objection; aa udra ss aydp-troRI:1714Sagays/hestarted objecting him/her. [


88/104

ulag'la=RI:1681Sagay,Koybal,Kachato transport by cart. ulammore, still more, quite [RI:1687Sagay,Koybal]; ulamox xorxxans/he was even

more afraid; at ulamox ksteptrthe horse neighed even more, at ulam kishtp-tRI:1688the horse kept on neighing; ulam tRI:1687more; ulam aydasRI:1687moreand more; ulam saynRI:1688every time, continiously; ulam qaraRI:1688?. [LMulam].

ulamKyzylhaystack. ulars=dialto feel tired, weary, fatigued; cfaars=. ulastr=to lengthen, to make longer; to extend, to prolong; to join, to put together, to

connect, to tie the ends together; cfSagay,Koybalula=. [cfCT *ulash=]. ulastrain single file, one after the other. ulastrghlenthening, joining, connecting. ulastrl=to be lengthened, joined, connected. ulastrs=to lengthen, join, connect together. ulastrt=to order or allow to lengthen (e.g. sleeves), join, connect. ulaybig, large. ulghaaqRI:1699Sagaycfolghaaqsmall boy. ultusole (foot, shoe) [RI:1700Sagay,Koybal,Kacha, ulduRI:1701Sagay]. [


89/104

unflour [RI:1639Sagay,Koybal,Kacha]; pughday unwheat flour; un xabflour bag.[


90/104

uruxta=to catch a horse with a lasso pole [uruqta=RI:1659Sagay,Koybal,Kacha];uruqtap aldRI:1659s/he caught with a lasso pole; cfraxta=.

usmaster; skillful; timr uzsmith; aghas uzcarpenter. [


91/104

uustanjxfoul-mouthed person, ribald. uxbullet, arrow [oqRI:988Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]; ux teds/he was hit by a bullet;

pstg uxfolkan arrow with an iron tip; ux-tarhunter's supplies; ux lanloach (a fish);oq kirenRI:990Sagaygoose-foot (a plant). [


92/104

uzan=to be engaged in a trade. [


93/104

dkboot [dkRI:1279Sagay,Kacha,Koybal]; psxax dkboots from the skin of thepaws; cf, maymax, Sagayedik. [


94/104

l=to die [RI:1246Sagay,Kacha,Koybal, l=RI:1845Sagay,Koybal]; lgen kzadead person, corpse. [


95/104

kte=to slide open the skin along the middle line of the belly of a slaughtered animal.[?cfLM jkele=].

nmain, basic, fundamental, principal, foremost, most important, large; n zakonbasic law; n predlojeniyemain clause; cfn.

nCas87a, Cas166bKoybalthe space in between (lit. large intestine); neneto thespace in between; nenefrom the space in between.

rherd, flock [rRI:1217Koybal, rRI:1824Sagay,Koybal]; cfr. [


96/104

rn=to be glad, happy [rn=RI:1834Sagay,Koybal,Kyzyl]; axs xabar istp,rnes/he was glad having heard good news; cfSagayrn=. [


97/104

stegmoan, groan. stesmoaning, groaning. stes=to moan, groan together. stet=to cause to moan, groan [stt=RI:1298Sagay]. stt=RI:1298Sagayto incite hostility. stCas87aKoybalbone of the upper arm.

stg'RI:1298Sagayrevengeful, hostile, hating [stg'RI:1886Sagay,Koybal]. [


98/104

yaaffirmative particleyes, indeed; ol gret be? ya, gretis s/he a teacher? yes s/heis; pu oolax axs grene? ya, axsis this boy studying well? yes, he is; ibzerparazN ma? yaare you going home? yes.

yabalB75:6Kyzylcfabalbad. yablaxpotato; yablax xas=to dig potatoes; yablax arghla=to peel potatoes; xaarghan

yablaxcooked potatoes; yablax unpotato flour; cfSagayablax. yablaxtghhaving potatoes, potato-; yablaxtgh grepotato-soup. yablokoapple; pz yablokoripe apple; pspaan yablokounripe apple; xurutxan

yablokolardried apples. [Rusjabloko]. yablonyaapple-tree; sas yablonyawild apple-tree. [Rusjablonja]. yagaterm of abusebaba-yaga (witch in Russian fairy tales). [Rusjaga]. yagala=to have an argument. yagalan=to have an argument, to quarrel with, to abuse one another. yagsXTD131Kyzylcfyagsalone. yakor'anchor; yakor' tur=to be anchored (Russtojat' na jakore); yakor' kdr=to

weigh anchor (Ruspodnimat' jakor'); yakor' tasta=to drop anchor (Rus brosit' jakor').[Rusjakor'].

yalgs(~ yags)XTD131Kyzylcfalghsalone. yamapit, hole; tire yamadeep pit; cfoymax. [Rusjama]. yanvar'January; yanvar' sooxtarfrost, cold of January. [Rusjanvar']. yaecho; ya xayz-xayz irge taraanthe echo rang out far away. yala=to echo. yalan=to echo; aghas araznda xaydagh-da tabstar yalanghanvoices echoed

among the trees; cfnaghlan=. yalat=to cause to echo. yarovizirovat' pol=to vernalize (cooling grain to shorten the blooming period). [Rus

jarovizirovat']. yarxla=to bellow; to whistle (of gophers, ermines); cfxla=. yarxlan=to bellow; to whistle. yarxlat=to cause to bellow, whistle. yashikbox; aghas yashikwooden box; potovay yashikletterbox (Ruspotovyj

jashchik); cfxaraax. [Rusjashchik]. yaxsB75:6Kyzylcfaxsgood. yubileyanniversary, jubilee; gretn ilg l yubileyififtieth anniversary of the

teacher; yubiley ooghjubilee speech. [Rusjubilej].

yubkaskirt; xl yubkawoolen skirt. [Rusjubka]. yugsouth; cf stnsarx. [Rusjug]. yugtaghsouthern; cf stnsarx. [Rus jug]

THE TRADITIONAL KHAKAS CALENDAR

Like the Chinese, the Ancient Turks, the Mongols and the Tuvans, the Khakas used the calendarof the 12-year animal cycle; each year was named after an animal, starting with the mouse. Some


99/104

Khakas designations deviate form the common ones.

The Names of the Years in Khakas

No. Name of the year Meaning Years

1. kske l year of the mouse 1924, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008

2. nek l year of the cow 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009

3. tlg lyear of the fox(elsewhere tiger)

1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010

4. xozan l year of the hare 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011

5. kilesk lyear of the lizard(elsewhere dragon)

1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012

6. lan l year of the snake 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013

7. lgh l year of the horse 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014

8. xoy l year of the sheep 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015

9. kz lyear of the human(elsewhere monkey)

1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016

10. taax l year of the chicken 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969. 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017

11. turna lyear of the crane(elsewhere dog)

1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006, 2018

12. sk l

year of the goat

(elsewhere pig) 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007, 2019

Also the months have their own designation, which may differ according to the dialect.The months are usually named after seasonal activities: they are connected with the hunt on

certain game such as bears, burunduks (ground squirrels), the harvest of certain plants such asgrass, birch bark, dog tooth violet (Erythronium Sibiricum, an edible bulb), or with weather

phenomena such as wind or cold.The table below is based on Baskakov's and Inkizhekova-Grekul's appendix (1953: 484-485),

where the Sagay, Beltir and Kacha dialect are specified. Also included are a few names found

only in the dictionary (nams ay, ps ay, tos ulugh).Most of these names are presented in Balgazina's school book, without specifying the dialect,and sometimes with a minor difference. She also mentions the name kikerek, with a final -,which is most unusual for Khakas.

The material about the Koybal dialect is from Castrn (1969: 150-151); note that Castrnmentions thirteen months, i.e. the real lunar months. Three of the Koybal names of months arenot identified with one of our twelve months.

The Names of the Months in Khakas

Dialect Name of the month Meaning

January Sagay, Beltir il ay month of the wind


100/104

Kacha krgen ay month of the big cold

Koybal krgn month of the big cold

February

Sagay, Beltir azgh ay month of the bear

Kacha pzg ay month of the ?harvest

Koybal bzk-ai high month(i.e. of the rising sun)

March

Sagay ulugh krk ay month of the big burunduk

Sagay pastaghy krk ay month of the first burunduk

Beltir krk ay month of the burunduk

Kacha, xaa ay ?

Koybal k ?

April

Sagay, Beltir kg krk ay month of the small burunduk

Sagay so krk ay month of the last burundukKacha xosxar ay month of the ?polar star, or ?ram

Koybal koskar ?to increase

unspecified nams ay month of the ?afterbirth

May

Sagay, Beltir xra tarta ay month of plowing the fields

Sagay tarlagh ay month of the fields

Kacha slker ay, slker ay ?

Koybal silkr ?

June

Sagay paar ay, paar ay month of lying fallow

Sagay xandx ay month of the dog tooth violet

Sagay ps ay month of the awl

Beltir tos ay month of the birch bark

Kacha ulugh ay ?

Koybal kit'ik silkr ?

July

Sagay, Beltir tos ay month of the birch bark

Sagay ot ay month of the grassKacha xara ulugh (ay) ?

Kacha tos ulugh ?

Koybal toz-ai month of the birch bark

August

Sagay,Kacha

ot ay month of the grass

Beltir xra kise ay month of reaping the fields

Sagay orghax ay month of the sickle

Koybal od-ai month of the grass

Koybal orgag-ai month of the sickle


101/104

September

Sagay xra kise ay month of reaping the fields

Sagay rtn ala ay month of taking the harvest

Beltir rtn ay month of the harvest

Kacha pzg ay month of the ?harvest

Koybal d'res-ai ?mild monthKoybal taiga-ai month of the forest

October

Sagay, Beltir ars ay month of the racing

Kacha kg soox ay() month of the small cold

Koybal kit'ik-sk month of the small cold

unspecified kikerek ?

November

Sagay, Beltir kg xrlas ay month of the small cold

Kacha ulugh soox ay() month of the big cold

Koybal uluk-sk month of the big cold

DecemberSagay, Beltir ulugh xrlas ay month of the big cold

Kacha alay ay ?

Koybal al aivariagated month (i.e. the earth showing throughthe snow)

Khakas Folk Tales

How the Ant Visited the Frog

Tamax olda aar polbajaOn a journey food is not heavy

The Frog was angry with the Ant: she was small, but she bit. He decided to play a trick on her.Once the Frog invited the Ant to visit him. The Ant was glad and busied herself by putting

some food into her bag. The Frog pretended to be offended: "Who on Earth goes visiting with hisown food?" The Ant felt confused and left her bag at home.

When they came up to the lake the Frog said: "Whould you like to see how I can dive?""I think I would," the Ant answered uncertainly.The Frog dived and the Ant never saw him again. The Ant sat on the shore of the lake for a


102/104

long time and felt hungry. Her stomach just stuck to her back.Since that time, people say: "If you are going to visit a wicked man, take your food with you. It

won't be heavy."

How the Ant Visited the Frogwas published inFairy Tales of Siberian Folks. 1992. Krasnojarsk.

The Bumble-bee

One day the seven-headed cannibal Delbegen said to the bumble-bee: "Bite everybody in theworld, and tell me which flesh is the sweetest. And I'll eat nothing but that."

The bumble-bee flew round the earth. It bit a dog, a cat, a tiger, a horse, a pig, a hare, a cow, adeer, and a man."Oi!" it buzzed. "Man is the sweetest of all, man is the sweetest of all!""Dear bumble-bee," the people implored, "don't tell Delbegen about it. He'll eat all of us up.""Man is the seetest of all, man is the sweetest of all!" buzzed the bumble-bee without ceasing."Ah, is that so!" said the hero Sartak-Pai. He seized the bumble-bee by the wings and tore out

its tongue.Then the bumble-bee flew to the cannibal."Well?" said the seven-headed cannibal Delbegen. "Whose flesh is the sweetest of all?"But the bumble-bee could only reply: "M-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m..."And evr since then he has never been able to say anything else.

The Bumble-beewas published in Shelley, G. 1945.Folk Tales of the Peoples of the SovietUnion. London. 125.

Picture of a Khakas Purse


103/104

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KHAKAS

Dictionaries, vocabularies and grammars

Anderson, G. D. 1998. Xakas. Languages of the world: Materials: 251. Mnchen. Baskakov, N. A. 1975. Grammatika xakasskogo jazyka. Moscow. Baskakov, N. A., and Inkizhekova-Grekul, A. I. 1953. Xakassko-russkij slovar'.

Moscow. Chankov, D. I. (ed.). 1961. Russko-xakasskij slovar'. Moscow. Castrn, M. A. 1969. Versuch einer koibalischen und karagassischen Sprachlehre

nebst Wrterverzeichnissen aus der tatarischen mundarten des minussinschenKreises. Leipzig. (reprint 1857).

Joki, A. J. 1953. Wrterverzeichnis der Kyzyl-Sprache. Studia OrientaliaXIX: 1. 3-47.Helsinki.

Joki, A. J. 1956. Kai Donners kleinere Wrterverzeichnisse. IV. Katschatatarisch. JSFOu58. 18-25.

Pritsak, O. 1959. Das Abakan- und Chulymtrkische und das Schorische. PhilologiaeTurcicae Fundamenta I. 598-639. Wiesbaden.

Radloff, W. 1893-1911. Versuch eines Wrterbuches der Trk-Dialecte I-IV. St.Petersburg.

Patachakova, D. F. 1973. Xakas Tln Dialektter[Dialects of the Khakas Language].Abakan.


104/104

Documents

Hakas English Dictionary