Mycol. Monten. 2004 VII: 35-46 ISSN 1450-7153 UDK: 582.28(497.16)

FIRST CONTRIBUTION TO HALLUCINOGENIC FUNGI IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA: DISTRIBUTION AND SYNDROMES

Mitko Karadelev * & Sofče Spasikova **

* Faculty of Natural Science, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, Gazi Baba bb. Republic of Macedonia,

e-mail: mitkok@iunona.pmf.ukim.edu.mk ** Macedonian Mycological Society, Faculty of Natural Science, P.O. Box 162,

1000 Skopje, Gazi Baba bb. Republic of Macedonia, e-mail: sofcespasikova@yahoo.com

Abstract A total of 24 species of hallucinogenic fungi have been recorded in the Republic of

Macedonia. These fungi show specific hallucinogenic effects and syndromes dependent on the compounds present in their fruit bodies. They can cause several syndromes: the psilocin-psilocybin syndrome (the active compounds are psilocin, psilocybin, baeocystin and nor-baeocystin), caused by ingestion of fungi that belong to the genera Elaphomyces [E. granula­tes, E. reticulatus), Gerronema (G. fibula], Gymnopilus (G. spectabilis, G. sapineus), Hygrocybe \H. psittacina), Panaeolus [P. fimiputris, P. papilionaceus, P. sphinctrinus, P. subbalteatus], Pluteus {P. cervinus, P. salicinusj, Psathyrella (P. candolleana), Psilocybe [P. coprophyla, P. bul-lacea, P. montana, P. muscorum, P. physaloides, P. subcoprophyla), and Stropharia [S. coionil-laj; the muscarine syndrome (the active compounds are the ibotenic acid and its derivatives: muscimol and muscazone), caused by Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and Mycena pura; and the ergotism (the active compounds are the ergot alkaloids), caused by ingestion of Claviceps purpurea. These fungi are widespread in the Republic of Macedonia and are found in various associations such as beech, oak, pine, molika pine, fir, juniper and mixed forest as well as in meadows and mountain pastures. They grow on soil, dung, in enriched soil; some of them are lignicolous, and some are hypogeic. Only one representative is a parasite.

Key words: hallucinogenic fungi, distribution. Republic of Macedonia, syndromes

INTRODUCTION

Lately, mycological investigations in the Republic of Macedonia have been inten­sified. The list of the hallucinogenic species in the Republic of Macedonia is created according to the published data from the previous investigations (PILAT & LINDTNER

36 Mitko Karadelev & Sofče Spasikova

1939/TOPTHK & IJEKOBA, SULEYMANI 1980, T0RTIĆ 1988 and KARADELE\ 1992, 1995, 2000), the data - base MACFUNGI of the Mycological laboratory at tiu Faculty of Natural Science in Skopje, and from the field investigations of the authors The investigations were carried out on various localities in the Republic of Macedonia such as the mountains: Osogovo, Kožuf, Kitka, Vodno, Jakupica, Šar Planina, Ogražden the National Parks: Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galičica, and the area of the towns and vil lages: Kruševo, Resen, Katlanovo, Strumica, Veles, Skopje and Gevgelija.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The material was collected in various kinds of forests associations and on moun tain pastures, on soil or on fallen branches, trunks, logs and living trees, as well Ć on enriched soil, infected plants, etc. The identification of the species was done eith( on the field or in the mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Science and Mathematic in Skopje, using microscopes and reagents (Melzer, KOH, Sulphovaniline etc.). Son: of the collected fungi were preserved in the National Mycological Collection (FUN( MACEDONICI), while the data were put in the database MACFUNGI.

For identification are used the following: MOSER (1983), BREITENBACH KRANZLIN (1981, 1986, 1991, 1995, 2000), STAMETS (1996), DANCKE, R.M. (200 KRIEGLSTEINER, (2000), FLAMMER (1980), FLAMMER & HORAK (1983), etc.

RESULTS

Amanita muscaria (L.: Fr.) Hooker OsogoyoJVK.: Ponikva, 1500-1600, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum; Kruše^

Children's resort, 1300, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, conifer plantation, plant Pinus nigra stand (T0RTIĆ 1988); Kožuf Mt.: Smrdliva voda, 1000, Calamintho gic diflorae - Fagetum, Konjari, 1100, in mixed forest of Fagus and Pinus nigra, a Kruša, 1000, Abieti-Fagetum macedonicum; Mavrovo NP: 1400, Calamintho gran florae-Fagetum (T0RTIĆ 1988), and Fago-Abietetum; NP Pelister: Begova Češma, He "Molika", Kopanki, Palisnopje, Caparska Preseka, Rotinska river, v. Magarevo, Gole Livada, 1400-1700, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, Gentiano luteae-Pinet peuces, pure Pinus peuce forest, mixed deciduous and conifer forest; Vitačevo: p forest; Jakupica Mt.: Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum, Festuco heterophyll Fagetum, Pinetum mughi (T0RTIĆ 1988), conifer plantation (SYLEJMANI 1980).

Amanita pantherina (DC : Fr.) Krombh. Kožuf Mt.: Visoka Čuka, 1100, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum; Resa, 700-8

Orno-Quercetum petraeae; Mala Rupa, mixed forest of Fagus, Pinus & Abies; A Češma, 750-1350, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum; river Slivka; Osogovo Mt.: PonU 1500-1600, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum; Galičica Mt.: v. Oteševo, £ Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum; NP Pelister: Golema Livada, 1300, mi forest [Betula, Populus, Pinus peuce and Abies), Begova Češma, 1400, Digitali vt florae-Pinetum peuces (T0RTIĆ 1988); Jakupica Mt.: Quercetum frainetto-cerris mt donicum, (SYLEJMANI 1980); Kumanovo: v. Vince, 500, in meadow; Katlanovo: : Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum; Skopje: Hipodrom, 240, in meac

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First Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in the Republic of Macedonia 37

Vitačevo: pine forest; Bitola: v. Smilevo, 600, oak forest.

Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. This ascomycete species is a parasite on rye. It is found in various rye plantations

throughout the country.

Elaphomyces granulates Fr.

Jakupica Mt:. Čeples, 1300-1400, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum.

Elaphomyces reticulatus Vittad. Kožuf Mt.: Smrdliva Voda, 800, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum; NP Galićica Mt:

Pljuska, 1000, Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum; NP Pelister: v. Brajćino, 1000, Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum.

Gerronema fibula (Bull.: Fr.) Singer Pelister Mt.: Kopanki, 1640, Di0tali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces; Caparska Preseka,

1300, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces; River Babuna: v. Teovo, 300, degraded Querco-Carpinetum orientalis.

Gymnopilus sapineus (Fr.) Maire

Pelister Mt.: Kopanki, 1650, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces.

Gymnopilus spectabilis (Fr.) Sing.

NP Mavrovo: Bunec, 1250, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum.

Hygrocybe psittacina (Schaeff.:Fr.) Wunsche Vodno Mt.: 750-1000, Querco-Caprinetum orientalis; Kožuf Mt.: 400, Juglando-

Platanetum orientalis; NP Pelister: around Palisnopje, 1500, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, with Fagus; Jakupica Mt.: near the pick Solunska Glava, 2300-2400, mountain pasture; Babina Rupa, 1900-2000, mountain pasture.

Mycena pura (Pers.) Kumm. NP Pelister: Mala Korija, Caparska Preseka, Kopanki, Palisnopje, Rotinska river, v.

Trnovo, Hotel "Molika", 1400-1700, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, Gentiano luteae-Pinetum peuces; v. Magarevo, 1200, mixed forest of Fagus, Pinus peuce and Quercus; Golema livada, 1300, mixed forest of Betula, Populus, Pinus peuce and Abies'; Kožuf Mt.: Konjari, 1000, mixed forest of Fagus and Pinus nigra; Kitka Mt.: Preslap, 1000, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, Orno-Quercetum petraeae; NP Mavrovo: Bunec, 1400, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum; Vodno Mt.: 500, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis, Castanetum sativae macedonicum, planted Pinus nigra forest, (T0RTIĆ 1988); Jakupica Mt.: v. Gorno Vranovce, 800, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, Čeples, 1400, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, vicinity of the mountain hut "Karadžica", 1400, Luzulo-Fagetum macedonicum and conifer plantation, Begovo Polje, 1600, Fagetum subalpinum scardico-pindicum, Preslap, 1000, Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum (TOPTHK & IJEKOBA, SYLEJMANI 1980); Šar Planina Mt.: Jelak, 1600, Abieti-Piceetum scardicum; Bogdanci, 150, CoccUero-Carpinetum orientalis; Skopska Crna Gora Mt.: Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum (T0RTIĆ 1988);

Panaeolus Rmiputris (syn. P. semiovatus) (Bull.: Fr.) Quel. NP Pelister: around Kopanki, 1650, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, Golemo

Mycol. Monten. 2004 VII: 35-46

38 Mitko Karadelev & Sofče Spasikova

Ezero, 2400, high mountain pasture; Skopska Crna Gora Mt.: Preslap, 1280, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum (T0RTIĆ 1988); Valandovo: 300, Coccifero-Carpinetum orientalis, Kitka Mt.: 1000-1200, in meadow near mountain house.

Panaeoluspapilionaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Quel. Vodno Mt.: 950 m a., planted pine forest; NP Pelister: around Kopanki, 1600,

Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces; Berovo: 850, in meadow.

Panaeolus sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quel. Veles: v. Gorno Vranovci, 350, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum; Strumica: Grlieva

Češma, 350, Osmunda regalis stand; Bitola: Gjavato, 1167, forest of Alnus glutinosa; Jakupica Mt.: vicinity of the mountain hut "Karadžica", 1400, conifer plantation (SYLEJMANI 1980); Katlanovo: 250-350, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis (PILAT & LINDTNER 1939).

Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. NP Pelister: on the foot of the mountain, 750, in meadow.

Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) Kumm. Jakupica: v. Gorno Vranovce, 800, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, Čeples, 1300,

' Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum; Vodno Mt.: near v. Krušopek, 800, at roadsides; NP Pelister: hotel "Molika", 1430, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces, v. Trnovo, 1200, and Rotinska river, 1550, Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces with Fagus, Malovišta, 1200, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum (KARADELEV 1992, 1995); Šar Planina Mt.: Ljubotenska Reka, 1400-1600, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum; Begovo Pole, 1500-1600, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, Ljuboten, 1500-1800, Fagetum subalpinum serbicum (PILAT & LINDTNER 1939); Ogražden Mt.: Čuka, 1620, Calamintho grandi­florae-Fagetum; Kožuf Mt.: Smrdliva Voda, 750, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, Asan Češma, 1250, Čiči Kaja, 1700, Adžibarica, 1700, Momina Čuka, 1600, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum; Skopska Crna Gora Mt.: Preslap, 1280, Calamintho grandiflo­rae-Fagetum, (T0RTIĆ 1988); Grows mainly as a saprob on Fagus.

Pluteus salicinus (Pers.: Fr.) Kummer Ogražden Mt.: Ežovo Brdo, 1100-1300, mixed forest of Fagus, Pinus sylvestris and

Pinus nigra; NP Galičica: Pljuska, 1000, Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum; Jakupica Mt.: Čeples, 1400-1500, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum; Kožuf Mt.: Konjari, 1100, Fagus and Pinus nigra; NP Mavrovo: dam Mavrovo, 1100-1300, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum. Grows mainly as a saprob on Fagus and Quercus.

Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire Kumanovo: v. Staro Nagoričane, 300, in meadow; Jakupica Mt.: Čeples, 1300-

1400, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, in the vicinity of the mountain hut "Karadžica", 1400, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum, (SYLEJMANI 1980); Skopje: near the r. Vardar, 250, in grass; Šar Planina Mt.: Jelak, 1750, Abieti-Piceetum scardicum.

Psilocybe bullacea (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm. NP Pelister: v. Rotino, 1050, plantation of Pinus peuce, v. Trnovo, 1200, Festuco

heterophyllae-Fagetum with Populus tremula; Prespa: Strict Nature Reserve "Ezerani", in meadow, close to Salix purpurea.

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First Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in the Republic of Macedonia 39

Psilocybe coprophyla (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.

Jakupica Mt.: v. Gorno Vranovce, 800, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum.

Psilocybe montana (Fr.) Quel. NP Pelister: between Kopanki and Palisnopje, 1540-1640, Digitali viridiflorae-

Pinetum peuces. Psilocybe muscorum (Orton) Mos. NP Pelister: above v. Slivnica, 1050, Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum.

Psilocybe physaloides (Bull, ex Merat) Quel. Prespa: Strict Nature Reserve "Ezerani", 850, in meadow.

Psilocybe subcoprophyla (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm.

Katlanovo: St. Jovan Veterski monastery, 150-200, Pruno webii-Junipeterum excelsae.

Stropharia coronilla (Bull.: Fr.) Quel. NP Pelister: Hotel "Molika", 1100, pastured place with Juniperus communis and

Pinus peuce, in meadow. Vodno Mt.: 750 - 1000, Querco-Carpinetum orientalis; Gevgelija: v. Stojakovo, 80, in meadow; Kožuf Mt.: Konjari, 1100, Fagus and Pinus nigra; NP Mavrovo: Bunec, 1300, in meadow; Osogovo Mt.: v. Konopnica, 1200, Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum.

DISCUSSION

So far, in the Republic of Macedonia, 24 species of hallucinogenic fungi have been registered. The most frequent of these species are Mycena pura, Pluteus cervinus, Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina. The representatives of other genera such as Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Gymnopilus and Elaphomyces are very seldom. These fungi were found growing on various substrates. Usually, they grow on soil {Stropharia coronilla, Psilocybe physaloides, Psilocybe montana, Mycena pura, Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina, Gerronema fibula, Gymnopilus sapineus), on enriched soil {Stropharia coronilla, Psilocybe bullacea, Pluteus salicinus, Pluteus cervinus, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Panaeolus sphinctrinus, Psathyrella candolleana ), on dung {Stropharia coronilla, Psilocybe subcoprophyla, Psilocybe coprophyla and Panaeolus fimiputris).

Certain species of these fungi are lignicolous, therefore they were registered growing on different kinds of wood or wood debris: Psilocybe bullacea was found growing on fallen branch of Pinus peuce and on leaves reminants of Populus tremu-la; Pluteus salicinus was found growing on rotten branches and on stump of Fagus and Quercus, and Gymnopilus spectabilis and Pluteus cervinus were found growing on log of Fagus.

It is very interesting to notice that two registered species were not found growing on any of the mentioned substrares: Hygrocybe psittacina and Psilocybe muscorum was found in mosses, while Elaphomyces species were only found under soil.

Mycol. Monten. 2004 VII: 35-46

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First Contribution to Hallucinogenic Fungi in the Republic of Macedonia 45

emotional sensitivity, changed ideas of life, contentment and possible latent psycho­logical crises may occur.

The muscarine syndrome is named after the toxic compound muscarine. The muscarine is found in Amanita muscaria A. pantherina and Mycena pura. Still, the compounds that cause the hallucinations are the ibotenic acid and its derivatives: muscimol (also known as pantherine), which is the most active, and the muscazone, which is the least active. All of the mentioned compounds are found in A. muscaria; A. pantherina (more toxic than hallucinogenic species) contains the ibotenic acid while M. pura contains only the muscarine. Therefore the hallucinogenic effects of M. pura are questioned. The symptoms are:

- caused by the muscarine: increased salivation and lacrymation, stomach dis­comfort, nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision and heavy ventilation. Death occurs only if the intoxicated person suffers from cardiac or respiratory disease.

- caused by the indolic acid and its derivatives: increased muscle tonus, ataxia, dizziness and other vestibular symptoms.

The ergotism is a syndrome caused by ingestion of Claviceps purpurea. The active compounds of this species are the ergotine derivatives. One of these derivatives (the lysergic acid) is the source for compounds for the semi-synthetic drug LSD. Consumption by these derivatives can cause two different forms of this syndrome:

- convulsive ergotism, with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, convul­sions; hallucinations, delirium and epileptic-type seizures.

- gangrenous ergotism, where a smooth muscle contraction occurs, which is the direct reason of the limited blood supply to the extremities - if the consumption occurs in winter, dry gangrene may occur.

Chronic ingestion of ergot-contaminated products may lead to far more complicat­ed health problems, but in smaller doses the ergot and its derivatives are used as cure for migraine.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Mr. Branislav Perić for letting us use his pictures

in this scientific paper.

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