View
222
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Hancock Amendment and local governments in Missouri: The practice of economic development
Judith I. StallmannUniversity of Missouri-Columbia
College of Agriculture, Food and Natural ResourcesMay 3, 2006
Tax and Expenditure Limitations Balanced budget Supermajority to raise taxes Revenue Limitation Expenditure Limitation (TABOR) Expenditure and Revenue Limitation Combinations TEL usually refers to expenditure and
revenue limitations
Balanced Budget Requirement
Balance budget submitted based on projections
Balance budget passed (based on projections)
Actual balance Legislative act Governor acts if legislature not in session
< P>
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2005.
Figure 2. Legislative Supermajority and Voter Approval to Raise Taxes, 2005 Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2005.
Supermajority rule only///
TEL based on
Tied to: Population CPI Income
Baseline or previous year? Excess revenues
Rainy day or other fund Refunded
.
Figure 1. State Tax and Expenditure Limits, 2005Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2005
A
L
A
A
A
A Appropriations limited to a % of projected revenuesL Some appropriations limited to rate of personal income growth
Hancock--state Revenues limited to 5.64% of personal
income Any tax, or combination of taxes, over $70
million (adjusted annually) must be approved by voters
Excess revenues must be refunded Income tax rolls are used for refunds—challenged
and upheld in court seven though sales taxes are almost equally important in state revenues
Balanced budget empowers governor to cut funding when legislature not in session
TELs and Local Governments
Traditional restrictions Types of taxes limited Caps on tax rates
TEL restrictions on local governments Citizen vote to raise taxes Restrictions on increase in assessed values Tax rate rollback to revenue neutral level if
assessed values increase beyond some rate Restrictions on increase of the tax paid on
the property
Missouri local
All taxes must be approved by voters Taxes to payback bonds approved by 4/7s Other taxes approved by majority
If assessed values of existing properties increase by more than the previous year CPI, tax rates must be rolled back to revenue neutral amount.
In Missouri this results in now having different tax rates for different types of property in some jurisdictions
Many properties are reassessed only every 2-years but restricted to one-year CPI
Research
Limited research on states TELs not binding with strong economic
growth Many are new and do not yet have a track
record that allows research Colorado cities.
Research limited
Local government data problems Only consistent set is census of
government every 5 years Data in some states are not reliable
If the local governments do not have to report fiscal data to the state, the census of governments date are not necessarily reliable
Colorado Cities (Brown) Property tax amendment in 1982 TABOR (1992)—all taxes by voters 356 local votes with 325 approvals In two rural regions revenues per
capita have fallen Use of fees and permits has increased Increased number of special taxing
districts State budget cuts seem to hurt rural
regions more
Research questions
Control the growth of government—implicit assumption that this is good
Causes a ratcheting-down effect—depends on wording of law
The petition currently being circulated seems to have a ratcheting down effect
Research questions
Are excess revenues refunded equitably? Often use the income tax mechanism
when sales taxes may be nearly as important in state revenues.
Use of income tax biases refund to higher income households.
Research questions
Force government to prioritize Assumes they have not Ignores that mandates may not allow
priorities Cuts will be in non-mandated programs
Make government more efficient—difficult research question given that it is not a “market”
Research questions Governments use more creative
financing—creative can have good or bad effects—need to look at what has been done and impacts States have substituted other revenues
Fees (can see this in University fees) One-time revenues, such as the
tobacco settlement (Generally would suggest these should be used for assets, not operating)
MOHELA
Missouri--local
Increase in special taxing districts Seem more willing to vote for local
tax increases than state. No state vote has passed but the majority of local votes pass.
Use of fees by local governments up 238% compared with 27% nationally
Research question Shift decisions from elected officials
What new decision-making mechanisms have evolved?
What mechanisms are now used more often than in the past?
More citizen control—assumes they have the information to make decisions Likely to have more information at the local
than the state level
Missouri local Tax increment financing
Way for cities (mainly) to increase tax revenues without a vote Creative financing Decreases citizen input
Definition of blight is mixed with the issue of the use of eminent domain to increase tax revenues Pole Town in Michigan 20 years was an
example of the eminent domain issue The use for ED seems to have become more
common—is it because of TELs?
Tax Increment Financing
TIF commission includes 6 appointed by municipality, rest represent the overlaying taxing authorities and it votes on the plan
For: Blighted area, conservation area (50% of buildings over 35 years old and in danger of blight), or economic development
And that would not develop otherwise There can be county TIFs and county-
city TIFs—but are mainly city
Tax Increment Financing, cont.
For up to 23 years Taxes on increased assessed value of
real property go to TIF district 50% of taxes generated by increased
economic activities in the project area—mainly sales taxes, but also utility taxes
Excludes personal property taxes, hotel/motel taxes, special assessments and others
Growth trend #1or baseline
Growth with TIF
TIF freeze
Property values
YearsYear TIF formed
Growth trend #2 or baseline
“And would not develop otherwise” is Trend #2
Tax Increment Financing, cont.
Raises that jurisdiction’s tax revenues without raising its taxes
Does not take into account that other jurisdictions might have increased costs because of the project that are outside the project area.
How they are affected in that case depends on their reliance on different taxes
Revenues of Local Governments: 2002
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
County Municipal Township SpecialDistrict
School District
Source: US Census Bureau, "Census of Governments 2002"
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Federal & staterevenues
Property tax
Sales tax
Other taxes
Currentcharges
Miscellaneousrevenues
Tax Increment Financing, cont.
The district can also receive up to 50% of new state revenues (personal income and general revenues sales tax) if the project is located in enterprise zone, federal empowerment zone, central business district (MODESTA), or urban core area
Missouri local Transportation Development Districts
(TDD) Contiguous with boundaries of a political
jurisdiction and by a vote of the people There were 0 TDDs
Law changed and use growing rapidly Can be smaller than a political jurisdiction If no voters in the district, all business
owners can apply to the Circuit Court, which approves district and tax
Transportation Development Districts, cont.
Financed by new special assessments, property taxes, sales taxes or tolls
May issue revenue bonds and TDD owns project until bonds paid
All properties in TDD must benefit, even if project not located in TDD (interchange)
Improvements in past paid for by developers are now financed by taxes
Chapter 100 bonds
Originally were Industrial Revenue Bonds but in 1986 federal government cracked down on the use of such bonds
City holds the property, so it is not taxable by city or any overlaying jurisdiction
Bond paid by rent on the property Rent below market value, is taxable Can include both real and personal
property Cannot be used for retail