Handbook of Antenna Technologies

Zhi Ning ChenEditor-in-Chief

Duixian Liu • Hisamatsu NakanoXianming Qing • Thomas ZwickEditors

Handbook ofAntenna Technologies

With 2473 Figures and 176 Tables

Editor-in-ChiefZhi Ning ChenDepartment of Electrical and ComputerEngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore

EditorsDuixian LiuIBM T.J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, NY, USA

Hisamatsu NakanoFaculty of Science and EngineeringHosei UniversityKoganei, Tokyo, Japan

Xianming QingInstitute for Infocomm ResearchSingapore, Singapore

Thomas ZwickKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany

ISBN 978-981-4560-43-6 ISBN 978-981-4560-44-3 (eBook)ISBN 978-981-4560-45-0 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-981-4560-44-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016934309

# Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #22-06/08 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

To my father Mr. Chen Liang and my motherMrs. Wang Ruizhi for my inheriting theirpatience, persistence, and perseverance.(To my father I dedicate this volume in tokenof affection and gratitude.)To my wife Mrs. Liu Lin and my twin sonsShifeng and Shiya for their fullyunderstanding and supporting me to work onthis huge project.

Foreword

It is my great pleasure to write a foreword for this very important Antenna Hand-book. This, the sesquicentennial year of the completion of Maxwell’s equations in1865, is a conspicuous year to publish this handbook. Even though antenna tech-nology has been around for about a hundred years, its importance remains hitherto.The key experiment done by Heinrich Hertz in 1886 proved that wireless signaltransfer was possible. Furthermore, the work of Guglielmo Marconi in 1895underscored the importance of wireless communications. He subsequently usedsimple antennas to transmit radio signals over the earth’s surface: the antenna wasa quarter wave dipole mounted on the earth’s surface, and the receiver was a longstring of wire raised by wind power, namely, a kite. On the other hand, Nicola Teslawas investigating the use of induction coil for wireless power transfer as far backas 1891.

Communication, remote sensing, and radar technologies have induced antennatechnology to grow by leaps and bounds. Some of the most notable ones are theYagi-Uda antenna invented in 1926, horn antenna, antenna array, reflector antenna,and patch antenna. Patch or microstrip antenna was suggested by George Deschampsin 1953, and later developed further by many workers, including Yuen Tse Lo. Also,Paul Mayes worked on broadband antennas, such as the log-periodic array antenna,which morphed from the Yagi-Uda antenna. Deschamps, Lo, and Mayes were myformer close colleagues. The importance of antenna technology is more recentlymagnified by the demand in the cell phone industry, calling for ever smaller antennasand continuous miniaturization.

The advent of computer technology instills the growth of numerical methods tomodel antenna structures. The growth of numerical methods which are robust,efficient, and fast algorithms to solve problems gives rise to a sleuth of commercialsoftware to simulate antenna performance. Antennas can be virtually prototyped in acomputer, and their performance optimized before their actual fabrication. Thisprocess gives rise to great cost reduction, as well as the opportunity for cut-and-tryengineering without incurring exorbitant costs.

The ease of antenna design is greatly aided by the availability of many commer-cial simulation software suites. Moreover, these software suites unleash the creativeenergy of many antenna engineers, expanding their design space. Examples of thenumerical methods that have found their ways into commercial software suites are

vii

the finite element method, method of moments, and fast multipole algorithms. Manymore will emerge in commercial software: the general lag time between conceptionin research and migration to commercial applications is about a decade or two. Thegrowth of computational electromagnetics in antenna design, in addition to hardwaregains in computer technology, is also propelled by the emergence of fast solvers suchas fast multipole solvers, hierarchical matrix solvers, and reduced rank matrixsolvers.

Antenna design is also an interesting area where wave physics meets circuitphysics. The way energy is fed into an antenna is via design of matching networksdrawing upon the vast knowledge in circuit design. However, the way energy istransmitted from antenna to antenna is via wave physics; hence the concept ofantenna aperture, gain, radiation pattern, and polarization are instrumental in antennadesign. Therefore, low frequency as well as high frequency electromagnetics areequally important. In fact, for many reflector antennas, the waves are in their quasi-optical regime, allowing their analysis with high-frequency techniques and approx-imations. On the other hand, the interface with circuit physics calls for multiscaleanalysis which is a fervent area of research in computational electromagnetics.

Due to the rapid growth of nanofabrication technology, nanostructures on theorder of optical wavelengths are now possible. This spurs the growth of nanoantennatechnology in the optical regime. Many antenna concepts in the microwave regimeneed to be revisited or reused in the optical regime. This has been used forspontaneous and stimulated emission, and the enhancement of the Purcell factor.This is an area in need of new ideas as well.

I am also very happy to see that the collection of these chapters is done under theleadership of Prof. Zhi Ning Chen at the National University of Singapore. I haveknown Prof. Chen since he was a young man in China, and during my very first tripto China in 1994. Being born overseas, my first trip to China was full of clashbetween fantasy and reality. But Prof. Chen impressed me as a forthright young manwith great curiosity. The economic growth of the pacific-rim region, includingSingapore, also touches a resounding chord in me since I grew up in Malaysiawhen it was still one country with Singapore. I was happy to learn of the creativeresearch of Prof. Chen in both National University of Singapore (NUS) and Instituteof Infocomm Research (I2R) in Singapore on my various trips to Singapore. Thishandbook, being published on SG50, the 50th anniversary year of the founding ofSingapore in 1965, also bears special meaning.

October 10, 2015 Weng Cho CHEWUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

viii Foreword

Preface

A century and a half have passed since James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) publishedA Dynamical Theory of the Electrodynamic Field, which features the original set ofMaxwell’s equations. Through these equations, Maxwell mathematically describedthe diffusion of light and electromagnetic waves travelling through space at thespeed of light. His equations have been undoubtedly the most important break-through following Isaac Newton’s formulation of the laws of motion and gravity. Hiscontribution had affected – and continues to affect – the physics world and our dailylife. He is considered the founder of the field of electromagnetic theory. Thepublication of the Handbook of Antenna Technologies is dedicated to the 150thAnniversary of Maxwell’s Equations.

With the rapid development of very large scale integration (VLSI) and computerscience, wireless technologies have quickly penetrated all aspects of our daily life;almost everyone has at least one wireless device such as a mobile phone, laptop,contactless smart card, or smart watch on the move. As the key device of radiationand induction of electromagnetic waves or fields, antennas have certainly played aunique and irreplaceable role in all wireless systems. As a result, these new appli-cations have greatly driven the focus on antenna technology to high performance,small size, and embeddable configuration, especially in the past three decades.

The state-of-the-art antenna has been electrically controllable, or regarded as anintelligent sub-system integrated with a signal processing unit instead of only apassive hardware component. As such, beamforming, multiple-input-multiple-out-put (MIMO), massive MIMO, multibeam antenna systems, and so on have beenwidely implemented in advanced mobile communications, radars, and imagingsystems. With more and more complicated functions for antenna technologies, thedesign and optimization of antennas must be carried out at a system level. To achievethe desired system performance, the antennas should be designed closely withradiofrequency (RF) channels, RF front ends, and even signal processing unit, ofwhich MIMO systems have been an excellent example. Also, the groundbreakingantenna technologies strongly rely on the progress in new materials and fabricationprocesses. Like the existing printed circuit board (PCB) and low-temperatureco-fired ceramic (LTCC) processes, the recently developed additive process-basedthree-dimensional (3D) printing has started a new phase for antenna design andfabrication. Unfortunately, we do not have too many new materials for antennas.

ix

However, recently the novel physical concepts of metamaterials, that is conventionalmaterials-based artificial electromagnetic structures, have opened a new window forinnovative antenna technology.

I vividly remembered that the interviewer for my master degree program askedme if I am ready to start my academic career in antenna engineering, a hard andtedious field. Thirty years later, I can only concur with him that a good antennaengineer must be proficient in engineering and other disciplines such as mathemat-ics, physics, mechanics, and even materials. However, on the contrary to his belief ofa stagnant engineering discipline, the design of antennas can be interesting andenergizing if you regard the design as an artwork, that involves changing of shapes,dimensions, and orientations for the desired performance. In particular, the fusion(not conventional integration) of antennas with other parts of the wireless systemswill bring in a totally new and inspiring era for antenna technologies. As a result,many exciting technical challenges will invoke more out-of-the-box thinking increating solutions for antenna technologies.

To faithfully reflect on the recent progress in antenna technologies and theemerging technical challenges, we have invited 140 reputable experts all overworld to contribute to this project, Handbook of Antenna Technologies, with77 excellent chapters and 3500 printed pages. However, I was initially hesitant tostart this huge project when Dr. Yeung Siu Wai Stephen, from Springer Asia,approached me, simply because I did not have any idea how to make one moreunique handbook amongst many other handbooks related to antennas, a very classicfield. In order for the readers to fully appreciate and benefit from the Handbook ofAntenna Technologies, I structured the handbook around three key objectives. First,as an education-driven handbook; the high-priority targeted readers will be juniorresearchers, engineers, and postgraduates. All the chapters will provide the readerswith enough historic background information about the specific topics in order tohelp them avoid possible reinvention. Second, apart from fundamental and classicantenna technologies, the state-of-the-art electromagnetics related topics will beincluded to further enhance the readers’ appreciation of antenna technologies inmodern context. Last, digital media will be made available, downloadable chapter bychapter, besides the conventional printed media. I hope that this Handbook willprovide practitioners (novice or expert) of antenna technologies an informative andupdated reference guide.

Without a strong editorial team, Dr. Duixian Liu from IBM Watson ResearchCenter, USA, Prof. Hisamatsu Nakano from Hosei University, Japan, Dr. XianmingQing from Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, and Prof. Thomas Zwick,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, we could not have finished this hugeproject in one year! We all worked very hard to select and decide more than 90 topics,communicate with prospective authors, review manuscripts, negotiate with authorsfor revision of each chapter, and so on, all very time-consuming tasks. Also, ourheartfelt thanks go to Mrs. Barbara Wolf and, in particular, Mrs. Saskia Ellis as wellas the Publication Department of Springer References for their support and profes-sionalism. We would like to give special thanks to all the authors for their excellentcontribution, valuable time, and full cooperation.

x Preface

All team members, Dr. Duixian Liu, Prof. Hisamatsu Nakano, Dr. XianmingQing, and Prof. Thomas Zwick, like to thank their families for their strong supportand understanding during this project, in particular, Dr. Duixian Liu to his wife Mrs.Shuang Huang and Dr. Xianming Qing to his wife Mrs. Xiaoqing Yang. ProfessorHisamatsu Nakano also likes to thank Prof. Junji Yamauchi and Lecturer HiroakiMimaki both from Hosei University, Japan, for their kind help in working on thisproject.

The Handbook covers the wide range of topics related to antenna engineering.Section I: Theory: Overview and Fundamentals briefs the antenna relevant

electromagnetic fundamentals and selected latest topics in the areas ofnonconventional antennas such as nanoantennas and metamaterials.

In Section II: Design: Elements and Arrays, the latest progress in classic antennatechnologies is updated. The developed technologies can be customized for partic-ular applications with high performance. To be complete, the important setups andmethodologies of antenna measurement are included.

As part of important antenna technologies, the unique design considerations forthe antennas in specific wireless systems are worked out and addressed by practicaldesign examples in Section III: Applications: Systems and Issues Associated toAntennas.

10 October 2015 Zhi Ning Chen (陈志宁)National University of Singapore, Singapore

Singapore

Preface xi

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Theory: Overview and Fundamentals – Introduction andFundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Maxwell, J.C. Maxwell’s Original Presentation of ElectromagneticTheory and Its Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Tapan K. Sarkar and Magdalena Salazar-Palma

Physics and Mathematics of Radio Wave Propagation in CellularWireless Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Magdalena Salazar-Palma, Tapan K. Sarkar, Mohammad N. Abdallah,Walid Dyab, M. V. S. N. Prasad, and Sio Weng Ting

Commercial Antenna Design Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Qing Huo Liu

Numerical Modeling in Antenna Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Weng Cho Chew, Li Jun Jiang, Sheng Sun, Wei E. I. Sha, Qi Dai, MojtabaFallahpour, and Yu Mao Wu

Physical Bounds of Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Mats Gustafsson, Doruk Tayli, and Marius Cismasu

Concept and Applications of Receiving Mutual Impedance . . . . . . . . . 235Hon Tat Hui

Part II Theory: Overview and Fundamentals – New Topics andKey Issues Associated to Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Metamaterials and Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Richard W. Ziolkowski

Optimization Methods in Antenna Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Douglas Werner, Micah Gregory, Zhi Hao Jiang, and Donovan E. Brocker

xiii

Transmission-Line Based Metamaterials in Antenna Engineering . . . . 377Marco A. Antoniades, Hassan Mirzaei, and George V. Eleftheriades

Theory of Transformation Optics in Antenna Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Di Bao and Tie Jun Cui

Frequency Selective Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471De Song Wang, Shi-Wei Qu, and Chi Hou Chan

Optical Nanoantennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Robert D. Nevels and Hasan Tahir Abbas

Localized Waves: Theory, Techniques, and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 567Mohamed A. Salem and Christophe Caloz

Terahertz Antennas and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619Xiaodong Chen and Xiaoming Liu

Three-Dimensionally Printed/Additive Manufactured Antennas . . . . . . 661Min Liang and Hao Xin

Volume 2

Part III Design: Elements and Arrays – Introduction andBasic Types of Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699

Linear Wire Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701Kazuhiro Hirasawa

Loop Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723Peter J. Massey, P. Fellows, Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal, Arpan Pal, andAmit Mehta

Microstrip Patch Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787Kai Fong Lee and Kin-Fai Tong

Reflector Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853Trevor S. Bird

Spiral, Helical, and Rod Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923Hisamatsu Nakano and Junji Yamauchi

Dielectric Resonator Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955Eng Hock Lim, Yong-Mei Pan, and Kwok Wa Leung

Dielectric Lens Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001Carlos A. Fernandes, Eduardo B. Lima, and Jorge R. Costa

Circularly Polarized Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065Lot Shafai, Maria Z. A. Pour, Saeed Latif, and Atabak Rashidian

xiv Contents

Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113Takashi Maruyama, Kazunari Kihira, and Hiroaki Miyashita

Self-Complimentary and Broadband Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163Kunio Sawaya

Fresnel Zone Plate Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187Hristo D. Hristov

Grid Antenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249Mei Sun and Yue Ping Zhang

Reflectarray Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279Shenheng Xu and Fan Yang

Part IV Design: Elements and Arrays – Performance EnhancedAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321

Small Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323Kyohei Fujimoto and Zhinong Ying

Waveguide Slot Array Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389Jiro Hirokawa and Miao Zhang

Omnidirectional Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415Xianming Qing and Zhi Ning Chen

Antenna Design for Diversity and MIMO Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479Zhinong Ying, Chi-Yuk Chiu, Kun Zhao, Shuai Zhang, and Sailing He

Low-Profile Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1531Gijo Augustin, Qinjiang Rao, and Tayeb A. Denidni

On-Chip Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565Tianwei Deng and Yue Ping Zhang

Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585Tarek Djerafi, Ali Doghri, and Ke Wu

Ultra-Wideband Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1657Max J. Ammann, Matthias John, and Giuseppe Ruvio

Volume 3

Beam-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1697Jun H. Choi and Tatsuo Itoh

Reconfigurable Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737Joseph Costantine, Youssef Tawk, and Christos G. Christodoulou

Contents xv

Radial Line Slot Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773Hiroyuki Arai

Millimeter-Wave Antennas and Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787Wonbin Hong

Conformal Array Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851Lars Josefsson and Patrik Persson

Multibeam Antenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1893Bybi P. Chacko, Gijo Augustin, and Tayeb A. Denidni

Reduced Surface Wave Microstrip Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1933David R. Jackson

Wideband Magnetoelectric Dipole Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969Mingjian Li and Kwai-Man Luk

Part V Design: Elements and Arrays – Antenna Measurementand Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021

Antenna Measurement Setups: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023Xianming Qing and Zhi Ning Chen

Anechoic Chamber Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051Boon Kuan Chung

EMI/EMC Chamber Design, Measurement, and Instrument . . . . . . . . 2077Boon Kuan Chung

Near-Field Antenna Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2107Flaminio Ferrara, Claudio Gennarelli, and Rocco Guerriero

Radiation Efficiency Measurements of Small Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2165Yi Huang

Mm-Wave Sub-mm-Wave Antenna Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2191Heiko Gulan, Cyril Luxey, and Diane Titz

Evaluation of Wearable and Implantable Antennas with HumanPhantoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2239Koichi Ito, Chia-Heisn Lin, and Ho-Yu Lin

Part VI Applications: Systems and Issues Associated toAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2269

Antenna Systems for Cellular Base Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2271Roland Gabriel and Matthias Geissler

MIMO Systems and Antennas for Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2347Hui Li and Buon Kiong Lau

xvi Contents

Antennas in Wireless Charging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2389Qiang Chen and Qiaowei Yuan

Antennas in Partial Discharge Sensing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2419Guillermo Robles, Ricardo Albarracín, and José Luis Vázquez

Antennas in Automobile Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475Wolfgang Menzel

Satellite Antennas on Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2501Stefan Lindenmeier and Simon Senega

Smart Antennas for Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2541Qi Luo and Steven Gao

Antennas in Access Points of WLAN/WiFi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2579Hiroyuki Arai

Volume 4

Antennas in Body-Centric Sensor Network Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2589Leena Ukkonen and Yahya Rahmat-Samii

Implanted Antennas in Biomedical Telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2613Asimina Kiourti and Konstantina S. Nikita

Antennas and EM Issues in Medical Diagnosis and TreatmentSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2653Kazuyuki Saito and Koichi Ito

Holographic Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2689Christian Rusch

Radiometer Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2727Markus Peichl

Antenna Sensors in Passive Wireless Sensing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2795Haiying Huang

Antennas in MRI Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2839Sven Junge

Space Antennas Including Terahertz Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2913Ramon Gonzalo Garcia, Iñigo Ederra, Juan-Carlos Iriarte, and Jorge Teniente

Antennas in Radio Telescope Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2961Steven W. Ellingson

Reconfigurable Antennas for Wireless Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . 2987Yingjie Jay Guo and Pei-Yuan Qin

Contents xvii

Antennas in Microwave Wireless Power Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3033Xue-Xia Yang

Antennas in Handheld Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3077Cyril Luxey and Aykut Cihangir

Applications of Phased Array Feeders in Reflector Antennas . . . . . . . . 3139S. G. Hay and Trevor S. Bird

Part VII Applications: Systems and Issues Associated toAntennas – Specific Issues Associated to Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3189

Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3191Cam Nguyen

GAP Waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3273Ashraf Uz Zaman and Per-Simon Kildal

Impedance Matching and BALUNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3349Homayoon Oraizi

Advanced Antenna Fabrication Processes(MEMS/LTCC/LCP/Printing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3429Bijan K. Tehrani, Jo Bito, Jimmy G. Hester, Wenjing Su, Ryan A. Bahr,Benjamin S. Cook, and Manos M. Tentzeris

Erratum to the Chapter: Small Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3459

xviii Contents

About the Editor-in-Chief

Zhi Ning Chen received his B.Eng., M.Eng., and Ph.D.degrees, all in Electrical Engineering, from the Instituteof Communications Engineering (ICE), Nanjing, China,and his second Ph.D. degree from University ofTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, respectively.

During 1988–1995, he worked at ICE as a Lecturer andlater an Associate Professor, as well as at SoutheastUniversity, China, as a Postdoctoral Fellow and lateras an Associate Professor. During 1995–1997,Dr. Chen joined the City University of Hong Kong,China, as a Research Assistant and later a Research

Fellow. In 1997, he was awarded the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS) Fellowship to conduct his research at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. In2001 and 2004, he visited the University of Tsukuba as a senior JSPS Fellow. In2004, he worked at IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, USA, as an AcademicVisitor. During 1999–2012, he worked with the Institute for Infocomm Research(I2R) as Principal Scientist and Head for RF and Optical Department. Since 2012,Dr. Chen joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NationalUniversity of Singapore as a Full Professor. He was concurrently appointed asAdvisor and Principal Scientist at I2R during 2012–2016. Also, he was appointedas a Changjiang Guest Chair Professor at Southeast University, the guest professor atNanjing University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Tongji University, University ofScience and Technology of China, Fudan University, Dalian Maritime University,Shanghai University, and Tohoku University, the adjunct professor at City Univer-sity of Hong Kong and Chiba University as well as a Senior DIGITEO GuestScientist at “Laboratoire des Signauxet Systèmes,” UMR8506 CNRS-Supelec-University Paris Sud in Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

Professor Chen has published 550 technical papers and authored/edited the booksentitled Broadband Planar Antennas (Wiley 2005), UWB Wireless Communication(Wiley 2006), Antennas for Portable Devices (Wiley 2007), and Antennas for BaseStations in Wireless Communications (McGraw-Hill 2009). He also contributed sixchapters to other published books. He is holding tens of granted and filed patents

xix

with licensed deals with industry. Since 2005, he has been the recipient of five BestPaper Awards at international conferences, four Singaporean Prestigious Engineer-ing Achievement Awards, and one ASEAN Outstanding Engineering AchievementAward.

Professor Chen has been the founding General Chair of International Workshopon Antenna Technology (iWAT), International Symposium on InfoComm andMediaTechnology in Bio-Medical and Healthcare Applications (IS 3T-in-3A), Interna-tional Microwave Forum (IMWF) as well as Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennasand Propagation (APCAP).

Professor Chen is a Fellow of the IEEE for the contribution to small andbroadband antennas for wireless applications. He is serving IEEE Council onRFID as a Vice President and a Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Trans Antennas andPropagation as an Associate Editor, and IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society asa Distinguished Lecturer.

xx About the Editor-in-Chief

Section Editors

Duixian Liu IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA

Hisamatsu Nakano Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University,Koganei, Tokyo, Japan

Xianming Qing Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, Singapore

Thomas Zwick Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Baden-Wurttemberg,Germany

Zhi Ning Chen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NationalUniversity of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

xxi

Contributors

Hasan Tahir Abbas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Mohammad N. Abdallah Department of Electrical Engineering and ComputerScience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

Ricardo Albarracín Design and Innovation of Distribution Networks Technolog-ical Surveillance, Boslan S.A., Madrid, Spain

Max J. Ammann School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dublin Instituteof Technology, Dublin, Ireland

Marco A. Antoniades Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Hiroyuki Arai Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Gijo Augustin Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunication, NationalInstitute of Scientific Research (INRS), Montreal, QC, Canada

Ryan A. Bahr The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA

Di Bao State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Department of Radio Engineer-ing, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China

Trevor S. Bird Antengenuity, Eastwood, NSW, Australia

Jo Bito The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute ofTechnology, Atlanta, CA, USA

Donovan E. Brocker The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,USA

Christophe Caloz Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

Bybi P. Chacko Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunication, NationalInstitute of Scientific Research (INRS), Montreal, QC, Canada

xxiii

Chi Hou Chan State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Partner Laboratory inCity University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China

Qiang Chen Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

Xiaodong Chen EM and Antenna Research Group, School of Electronic Engineer-ing and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

Zhi Ning Chen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NationalUniversity of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Weng Cho Chew Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, China

Chi-Yuk Chiu Sony Mobile Communications, Beijing, China

Jun H. Choi Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California,Los Angeles, CA, USA

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Science andTechnology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

Christos G. Christodoulou Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, TheUniversity of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

Boon Kuan Chung Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universiti Tunku AbdulRahman, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Aykut Cihangir Laboratoire Electronique pour Objets Connectés, Université NiceSophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France

Marius Cismasu Department of Electrical and Information Technology, LundUniversity, Lund, Sweden

Benjamin S. Cook Georgia Tech. ATHENA Research Lab, Texas InstrumentsKilby Labs, Dallas, TX, USA

Jorge R. Costa Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa(ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal

Joseph Costantine Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, AmericanUniversity of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

Tie Jun Cui State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Department of RadioEngineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China

Qi Dai Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

Tianwei Deng Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, Singa-pore, Singapore

Tayeb A. Denidni Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunication, NationalInstitute of Scientific Research (INRS), Montreal, QC, Canada

xxiv Contributors

Tarek Djerafi Poly-Grames Research Center, École Polytechnique de Montréal,Montreal, QC, Canada

Ali Doghri Poly-Grames Research Center, École Polytechnique de Montréal,Montreal, QC, Canada

Walid Dyab Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

Iñigo Ederra Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public Universityof Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain

George V. Eleftheriades The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Steven W. Ellingson Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Mojtaba Fallahpour Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Uni-versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, China

P. Fellows Her Majesty’s Government Communications Centre, Milton Keynes,UK

Carlos A. Fernandes Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico,Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Flaminio Ferrara Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno,Fisciano (Salerno), Italy

Kyohei Fujimoto Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,Japan

Roland Gabriel Kathrein Werke KG, Rosenheim, Germany

Steven Gao School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent,Canterbury, UK

Matthias Geissler IMST GmbH, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany

Claudio Gennarelli Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno,Fisciano (Salerno), Italy

Ramon Gonzalo Garcia Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, PublicUniversity of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain

Micah Gregory The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Rocco Guerriero Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno,Fisciano (Salerno), Italy

Heiko Gulan Institut f€ur Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE), KarlsruherInstitut f€ur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany

Contributors xxv

Yingjie Jay Guo University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Mats Gustafsson Department of Electrical and Information Technology, LundUniversity, Lund, Sweden

Stuart G. Hay CSIRO Digital Productivity, Epping, NSW, Australia

Sailing He Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute ofTechnology, Stockholm, Sweden

Jimmy G. Hester The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA

Kazuhiro Hirasawa Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, Universityof Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Jiro Hirokawa Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Wonbin Hong Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea

Hristo D. Hristov Department of Electronic Engineering, Federico Santa MariaUniversity of Technology, Valparaiso, Chile

Haiying Huang University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA

Yi Huang Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University ofLiverpool, Liverpool, UK

Hon Tat Hui University of Macau, Macau, China

Juan-Carlos Iriarte Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, PublicUniversity of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain

Koichi Ito Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba,Japan

Tatsuo Itoh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, LosAngeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

David R. Jackson Department of ECE, Cullen College of Engineering, Universityof Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Li Jun Jiang Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Universityof Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Zhi Hao Jiang The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Matthias John The Telecommunications Research Centre, (CTVR), TrinityCollege, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Lars Josefsson Lars Microwave, Askim, Sweden

Sven Junge Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany

xxvi Contributors

Kazunari Kihira Antennas Technology Department, Information TechnologyR&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan

Per-Simon Kildal Antenna Systems Division, Signals and System Department,Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

Asimina Kiourti ElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Saeed Latif University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA

Buon Kiong Lau Department of Electrical and Information Technology, LundUniversity, Lund, Sweden

Kai Fong Lee Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Mississippi,Mississippi, USA

Kwok Wa Leung Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong,Hongkong, China

Hui Li School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, DalianUniversity of Technology, Dalian, China

Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund,Sweden

Mingjian Li Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory ofMillimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China

Min Liang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University ofArizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Eng Hock Lim Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tunku AbdulRahman, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Eduardo B. Lima Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico,Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

Chia-Heisn Lin Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba,Japan

Ho-Yu Lin Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

Stefan Lindenmeier Institute of High Frequency Technology and MobileCommunication, Universit€at der Bundeswehr M€unchen, Neubiberg, Germany

Qing Huo Liu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke Univer-sity, Durham, NC, USA

Xiaoming Liu School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts andTelecommunications, Beijing, China

Kwai-Man Luk Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratoryof Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China

Contributors xxvii

Qi Luo School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury,UK

Cyril Luxey Laboratoire Electronique pour Objets Connectés, Université NiceSophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France

Takashi Maruyama Antennas Technology Department, Information TechnologyR&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan

Peter J. Massey Her Majesty’s Government Communications Centre, MiltonKeynes, UK

Amit Mehta College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

Wolfgang Menzel Institute of Microwave Techniques, University of Ulm, Ulm,Germany

Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal University of Essex, Colchester, UK

Hassan Mirzaei The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Hiroaki Miyashita Antennas Technology Department, Information TechnologyR&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan

Hisamatsu Nakano Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University,Koganei, Tokyo, Japan

Robert D. Nevels Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Cam Nguyen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station, TX, USA

Konstantina S. Nikita School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NationalTechnical University of Athens, Zografos, Athens, Greece

Homayoon Oraizi College of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Scienceand Technology, Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Arpan Pal College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

Yong-Mei Pan Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University ofTechnology, Guangdong, China

Markus Peichl DLR, Microwaves and Radar Institute, Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany

Patrik Persson Antenna System Technology, Ericsson Research, Gothenburg,Sweden

Maria Z. A. Pour Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universityof Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

xxviii Contributors

M. V. S. N. Prasad National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India

Pei-Yuan Qin University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Xianming Qing Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore, Singapore

Shi-Wei Qu School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Scienceand Technology of China, Chengdu, China

Yahya Rahmat-Samii University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), AntennaResearch, Analysis and Measurement Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Qinjiang Rao Blackberry Limited, Kanata, ON, Canada

Atabak Rashidian Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univer-sity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Guillermo Robles Department of Electrical Engineering, University Carlos III ofMadrid, Leganes, Madrid, Spain

Christian Rusch Institut f€ur Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik, Karlsruhe Insti-tute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

Giuseppe Ruvio Antenna & High Frequency Research Centre, Dublin Institute ofTechnology, Dublin, Ireland

Kazuyuki Saito Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba,Japan

Magdalena Salazar-Palma Department of Signal Theory & Communications,Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain

Mohamed A. Salem Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

Tapan K. Sarkar Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

Kunio Sawaya Innovation Center for Creation of a Resilient Society, TohokuUniversity, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan

Simon Senega Institute of High Frequency Technology and Mobile Communica-tion, Universit€at der Bundeswehr M€unchen, Neubiberg, Germany

Wei E. I. Sha Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Universityof Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Lot Shafai Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University ofManitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Wenjing Su The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Instituteof Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA

Mei Sun Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore

Contributors xxix

Sheng Sun Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University ofHong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Youssef Tawk Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Notre DameUniversity-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon

Doruk Tayli Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund Univer-sity, Lund, Sweden

Bijan K. Tehrani The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA

Jorge Teniente Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public Univer-sity of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain

Manos M. Tentzeris The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA

Sio Weng Ting Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Macau, Macau, China

Diane Titz Lycée Jules Ferry, Cannes, France

Laboratoire Electronique pour Objets Connectés, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis,Sophia Antipolis, France

Kin-Fai Tong Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UniversityCollege London, London, UK

Leena Ukkonen Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering,Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland

José Luis Vázquez Department of Signal Theory and Communications, UniversityCarlos III of Madrid, Leganes, Spain

De Song Wang State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Partner Laboratory inCity University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China

Douglas Werner The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Ke Wu Poly-Grames Research Center, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal,QC, Canada

Yu Mao Wu Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves,School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Hao Xin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University ofArizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Shenheng Xu Department of Electronic Engineering, Microwave and AntennaInstitute, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Junji Yamauchi Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University, Koganei,Tokyo, Japan

xxx Contributors

Fan Yang Department of Electronic Engineering, Microwave and Antenna Insti-tute, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Xue-Xia Yang School of Communication and Information Engineering, ShanghaiUniversity, Shanghai, China

Zhinong Ying Research and Technology, Sony Mobile Communications AB,Lund, Sweden

Qiaowei Yuan National Institute of Technology, Sendai College, Sendai, Japan

Ashraf Uz Zaman Antenna Systems Division, Signals and System Department,Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

Miao Zhang Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Shuai Zhang Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg,Denmark

Yue Ping Zhang School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NanyangTechnological University, Singapore, Singapore

Kun Zhao Research and Technology, Sony Mobile Communications AB, Lund,Sweden

Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm, Sweden

Richard W. Ziolkowski Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TheUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Contributors xxxi