Handbook of Human Motion

Bertram Müller • Sebastian I. WolfEditors-in-Chief

Gert-Peter Brüggemann • Zhigang DengAndrew S. McIntosh • Freeman MillerW. Scott SelbieSection Editors

Handbook of HumanMotion

With 522 Figures and 68 Tables

Editors-in-chiefBertram MüllerMotion and MoreBarcelona, Spain

Sebastian I. WolfClinic for Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryCenter for OrthopedicsTrauma Surgery and Spinal Cord InjuryHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelberg, Germany

Section EditorsGert-Peter BrüggemannInstitute for Biomechanics und OrthopedicsGerman Sport University CologneCologne, Germany

Zhigang DengDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of HoustonHouston, TX, USA

Andrew S. McIntoshMcIntosh Consultancy and ResearchSydney, NSW, Australia

Australian Collaboration for Research intoInjury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP)Federation University AustraliaBallarat, VIC, Australia

Monash University Accident Research CentreMonash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia

Freeman MillerWilmington, Delaware, USA

W. Scott SelbieHAS-Motion Inc.Kingston, ON, Canada

C-Motion Inc.Germantown, MD, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-14417-7 ISBN 978-3-319-14418-4 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-14419-1 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017957051

# Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claimsin published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG, partof Springer Nature.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Foreword

The field of human locomotion biomechanics has developed drastically in the last50 years. I remember when I first began in biomechanics in the early 1970’s howunderdeveloped the field of human motion analysis and the related methodologieswere. There were very few places in the world that were involved in this field of study,and we had to develop appropriate methodologies often from scratch. I remember adiscussion with experts as whether or not the impact forces measured with force plateswere artifacts or real. I also remember the high-speed film cameras and the complicatedand time-consuming film analysis. Today, human movement analysis is a highlydeveloped field with many facets, excellent high-technology equipment, highly sophis-ticated mathematical methods of data analysis, and thousands of experts working allover the world in many different fields of applications. Additionally, human movementanalysis is instructed in almost all universities in many different faculties (e.g.,kinesiology, engineering, medicine, injury prevention, etc.).

The Handbook of Human Motion reflects these developments and provides anintroduction to the subject, as well as a description of the current state-of-the-arttechnologies and a vision for the future of the field. The various sections provide abroad representation of the different fields of application of movement analysis andallow cross-fertilization between these fields.

Furthermore, the Handbook of Human Motion provides a wealth of information fromoutstanding experts in the field that can be used to explore this innovative field of study.

The study of human movement is exciting and will develop in the next fewdecades even further using wearable sensors and chips that provide real-time infor-mation to the athlete and patient. The principal work of the human movement analystis to provide appropriate interpretation of the wealth of generated results. Thishandbook helps in contributing to this development.

Calgary, Summer 2017 Benno Nigg

v

Preface

In the beginning, the science of human movement was represented by just a fewoutstanding personalities. Nowadays, this is no longer the case as the number ofexperts in the field has increased exponentially. With this increase, the field hasdiversified into many different scientific areas and specialities.

Working within different fields but meeting up regularly at conferences related tohuman motion capture, we both realized that there may be a huge amount ofknowledge that we were not even aware of. Specialized textbooks are available forall of the different disciplines, but to our knowledge there is, as yet, no compendiumthat serves to overarch them all. Therefore, in conjunction with five other specialistsin different fields and a publishing house that shared our philosophy, we begancompiling this handbook. With well over 100 chapters now realized, and with morethan 200 authors involved, the handbook has advanced to this first printed edition.

This handbook is intended not only for beginners in the field, providing anoverview of the different approaches, but also for experts in a particular area needinginformation for a related one. Some fields have developed along with the technology,such as animations in the motion picture industry. Others, such as medicine, areintroducing it to improve understanding of human movement for diagnosis andtreatment. Its application in the field of sports science, for instance, might enhancehuman performance while diminishing the risk of injury. When legal aspects areinvolved or when dealing with occupational medicine, the focus of human motionmight shift toward other related issues and the subject of forensics. New fields arecontinually emerging, guided by the creativity of people working with such systems.

In each chapter of this book, information is provided on state-of-the-art science,as well as insight into future directions, providing detailed information about eachsubject. Our hope is that this handbook will not only increase the level of knowledgeof the individual reader, but also facilitate understanding between different scientificfields and related areas.

The inclusion of authors from around the world not only reflects differentapproaches but also a wide variation in methodological and linguistic styles. Thelatter, for instance, is responsible for the transmission of information, which is thebasis for communication and understanding in a multicultural society, and caninvolve imparting many ambiguous terms and concepts. While standardization

vii

might not be an attainable goal, knowledge of the differences may well enhanceinteraction and communication between professionals.

And finally, the variety of subject matter within this compact handbook mightalso produce new ideas for one’s own field of study. Interpolating knowledge withinformation from fields not previously believed to be related might just lead to novelapproaches. What it does already provide is evidence of diversity in measurementsand their interpretation, which will doubtless lead to improvements in results in thequest for objective data.

What we, the editors, have also noted is the rapid development and expansion inthe discovery of human motion and its application. While this first physical editionprovides extensive information, it is also recommended to look up the onlineversion, where frequent updates can be seen. We are thankful to all of the authorsfor their contribution to this edition and to their continuing interest in keeping theinformation up to date. We would also like to invite all of those who find anyomissions to contribute to this work in the future.

Bertram MüllerSebastian I. Wolf

Barcelona/HeidelbergOctober 2017

viii Preface

Acknowledgments

Editing this book was for both editors an adventure. We did not know in advancewhat result to expect since neither of our scientific backgrounds and networksoverarched the disciplines presented in this book. We therefore give thanks to oursection editors Scott Selbie, Freeman Miller, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, ZhigangDeng, and Andrew S. McIntosh for extending our network and helping in collectingthese chapters. Our special thanks go to Manfred Nusseck and Benita Kuni formaking the sections of human movement in music and dance possible. Furthermore,we wish to thank all contributing authors for their idealism in sharing their knowl-edge and dedicating their time to writing a contribution to this book. Finally, wewould also like to extend our particular gratitude to the team of Springer with Tom,Lydia, Johanna, and Barbara for supporting us in realizing this overview on humanmotion throughout the past years.

ix

Contents

Volume 1

Section I Methods and Models

Part I Rigid Body Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Observing and Revealing the Hidden Structure of the HumanForm in Motion Throughout the Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Aurelio Cappozzo

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Human Skeleton inMotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Valentina Camomilla, Aurelio Cappozzo, and Giuseppe Vannozzi

Estimation of the Body Segment Inertial Parameters for the RigidBody Biomechanical Models Used in Motion Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Raphaël Dumas and Janis Wojtusch

Part II Discriminative Methods in Dynamic Pose Estimation . . . . . 79

3D Dynamic Pose Estimation from Marker-Based Optical Data . . . . . . 81W. Scott Selbie and Marcus J. Brown

Measurement of 3D Dynamic Joint Motion Using BiplaneVideoradiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Hans Gray, Shanyuanye Guan, Peter Loan, and Marcus Pandy

3D Musculoskeletal Kinematics Using Dynamic MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Frances T. Sheehan and Richard M. Smith

Cross-Platform Comparison of Imaging Technologies for MeasuringMusculoskeletal Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Richard M. Smith and Frances T. Sheehan

Ultrasound Technology for Examining the Mechanics of the Muscle,Tendon, and Ligament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Glen Lichtwark

xi

Part III Generative Methods in Dynamic Pose Estimation . . . . . . . 177

3D Dynamic Probabilistic Pose Estimation from Data Collected UsingCameras and Reflective Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Thomas M. Kepple and Alan R. De Asha

3D Dynamic Pose Estimation from Markerless Optical Data . . . . . . . . 197Steven Cadavid and W. Scott Selbie

Three-Dimensional Human Kinematic Estimation Using Magneto-Inertial Measurement Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Andrea Cereatti, Ugo Della Croce, and Angelo M. Sabatini

Gait Parameters Estimated Using Inertial Measurement Units . . . . . . . 245Ugo Della Croce, Andrea Cereatti, and Martina Mancini

Physics-Based Models for Human Gait Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Petrissa Zell, Bastian Wandt, and Bodo Rosenhahn

Part IV Body Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Scaling and Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295At L. Hof

Part V Extended Modeling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Induced Acceleration and Power Analyses of Human Motion . . . . . . . 309Anne K. Silverman

Optimal Control Modeling of Human Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Brian R. Umberger and Ross H. Miller

Time Series Analysis in Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349W. Brent Edwards, Timothy R. Derrick, and Joseph Hamill

Hill-Based Muscle Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373Ross H. Miller

Simulation of Soft Tissue Loading from Observed MovementDynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Scott C. E. Brandon, Colin R. Smith, and Darryl G. Thelen

Gait Symmetry Measures and Their Relevance to Gait Retraining . . . 429Silvia Cabral

Part VI Dynamic Electromyography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Surface Electromyography to Study Muscle Coordination . . . . . . . . . . 451François Hug and Kylie Tucker

xii Contents

Section II Medical Application

Part VII Gait Assessment in Clinical Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Clinical Gait Assessment by Video Observation and 2D Techniques . . . 473Andreas Kranzl

The Conventional Gait Model - Success and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . 489Richard Baker, Fabien Leboeuf, Julie Reay, and Morgan Sangeux

Variations of Marker Sets and Models for Standard Gait Analysis . . . 509Felix Stief

Next-Generation Models Using Optimized Joint Center Location . . . . 527Ayman Assi, Wafa Skalli, and Ismat Ghanem

Kinematic Foot Models for Instrumented Gait Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 547Alberto Leardini and Paolo Caravaggi

Trunk and Spine Models for Instrumented Gait Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 571Robert Needham, Aoife Healy, and Nachiappan Chockalingam

Upper Extremity Models for Clinical Movement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 583Andrea Giovanni Cutti, Ilaria Parel, and Andrea Kotanxis

Part VIII Interpreting Kinetics and EMG in Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

Interpreting Ground Reaction Forces in Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609Nachiappan Chockalingam, Aoife Healy, and Robert Needham

Interpreting Joint Moments and Powers in Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625L. H. Sloot and M. M. van der Krogt

EMG Activity in Gait: The Influence of Motor Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . 645Dimitrios A. Patikas

Part IX Scores and Spatiotemporal Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Gait Scores: Interpretations and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673Veronica Cimolin and Manuela Galli

Interpreting Spatiotemporal Parameters, Symmetry, and Variabilityin Clinical Gait Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689Arnaud Gouelle and Fabrice Mégrot

Part X Pedobarography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

Assessing Pediatric Foot Deformities by Pedobarography . . . . . . . . . . . 711Dieter Rosenbaum

Contents xiii

Assessing Clubfoot and Cerebral Palsy by Pedobarography . . . . . . . . . 727Julie A. Stebbins

Low Density Pedoboragraphy as a Gait Analysis Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741Ruopeng Sun, Tyler A. Wood, and Jacob J. Sosnoff

The Importance of Foot Pressure in Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759Malindu E. Fernando, Robert G. Crowther, and Scott Wearing

Integration of Foot Pressure and Foot Kinematics Measurementsfor Medical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789Claudia Giacomozzi, Paolo Caravaggi, Julie A. Stebbins, andAlberto Leardini

Volume 2

Part XI Energy Consumption During Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

Assessing the Impact of Aerobic Fitness on Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813Annet Dallmeijer, Astrid Balemans, and Eline Bolster

Oxygen Consumption in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825Hank White, J. J. Wallace, and Sam Augsburger

The Use of Kinematics for Pulmonary Volume Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 847Carlo Massaroni

Aerobic Capacity and Aerobic Load of Activities of Daily LivingAfter Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863I. J. Blokland, T. IJmker, and H. Houdijk

Part XII Gait and Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885

Measures to Determine Dynamic Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887Timothy A. Niiler

Slip and Fall Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915Feng Yang

Detecting and Measuring Ataxia in Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937Mariano Serrao and Carmela Conte

Gait During Real-World Challenges: Gait Initiation, Gait Termination,Acceleration, Deceleration, Turning, Slopes, and Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . 955Michael Orendurff

Gait Retraining for Balance Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977Robert G. Crowther and Jessica May Pohlmann

xiv Contents

Part XIII Pathoanatomy and Diagnostics in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . 987

Diagnostic Gait Analysis Use in the Treatment Protocol forCerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989Freeman Miller and John Henley

Walking and Physical Activity Monitoring in Children withCerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005Kristie F. Bjornson and Nancy Lennon

Spasticity Effect in Cerebral Palsy Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037Marlene Cristina Neves Rosa and André Gonçalo Gomes Roque

Natural History of Cerebral Palsy and Outcome Assessment . . . . . . . . 1053Erich Rutz and Pam Thomason

Skeletal Muscle Structure in Spastic Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075Adam Shortland

Part XIV Movement Deviations in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091

Swing Phase Problems in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093Ana Presedo

Strength Related Stance Phase Problems in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . 1109Justin Connor and Mutlu Cobanoglu

Foot and Ankle Motion in Cerebral Palsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121Jon R. Davids and Sean A. Tabaie

The Arm Pendulum in Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151Jaques Riad

Upper Extremity Movement Pathology in Functional Tasks . . . . . . . . . 1167Lisa Mailleux, Cristina Simon-Martinez, Hilde Feys, and Ellen Jaspers

Part XV Other Neurologic Gait Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185

Idiopathic Toe Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187Karen Davies, Lise Leveille, and Christine Alvarez

Gait Disorders in Persons After Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205Johanna Jonsdottir and Maurizio Ferrarin

Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy: Understanding FunctionUsing Motion Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217Sylvia Õunpuu and Kristan Pierz

Motor Patterns Recognition in Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237Pierpaolo Sorrentino, Valeria Agosti, and Giuseppe Sorrentino

Contents xv

Gait and Multiple Sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253James McLoughlin

Functional Dystonias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267Jessica Pruente and Deborah Gaebler-Spira

Part XVI Traumatic and Orthopedic Gait Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281

Gait Changes in Skeletal Dysplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283William G. Mackenzie and Oussama Abousamra

Impact of Scoliosis on Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289Elizabeth A. Rapp and Peter G. Gabos

Concussion Assessment During Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307Robert D. Catena and Kasee J. Hildenbrand

Functional Effects of Ankle Sprain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325Ilona M. Punt and Lara Allet

Part XVII Orthotics and Prosthetics in Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341

Prosthetic Foot Principles and Their Influence on Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343Andrew Hansen and Felix Starker

The Influence of Prosthetic Knee Joints on Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359Steven A. Gard

Influence of Prosthetic Socket Design and Fitting on Gait . . . . . . . . . . . 1383Arezoo Eshraghi and Jan Andrysek

Functional Effects of Foot Orthoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407Christopher Nester

Functional Effects of Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1423Benedicte Vanwanseele

Gait Rehabilitation with Exoskeletons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1433Stefano Federici, Fabio Meloni, and Marco Bracalenti

Brain-Computer Interfaces for Motor Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1471Rüdiger Rupp

Part XVIII Gait After Joint Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1503

Effects of Total Hip Arthroplasty on Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505Swati Chopra and Kenton R. Kaufman

xvi Contents

Effects of Knee Osteoarthritis and Joint Replacement Surgeryon Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1521Cheryl L. Hubley-Kozey and Janie Astephen Wilson

The Effects of Ankle Joint Replacement on Gait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1551Justin Michael Kane, Scott Coleman, and James White Brodsky

Shoulder Joint Replacement and Upper Extremity Activities ofDaily Living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1563Hendrik Bruttel, David M. Spranz, Jan M. Eckerle, and Michael W. Maier

Section III Arts and Human Performance

Part XIX Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581

Sprint Running: Running at Maximum Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583Michiyoshi Ae

Running Shoes: Injury Protection and Performance Enhancement . . . 1613Steffen Willwacher

Landings: Implications for Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629Laura A. Held, Henryk Flashner, and Jill L. McNitt-Gray

Airborne Movements: Somersaults and Twists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1661Maurice R. Yeadon

Ski Jumping: Aerodynamics and Kinematics of Take-Off andFlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681Mikko Virmavirta

The Segmental Movements in Front Crawl Swimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703Ross H. Sanders, Jordan T. Andersen, and Hideki Takagi

Movement Analysis of Scull and Oar Rowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719Patria A. Hume

Segmental Movements in Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1741Rodrigo R. Bini and Felipe P. Carpes

Movement Analysis of the Golf Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755Patria A. Hume and J. Keogh

The Motor Solutions of Throws in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773Bing Yu

Contents xvii

Volume 3

Part XX Motion in Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787

Body Movements in Music Performances: The Example ofClarinet Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1789Manfred Nusseck, Marcelo M. Wanderley, and Claudia Spahn

Investigating Aspects of Movement in Violin Performance . . . . . . . . . . 1803Gongbing Shan, Peter Visentin, Manfred Nusseck, and Claudia Spahn

Movement and Touch in Piano Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1821Werner Goebl

Movements, Timing, and Precision of Drummers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1839Sofia Dahl

Observing and Learning Complex Actions: On the Example ofGuitar Playing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1859Tom Gardner and Emily S. Cross

Part XXI Dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1873

Functional Movement Analysis in Dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1875Andrea Schärli

Motion Analysis as Pedagogic Tool in Dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1889Martin Puttke and Dimitri Volchenkov

Somatic Practices: How Motion Analysis and Mind Images WorkHand in Hand in Dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911Sarah Whatley

Section IV Animation

Part XXII Human Animation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927

Video-Based Performance Driven Facial Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1929Fuhao Shi

Depth Sensor-Based Facial and Body Animation Control . . . . . . . . . . . 1943Yijun Shen, Jingtian Zhang, Longzhi Yang, and Hubert P. H. Shum

Real-Time Full-Body Pose Synthesis and Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959Edmond S. L. Ho and Pong C. Yuen

Real-Time Full Body Motion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975John Collomosse and Adrian Hilton

xviii Contents

Part XXIII Human Animation Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001

Data-Driven Character Animation Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003Taku Komura, Ikhsanul Habibie, Jonathan Schwarz, and Daniel Holden

Physically Based Character Animation Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2033Jie Tan

Biped Controller for Character Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2055KangKang Yin, Stelian Coros, and Michiel van de Panne

Data-Driven Hand Animation Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2079Sophie Jörg

Example-Based Skinning Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2093Tomohiko Mukai

Part XXIV Facial Animation and Gestures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2113

Visual Speech Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2115Lei Xie, Lijuan Wang, and Shan Yang

Blendshape Facial Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2145Ken Anjyo

Eye Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2157Andrew T. Duchowski and Sophie Jörg

Head Motion Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2177Najmeh Sadoughi and Carlos Busso

Hand Gesture Synthesis for Conversational Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . 2201Michael Neff

Laughter Animation Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213Yu Ding, Thierry Artières, and Catherine Pelachaud

Part XXV Crowd Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2231

Functional Crowds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2233Jan M. Allbeck

Crowd Formation Generation and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2243Jiaping Ren, Xiaogang Jin, and Zhigang Deng

Crowd Evacuation Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2255Tomoichi Takahashi

Contents xix

Part XXVI Facial Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2269

Perceptual Study on Facial Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2271Eva G. Krumhuber and Lina Skora

Part XXVII Human to Virtual-Human Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2287

Utilizing Unsupervised Crowdsourcing to Develop a MachineLearning Model for Virtual Human Animation Prediction . . . . . . . . . . 2289Michael Borish and Benjamin Lok

Section V Forensics and Legal Application

Part XXVIII Functional Capacity Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307

Functional Capacity Evaluation and Preemployment Screening . . . . . . 2309Elizabeth Chapman, Anne M. Felts, and Matthew Klinker

Functional Capacity Evaluation and Quantitative Gait Analysis:Lower Limb Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2331Isabella T. Klöpfer-Krämer and Peter Augat

Preparticipation Physical Evaluation in Sport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2349James A. Onate and Daniel R. Clifton

Part XXIX Forensics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2361

Injury Mechanisms in Traffic Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2363Brian D. Goodwin, Sajal Chirvi, and Frank A. Pintar

Vehicle Occupants in Traffic Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2399Garrett A. Mattos

Slips, Trips, and Falls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2417Andrew Short and Len Cubitt

Biomechanical Forensics in Pediatric Head Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2447Brittany Coats and Susan Margulies

Head Impact Biomechanics of “King Hit” Assaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2463Declan A. Patton and Andrew S. McIntosh

Expert Opinion and Legal Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475Henry M. Silvester

Applications in Forensic Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2495Andrew S. McIntosh

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2509

xx Contents

About the Editors

Bertram Müller started his professional life with twodegrees in precision mechanics and electronics, heworked in the Institute of Experimental Physics at theMartin Luther University inHalle/Saale. A third engineer-ing degree and an exchange program in a center forchildren with special needs in Australia awoke his interestin bridging Engineering and Medicine. Consequently, heundertook a Ph.D. in Bioengineering at Strathclyde Uni-versity in Glasgow and graduated in Medical Science atUniversity Rey Juan Carlos in Madrid.

In 2000, he moved to Barcelona, where he managedthe Biomechanics Laboratory of Egarsat until 2012. He

presently divides his professional life between teaching and applied biomechanics.He is Associate Professor of Physics and Biomechanics at the University of Girona(EUSES), the University of Manresa, and the National Institute of Physical Educa-tion in Barcelona. He also works as a Consultant for applied biomechanics, includingclinical and occupational biomechanics, as well as sports applications, havingcollaborated with the High-Performance Centre (CAR) in St. Cugat.

His current research interest is functional capacity evaluation in various disci-plines, including legal matters. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of ForensicBiomechanics, as well as reviewer for several other scientific journals.

Sebastian I. Wolf with a Ph.D. in Physics, SebastianWolf spent several years in pure physics research beforehe moved into the field of human movement analysis in2001. For 10 years, he was Technical Director of theGait Analysis Laboratory in the Department of Ortho-pedic Surgery at Heidelberg University. Since 2010, hehas been the Director of the Division of Human Move-ment Analysis and is responsible for both the clinicalgait analysis service as well as overseeing clinicalresearch in this field. In 2015, he became Associate

xxi

Professor for Orthopedic Biomechanics at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg Uni-versity. In the same year, he was elected President of the European Society forMovement Analysis in Adults and Children (ESMAC).

Sebastian Wolf has published more than 80 peer-reviewed articles relating toclinical movement analysis and is a reviewer for numerous journals in this field withcontinuing scientific interest in advancing knowledge on neurologic and orthopedicgait disorders and mobility-related medical healthcare.

xxii About the Editors

Section Editors

Gert-Peter Brüggemann Institute for Biomechanics und Orthopedics, GermanSport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Zhigang Deng Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston,TX, USA

Andrew S. McIntosh McIntosh Consultancy and Research, Sydney, NSW,Australia

Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention(ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia

Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC,Australia

Freeman Miller Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Sebastian I. Wolf Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Center for Orthope-dics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital,Heidelberg, Germany

W. Scott Selbie HAS-Motion Inc., Kingston, ON, Canada

C-Motion, Inc., Germantown, MD, USA

xxiii

Advisory Panel

Benita Kuni Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg UniversityHospital, Heidelberg, Germany

Benno Nigg Faculties of Kinesiology, Engineering and Medicine, University ofCalgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

Manfred Nusseck University of Music and University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg,Germany

Mark Stringer Clarivate, Barcelona, Spain

xxv

Contributors

Oussama Abousamra Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilming-ton, DE, USA

Michiyoshi Ae Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo,Japan

Valeria Agosti Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of NaplesParthenope, Naples, Italy

Institute Hermitage-Capodimonte, Naples, Italy

Jan M. Allbeck George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Lara Allet Department of Physical Therapy, University of Applied Sciences ofWestern Switzerland, Carouge, Switzerland

Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Universityof Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Christine Alvarez Shriners Gait Lab, Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children,Vancouver, BC, Canada

British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Jordan T. Andersen Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, TheUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Jan Andrysek Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, BloorviewResearch Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

Institute of Biomaterial and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto,Toronto, ON, Canada

Ken Anjyo OLM Digital, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

Thierry Artières Ecole Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France

Laboratoire d’Informatique Fondamentale (LIF), UMR CNRS 7279, Université Aix-Marseille, Paris, France

Ayman Assi Laboratory of Biomechanics and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Med-icine, University of Saint-Joseph, Mar Mikhael, Beirut, Lebanon

xxvii

Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech,Paris, France

Janie Astephen Wilson School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada

Peter Augat Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau und ParacelsusMedizinische Privatuniversität Salzburg, Institut für Biomechanik, Murnau amStaffelsee, Germany

Sam Augsburger Motion Analysis Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children Medi-cal Center, Lexington, KY, USA

Richard Baker University of Salford, Salford, UK

Astrid Balemans Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Insti-tute Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU UniversityMedical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation MedicineUniversity Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Rodrigo R. Bini La Trobe Rural Health School, College of Science, Health andEngineering, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia

Kristie F. Bjornson Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washing-ton, Seattle, WA, USA

I. J. Blokland Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Heliomare Rehabilitation, Research and Development, Wijk aan Zee, TheNetherlands

Eline Bolster Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research InstituteAmsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Med-ical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Michael Borish Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering Department,University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Marco Bracalenti Department of Philosophy, Social and Human Sciences andEducation, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

Scott C. E. Brandon Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wis-consin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

xxviii Contributors

James White Brodsky Faculty, Foot and Ankle Fellowship Program, BaylorUniversity Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA

Texas A&M HSC College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA

Marcus J. Brown HAS-Motion, Inc., Kingston, ON, Canada

Hendrik Bruttel Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg Univer-sity Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

Carlos Busso Multimodal Signal Processing Lab, University of Texas at Dallas,Dallas, TX, USA

Silvia Cabral Laboratório de Biomecanica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada,Dafundo, Portugal

Steven Cadavid KinaTrax Inc., Palm Beach, FL, USA

Valentina Camomilla Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the HumanNeuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sci-ences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy

Aurelio Cappozzo Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the HumanNeuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sci-ences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy

Paolo Caravaggi Movement Analysis Laboratory and Functional-Clinical Evalu-ation of Prostheses, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Felipe P. Carpes Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Faculty of HealthSciences, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil

Robert D. Catena Gait and Posture Biomechanics Lab, Washington State Univer-sity, Pullman, WA, USA

Andrea Cereatti Department POLCOMING, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal Sys-tem, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin,Italy

Elizabeth Chapman Workforce Solutions, BTE Technologies, Greenwood Vil-lage, CO, USA

Sajal Chirvi Neuroscience Research Labs – Research 151, Medical College ofWisconsin, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Contributors xxix

Nachiappan Chockalingam Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire Univer-sity, Stoke On Trent, UK

Swati Chopra Motion Analysis Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Veronica Cimolin Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering,Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

Daniel R. Clifton School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus, OH, USA

Jameson Crane Sports Medicine Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Med-ical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Brittany Coats Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,USA

Mutlu Cobanoglu Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Adnan Mende-res University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey

Scott Coleman Department of Orthopaedics, Baylor University Medical Center,Dallas, TX, USA

Department of Orthopedics, Baylor Scott and White, Dallas, TX, USA

John Collomosse Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP),University of Surrey, Surrey, UK

Justin Connor Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA

Carmela Conte Movement Analysis LAB, Rehabilitation Centre Policlinico Italia,Rome, Italy

Stelian Coros Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Emily S. Cross Bangor University, Bangor, North Wales, UK

Robert G. Crowther Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Wellbeing, Uni-versity of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia

Smart Movement, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Len Cubitt Tullamarine, VIC, Australia

Andrea Giovanni Cutti Applied Research, INAIL Prosthetic Center, Vigorso diBudrio, BO, Italy

Sofia Dahl Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, AalborgUniversity Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Annet Dallmeijer Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Insti-tute Amsterdam, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU UniversityMedical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

xxx Contributors

Jon R. Davids Northern California Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Sacramento,Sacramento, CA, USA

Karen Davies Shriners Gait Lab, Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, Vancou-ver, BC, Canada

Alan R. De Asha C-Motion Inc., Germantown, MD, USA

Ugo Della Croce Department POLCOMING, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal Sys-tem, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Zhigang Deng Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston,TX, USA

Timothy R. Derrick Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA,USA

Yu Ding University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Andrew T. Duchowski Clemenson University, Clemson, SC, USA

Raphaël Dumas LBMC UMR_T9406, Univ Lyon, Université Claude BernardLyon 1, IFSTTAR, Lyon, France

JanM. Eckerle Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg UniversityHospital, Heidelberg, Germany

W. Brent Edwards Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Uni-versity of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

Arezoo Eshraghi Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, BloorviewResearch Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

Stefano Federici Department of Philosophy, Social and Human Sciences andEducation, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

Anne M. Felts Workforce Solutions, BTE Technologies, Greenwood Village, CO,USA

Malindu E. Fernando Podiatry Service, Kirwan Community Health Campus,Townsville, QLD, Australia

College of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

Maurizio Ferrarin Biomedical Technology Department, IRCCS Fondazione DonCarlo Gnocchi Onlus, Milan, MI, Italy

Hilde Feys Research Group for Neuromotor Rehabilitation, KU Leuven, Leuven,Belgium

Contributors xxxi

Henryk Flashner Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Univer-sity of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Peter G. Gabos Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE,USA

Deborah Gaebler-Spira Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA

Manuela Galli Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering,Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

IRCCS “San Raffaele Pisana” Tosinvest Sanità, Roma, Italy

Steven A. Gard Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, FeinbergSchool of Medicine, Northwestern University Prosthetics-Orthotics Center(NUPOC), Chicago, IL, USA

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine,Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Jesse Brown VAMedical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Chicago, IL, USA

Tom Gardner Bangor University, Bangor, North Wales, UK

Ismat Ghanem Laboratory of Biomechanics and Medical Imaging, Faculty ofMedicine, University of Saint-Joseph, Mar Mikhael, Beirut, Lebanon

Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, University of Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon

Claudia Giacomozzi Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dysmetabolic Dis-eases and Ageing, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

Werner Goebl Department of Music Acoustics – Wiener Klangstil (IWK), Uni-versity of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Brian D Goodwin Neuroscience Research Labs – Research 151, Medical Collegeof Wisconsin, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Arnaud Gouelle Gait and Balance Academy, ProtoKinetics, Havertown, PA, USA

Hans Gray Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne,Parkville, VIC, Australia

Shanyuanye Guan Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University ofMelbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Ikhsanul Habibie School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Joseph Hamill Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,MA, USA

Andrew Hansen Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

xxxii Contributors

Aoife Healy Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke OnTrent, UK

Laura A. Held Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Cali-fornia, Los Angeles, CA, USA

John Henley Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA

Kasee J. Hildenbrand Athletic Training Program, Washington State University,Pullman, WA, USA

Adrian Hilton Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP), Univer-sity of Surrey, Surrey, UK

Edmond S. L. Ho Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northum-bria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

At L. Hof Center for Human Movement Sciences and Laboratory of HumanMovement Analysis, Department of Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Gro-ningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Daniel Holden School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

H. Houdijk Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Heliomare Rehabilitation, Research and Development, Wijk aan Zee, TheNetherlands

Cheryl L. Hubley-Kozey School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Professions,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University,Halifax, NS, Canada

Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada

François Hug Laboratory “Movement, Interaction, Performance” (EA4334), Uni-versity of Nantes, Nantes, France

NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland,Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Patria A. Hume Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

T. IJmker Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ellen Jaspers Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Sophie Jörg School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

Contributors xxxiii

Xiaogang Jin State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

Johanna Jonsdottir LaRiCE, Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCSFondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Milan, Italy

Justin Michael Kane Baylor University Medical Center, McKinney, TX, USA

Faculty, Foot and Ankle Fellowship Program, Baylor University Medical Center,Dallas, TX, USA

Orthopedic Associates of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA

Kenton R. Kaufman Motion Analysis Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,USA

J. Keogh Bond University Australia, Robina, QLD, Australia

Thomas M. Kepple C-Motion Inc., Germantown, MD, USA

Matthew Klinker Workforce Solutions, BTE Technologies, Greenwood Village,CO, USA

Isabella T. Klöpfer-Krämer Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau undParacelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität Salzburg, Institut für Biomechanik,Murnau am Staffelsee, Germany

Taku Komura School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Andrea Kotanxis Leon Root Motion Analysis Laboratory, Hospital for SpecialSurgery, New York, NY, USA

Andreas Kranzl Laboratory for Gait and Human Motion Analysis, OrthopedicHospital Speising, Vienna, Austria

Eva G. Krumhuber University College London, London, UK

Alberto Leardini Movement Analysis Laboratory and Functional-Clinical Evalu-ation of Prostheses, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Fabien Leboeuf School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK

Nancy Lennon Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA

Lise Leveille Shriners Gait Lab, Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, Vancouver,BC, Canada

British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Glen Lichtwark Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Move-ment and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD,Australia

Peter Loan C-Motion, Inc., Germantown, MD, USA

Benjamin Lok Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering Department,University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

xxxiv Contributors

William G. Mackenzie Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington,DE, USA

Michael W. Maier Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg Uni-versity Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

Lisa Mailleux Research Group for Neuromotor Rehabilitation, KU Leuven, Leu-ven, Belgium

Martina Mancini Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science Univer-sity, Portland, OR, USA

Susan Margulies Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,USA

Carlo Massaroni Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, CampusBio-Medico di Roma University, Rome, Italy

Garrett A. Mattos Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, Univer-sity of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Andrew S. McIntosh Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sportand its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC,Australia

Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC,Australia

McIntosh Consultancy and Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia

James McLoughlin Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

Jill L. McNitt-Gray Departments of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Engi-neering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Fabio Meloni Department of Philosophy, Social and Human Sciences and Educa-tion, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

Fabrice Mégrot Unité Clinique d’Analyse de la Marche et du Mouvement, Centrede Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation pour Enfants de Bois-Larris – Croix-Rouge Française, Lamorlaye, France

UMR CNRS 7338: Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités,Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France

Freeman Miller Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE,USA

Ross H. Miller Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park,MD, USA

Tomohiko Mukai Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan

Contributors xxxv

Robert Needham Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke OnTrent, UK

Michael Neff Department of Computer Science and Program for Cinema andDigital Media, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA

Christopher Nester School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK

Timothy A. Niiler Gait Laboratory, Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children,Wilmington, DE, USA

Manfred Nusseck Freiburg Institute for Musicians’Medicine, University of MusicFreiburg, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Universityof Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Sylvia Õunpuu Center for Motion Analysis, Division of Orthopaedics, Connecti-cut Children’s Medical Center, Farmington, CT, USA

James A. Onate School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus, OH, USA

Jameson Crane Sports Medicine Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Med-ical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Michael Orendurff Motion and Sports Performance Laboratory, Lucile PackardChildren’s Hospital Stanford, Sunnyvale, CA, USA

Marcus Pandy Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Mel-bourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Ilaria Parel Unit of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Cervesi Hospital, Cattolica, RN,Italy

Dimitrios A. Patikas School of Physical Education and Sport Science, AristotleUniversity of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Declan A. Patton Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and itsPrevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia

Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (OSTRC), Norwegian School of Sport Sci-ences, Oslo, Norway

Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre (SIPRC), University of Calgary, Calgary,AB, Canada

Catherine Pelachaud CNRS - ISIR, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

Kristan Pierz Center for Motion Analysis, Division of Orthopaedics, ConnecticutChildren’s Medical Center, Farmington, CT, USA

Frank A. Pintar Neuroscience Research Labs – Research 151, Medical College ofWisconsin, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA

xxxvi Contributors

Jessica May Pohlmann Sport and Exercise, University of Southern Queensland,Ipswich, QLD, Australia

Smart Movement, Brisbane, Australia

Ana Presedo Pediatric Orthopaedics Department, Robert Debré University Hospi-tal, Paris, France

Jessica Pruente Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA

Ilona M. Punt Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, CAPHRI,Maastricht, The Netherlands

Department of Physical Therapy, University of Applied Sciences of Western Swit-zerland, Carouge, Switzerland

Martin Puttke Board of German Federal Association of Dance, Berlin, Germany

Elizabeth A. Rapp University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Julie Reay School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK

Jiaping Ren State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

Jaques Riad Skaraborg Hospital Skövde, Skövde, Sweden

André Gonçalo Gomes Roque Physiotherapy, University of Averio, Aveiro,Portugal

Marlene Cristina Neves Rosa Piaget Institute, Viseu, Portugal

Dieter Rosenbaum Funktionsbereich Bewegungsanalytik, Institut fürExperimentelle Muskuloskelettale Medizin, Zentrum für MuskuloskelettaleMedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany

Bodo Rosenhahn Institut für Informationsverarbeitung, Leibniz Universität Han-nover, Hannover, Germany

Rüdiger Rupp Spinal Cord Injury Center – Experimental Neurorehabilitation,Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

Erich Rutz Pediatric Orthopaedic Department, University Children’s HospitalBasel, Basel, Switzerland

Angelo M. Sabatini The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa,Italy

Najmeh Sadoughi Multimodal Signal Processing Lab, University of Texas atDallas, Dallas, TX, USA

Ross H. Sanders Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, TheUniversity of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Morgan Sangeux Hugh Williamson Gait Analysis Laboratory, The Royal Chil-dren’s Hospital, Parkville/Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Contributors xxxvii

Gait laboratory and Orthopaedics, The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute,Parkville/Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Andrea Schärli Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Jonathan Schwarz School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,UK

W. Scott Selbie HAS-Motion Inc., Kingston, ON, Canada

C-Motion Inc., Germantown, MD, USA

Mariano Serrao Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnol-ogies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy

Movement Analysis LAB, Rehabilitation Centre Policlinico Italia, Rome, Italy

Gongbing Shan Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Univer-sity of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada

Frances T. Sheehan Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Functional and AppliedBiomechanics Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Yijun Shen Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Fuhao Shi Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Andrew Short University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Adam Shortland One Small Step Gait Laboratory, Evelina Children’s Hospital,Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Hubert P. H. Shum Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Anne K. Silverman Functional Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechan-ical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA

Henry M. Silvester Barry Nilsson Lawyers, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Cristina Simon-Martinez Research Group for Neuromotor Rehabilitation, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium

Wafa Skalli Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et MétiersParisTech, Paris, France

Lina Skora University College London, London, UK

L. H. Sloot Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research InstituteAmsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Colin R. Smith Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

Richard M. Smith Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Functional and AppliedBiomechanics Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

xxxviii Contributors

Pierpaolo Sorrentino Department of Engineering, University of NaplesParthenope, Naples, Italy

Giuseppe Sorrentino Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University ofNaples Parthenope, Naples, Italy

Institute Hermitage-Capodimonte, Naples, Italy

Jacob J. Sosnoff Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Claudia Spahn Freiburg Institute for Musicians’ Medicine, University of MusicFreiburg, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Universityof Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

David M. Spranz Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg Univer-sity Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

Felix Starker Biomechatronic Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for ManufacturingEngineering and Automation, Stuttgart, Germany

Julie A. Stebbins Oxford Gait Laboratory, Oxford University Hospitals NHSFoundation Trust, Oxford, UK

Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences,University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Felix Stief Movement Analysis Lab, Orthopedic University HospitalFriedrichsheim gGmbH, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

Ruopeng Sun Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Sean A. Tabaie Northern California Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Sacramento,Sacramento, CA, USA

Hideki Takagi Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba,Ibaraki, Japan

Tomoichi Takahashi Department of Information Engineering, Meijo University,Nagoya, Japan

Jie Tan Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Darryl G. Thelen Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wiscon-sin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

Pam Thomason Hugh Williamson Gait Analysis Laboratory, Royal Children’sHospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Kylie Tucker NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain,Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Universityof Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Contributors xxxix

School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,Australia

Brian R. Umberger Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts,Amherst, MA, USA

Michiel van de Panne University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

M. M. van der Krogt Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE ResearchInstitute Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Giuseppe Vannozzi Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the HumanNeuromusculoskeletal System, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sci-ences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy

Benedicte Vanwanseele Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven,Belgium

Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Mikko Virmavirta Biology of Physical Activity, The Faculty of Sport and HealthSciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

Peter Visentin Department of Music, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Leth-bridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada

Dimitri Volchenkov Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,TX, USA

Center for Nonlinear Physics, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering,Sichuan, China

J. J. Wallace Motion Analysis Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children MedicalCenter, Lexington, KY, USA

Marcelo M.Wanderley Input Devices and Music Interaction Laboratory (IDMIL),CIRMMT, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Bastian Wandt Institut für Informationsverarbeitung, Leibniz Universität Hanno-ver, Hannover, Germany

Lijuan Wang Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA

Scott Wearing Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Univer-sity of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Faculty for Sport and Health, Technische Universität München, Munich, Bavaria,Germany

Sarah Whatley Centre for Dance Research, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

Hank White Motion Analysis Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children MedicalCenter, Lexington, KY, USA

xl Contributors

Steffen Willwacher Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German SportUniversity, Cologne, Germany

Institute of Functional Diagnostics, Cologne, Germany

Janis Wojtusch Department of Computer Science, Simulation, Systems Optimiza-tion and Robotics Group, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany

Tyler A. Wood Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Lei Xie School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University(NWPU), Xi’an, P. R. China

Shan Yang School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an, China

Feng Yang Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, ElPaso, TX, USA

Longzhi Yang Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Maurice R. Yeadon Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK

KangKang Yin Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

Department of Computer Science, Singapore, Singapore

Bing Yu Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Allied Health Science,School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,NC, USA

Pong C. Yuen Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University,Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

Petrissa Zell Institut für Informationsverarbeitung, Leibniz Universität Hannover,Hannover, Germany

Jingtian Zhang Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Contributors xli