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Handbook of Integrated and Sustainable
Buildings Equipment and Systems
Volume 1: Energy Systems
Edited by
Jorge E. Gonzalez and Moncef Krarti
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© 2017, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 2 Park
Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as
permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission
of the publisher.
INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS FROM SOURCES
BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. HOWEVER, NEITHER ASME NOR ITS
AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gonzalez, Jorge E., 1965- editor. | Krarti, Moncef, editor. | American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, issuing body.
Title: Handbook of integrated and sustainable buildings equipment and systems/
edited by Jorge E. Gonzalez and Moncef Krarti.
Description: New York : ASME Press, 2017- | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017010072 | ISBN 9780791861271 (volume 1 : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Buildings--Mechanical equipment--Handbooks, manuals, etc. |
Sustainable buildings--Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Buildings--Energy
conservation | Buildings--Heating--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC TH6010 .H285 2017 | DDC 690.028/6--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017010072
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Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Editors xv
Contributors xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 On the State of Building Energy in the U.S. and Global Energy Sector 3
1.3 On Building Energy Modeling 4
1.4 On Controls and Monitoring of Building Systems 5
1.5 On Passive Design Strategies 6
1.6 OnIntegratedRenewableEnergyGeneration andEnergy-EfficientTechnologies 8
1.7 OnIntegratedPower,Heating,Cooling,andThermalStorage Equipment and Systems 10
1.8 NeighborhoodandCity-ScaleIntegratedEnergy Strategies 14
1.9 AdditionalTopicsforFutureConsideration 161.9.1 CommercialBuildingLightingandWindow
Designs 161.9.2 Data Centers 171.9.3 On the Subject of Climate Change
and Sustainable Buildings 17
1.10 RecommendationsandNextStepsonISBES 18
References 20
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2 BUIlDINg ENERgy SySTEmS mODElINg aND SImUlaTION 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 BasicHeatTransferConcepts 242.2.1 Transient Heat Transfer from Building Envelope 26
2.3 MethodsforTransientBuildingEnvelopeEnergy Analysis 302.3.1 FiniteDifferenceMethods 312.3.2 InterzoneTemperatureProfileEstimation(ITPE)
Techniques 342.3.3 ConductionTransferFunction(CTF)Methods 412.3.4 Frequency-Domain Regression 442.3.5 Response Factors 53
2.4 SimplifiedEnergyAnalysisMethods 602.4.1 VariableBaseDegreeDaysMethod 602.4.2 TransientThermalNetworkAnalysis 67
2.5 Detailed Energy Analysis Methods 702.5.1 HeatBalanceMethod 702.5.2 ThermalNetworkMethod 732.5.3 WeightingFactors 74
2.6 Whole-Building Energy Models 762.6.1 InverseModelingMethods 772.6.2 ForwardModelingMethods 812.6.3 Meta-ModelingApproach 86
2.7 Summary 89
References 89
3 CONvENTIONal mEChaNICal SySTEmS fOR EffICIENT hEaTINg, vENTIlaTINg, aND aIR CONDITIONINg SySTEmS 93
3.1 Introduction 93
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3.2 Cooling Vapor Compression Systems 943.2.1 Refrigerants 96
3.3 AbsorptionCoolingSystems 97
3.4 Mechanical Cooling Equipment — Chillers 100
3.5 HeatRejectionEquipment 1013.5.1 CoolingTowers 1013.5.2 Air-CooledCondensers 104
3.6 RecommendationsforChillerSystemOperationinCommercial Buildings 105
3.7 Cooling by Desiccant Equipment 1063.7.1 PerformanceEquationsforLiquidDesiccant
Equipment 108
3.8 SummaryforCoolingEquipment 109
3.9 HeatGenerationandTransferEquipment 1093.9.1 Introduction 1093.9.2 FurnacesandBoilers 1103.9.3 ElectricResistanceHeating 1193.9.4 ElectricHeatPumps 1203.9.5 Low-TemperatureRadiantHeatingSystems 121
3.10 Secondary Equipment: Air Handling Units 1243.10.1 FreshAirVentilationRates 126
3.11 HighEfficiencySystemIntegration 1273.11.1 ChillerWaterLoopsandVAVSystems 1273.11.2 Energy Recovery Systems 132
3.12 FutureTrendsofHVACMechanicalSystems 1333.12.1 Supervisory Control Systems 1333.12.2 HeatExchangerMaterials 1343.12.3 Surface Enhancing Heat Transfer 134
References 135
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4 PaSSIvE COOlINg aND hEaTINg TEChNIqUES fOR BUIlDINgS 139
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 Overview of Passive Cooling 142
4.3 OverviewofPassiveHeating 143
4.4 PrescreeningFeasibilityofPassiveCooling andHeatingTechniques 145
4.5 NaturalVentilation 1474.5.1 Principle 1474.5.2 Performance 1484.5.3 DesignConsiderations 150
4.6 NightCoolingwithThermalMass 1544.6.1 Principle 1544.6.2 Performance 1544.6.3 DesignConsiderations 155
4.7 Direct/IndirectEvaporativeCooling 1584.7.1 Principle 1584.7.2 Performance 1594.7.3 DesignConsiderations 160
4.8 TrombeWall 1624.8.1 Principle 1624.8.2 Performance 1634.8.3 DesignConsiderations 164
4.9 Sunspace 1654.9.1 Principle 1654.9.2 Performance 1664.9.3 DesignConsiderations 167
4.10 DoubleSkinFacade 1684.10.1 Principle 1684.10.2 Performance 1694.10.3 DesignConsiderations 170
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4.11 Phase Change Material 1734.11.1 Principle 1734.11.2 Performance 1744.11.3 DesignConsiderations 177
4.12 TwoCaseStudies 1794.12.1 HoughtonHallOfficeBuildinginLuton,UK 1794.12.2 RMIHeadquartersBuilding:AmoryLovins
UberSolarHomeinColorado,US 180
References 184
5 CONTROl STRaTEgIES fOR BUIlDINg ENERgy SySTEmS 189
5.1 Introduction 189
5.2 Basic Control Principles 1905.2.1 OverviewofControlSystemComponents 1905.2.2 TransferFunctionAnalysis 1935.2.3 ControlModes 1985.2.4 IntelligentControlSystems 2015.2.5 TypesofControlSystems 202
5.3 Supervisory Controllers 2045.3.1 BasicComponentsofanEMCS 2045.3.2 TypicalFunctionsofECMS 2065.3.3 DesignConsiderationsofanEMCS 2075.3.4 CommunicationProtocols 209
5.4 ControlApplications 2105.4.1 Electrical Systems 2115.4.2 OptimalStartofHVACSystems 2185.4.3 HVACEquipmentOperation 2215.4.4 HVACSystemswithThermalStorage 236
5.5 Summary 246
References 246
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7.6 SolarWaterHeating 3247.6.1 LowTemperatureUnglazedCollector 3257.6.2 Glazed Flat Plate Collectors 3267.6.3 Evacuated Tube Collectors 3267.6.4 Parabolic Trough Collectors 327
7.7 EnergySystemsIntegration 3357.7.1 BuildingLevelChallengesandSolutions 3377.7.2 Substation-LevelChallengesandSolutions 3417.7.3 Grid-LevelChallengesandSolutions 3427.7.4 Utilities’ElectricalGenerationSystems 343
7.8 Conclusion 345
References 346
8 ENERgy STORagE SySTEmS fOR BUIlDINgS 347
8.1 Introduction 347
8.2 SensibleandLatentTESSystemsforBuildings 3488.2.1 EnergyStorageSystemClassification 3488.2.2 TESforBuildingAirConditioning 3498.2.3 TESforHeating 3588.2.4 TESandHeatPumps 3678.2.5 TESandCHP 3708.2.6 BuildingwithTESIntegration
Literature Summary 3758.2.7 MaterialsforSensible/LatentTES 3798.2.8 MathematicalModelingofStorageSystem 383
8.3 SorptionTESSystemforBuildings 3858.3.1 WorkingPrincipleofSorptionTESSystem 3858.3.2 SorptionWorkingPairs 3928.3.3 SorptionTESPerformanceImprovement 397
8.4 ConclusionsandPerspective 407
Nomenclature 408
Acknowledgments 409
References 409
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9 aUTOmaTED faUlT DETECTION aND DIagNOSIS IN hvaC SySTEmS 421
9.1 IntroductiontoAlarmManagement andFaultDetectionandDiagnosis 4219.1.1 ProcessorSystemFaultDefinition 4229.1.2 ProcessMonitoringMethod 424
9.2 ClassificationofFaultDetectionMethods 4259.2.1 TraditionalAlarmManagement—APrismatic
Approach 4259.2.2 MostCommonlyUsedFaultDetection
andDiagnosisMethods 427
9.3 RecentAdvancesinFaultDetectionforHVACSystems 436
9.4 IndustrialandHVACApplicationsofFaultDetectionMethods 4419.4.1 Hardware/SoftwareRequirements 4429.4.2 BusinessModelsandCommercialSolutions 4439.4.3 ReviewofIndustrialandHVACImplementations
of FDD 443
9.5 ChallengesinFDDApplicationtoBuildings and HVAC Systems 4509.5.1 TechnologyPlatformsRelatedChallenges 4509.5.2 StrategyorApproachRelatedChallenges 451
9.6 CaseStudyFaultDetectionSystem for a District Cooling Systems 4529.6.1 ProcessLayoutandSpecifications 4529.6.2 FDD Design and Features 4549.6.3 ImplementationResults 4559.6.4 ConclusionsandRecommendations 461
9.7 ConclusionsandFutureWorks 464
Acknowledgments 465
References 465
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10 mODElINg BUIlDINg aIR CONDITIONINg ENERgy CONSUmPTION IN DENSE URBaN ENvIRONmENTS 475
10.1 Chapter Summary 475
10.2 Introduction 476
10.3 CaseStudySites 478
10.4 DescriptionoftheSummer2010HeatWaveEvent 481
10.5 MethodologyforCaseStudy 48310.5.1 CityScaleModel-uWRF 48310.5.2 BuildingEnergyParameterization(BEP) 48410.5.3 BuildingEnergyModel(BEM) 48510.5.4 SingleBuildingEnergyModel-EnergyPlus™ 488
10.6 Results and Discussion 490
10.7 ConclusionsandFutureWork 495
Acknowledgments 496
Nomenclature 496
References 497
Index 501
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xiii
Preface
This Handbook of Integrated and Sustainable Buildings Equipment
and Systems is a direct result of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) initiative on Integrated/Sustainable Building
Equipment and Systems (ISBES) which has the objective of filling voids
in the literature and motivate advances on integrated mechanical systems
in buildings. The main focus of this first Volume of the Handbook is
on integrated energy systems in the built environment. The handbook
includes current state of knowledge in areas of energy equipment and
building energy modeling tools, and emerging topics in a wide range of
areas encompassing combined heat and power, building energy storage
systems, and advanced control strategies for mechanical energy systems
in buildings. In addition, the integration of renewable energy and passive
cooling and heating strategies as well as the latest advanced techniques to
analyze energy demands at the neighborhood and city scales are addressed.
The contributors have a diverse set of skills and extensive experience in
building energy engineering. The main audience for the Handbook are
practitioners building engineers and researchers seeking current and
emerging topics in a single source.
The first handbook of the ISBES initiative highlights the state-of-the art
in energy systems for buildings and has four different but very important
focus areas:
• Developing and promoting innovative energy efficient design
strategies;
• Integrating renewable energy generation into buildings and building
systems;
• Integrating power generation systems into building heating and
cooling systems; and
• Integrating energy strategies at neighborhood and city-scales.
A strategic workshop was convened on April 24, 2013 at the ASME
Center for Research and Technology Development (CRTD) and ASME
Emerging Technologies (ET) at the ASME offices in Washington, D.C. in
order to identify and evaluate challenges and opportunities in topical areas
related to ISBES. National technical experts and thought leaders from
industry, government, and academia came together for a detailed one-
day discussion of the four proposed ISBES-topical areas. The workshop
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was proceeded by several technical sessions at the ASME International
Conference and Exposition and at the International Energy Sustainability
Conferences. These efforts resulted in a wealth of knowledge that was
first summarized in a Special Issue in the ASME Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering, and now expanded in this Handbook of Integrated and
Sustainable Buildings Equipment and Systems: Volume I: Energy Systems.
We hope this handbook will be the first of a series of contributions that
will eventually cover most aspects of mechanical systems for sustainable
buildings. Most importantly, we hope that ISBES related activities and
products provide a point of encounter for continuous dialog in the very
relevant subject of building systems.
We would like to thank the contributors at the initial workshop in
2013, to all authors that presented their works at the follow up technical
conferences and journal publications, and to the authors of this Handbook,
an effort that spanned over three years from the inception of ISBES
initiative. Our special thanks to ASME Production Staff, Tara Collins and
Mary Grace Stefanchik, for their encouragement and patient throughout
this editorial process.
We hope the readers find the contents of this handbook useful to their
practices and insightful to inspire new advances and developments of
Energy Systems for Sustainable Buildings.
Jorge E. González and Moncef Krarti
(Editors)
May 2017
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Editors
Jorge González
NOAA-CRES Professor of Mechanical Engineering
The City College of New York
New York, New York (USA)
Dr. González is the Director of the Earth Science and Environmental
Sustainability Graduate Initiative and the NOAA CREST professor of
Mechanical Engineering at the City College of New York. Dr. González
earned his Doctorate (1994) and Bachelor (1988) degrees in Mechanical
Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and from the
University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, respectively. He joined The
City College of New York faculty in 2008 after tenures at Santa Clara
University, California, as Professor and David Packard Scholar, and as
Chairman and Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of
Puerto Rico-Mayagüez. He teaches and conducts research in regional
climate change, renewable energy, environmental sustainability, regional
climate modeling, and urban remote sensing. Professor González is
currently pioneering works in climate change detection in tropical coastal
zones, and in developing next generational urban weather prediction
systems. He holds six patents in solar energy equipment, aerosol detection,
and energy forecasting for buildings, and was recognized as a prominent
young researcher by the National Science Foundation with a prestigious
CAREER Award. He has authored or co-authored more than 90 peer-
reviewed publications, and 100s of conference presentations, and his
research has attracted more than $25M in external funding. He is a Fellow
Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, and Vice-
Chairman of the American Meteorological Society Board on the Urban
Environment. He was recently appointed by the Mayor of the City as
Member of the Climate Change Panel for the City of New York, and Senior
Visiting Scientist of the Beijing Institute of Urban Meteorology.
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Moncef Krarti
Professor, Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering
Department
University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder, Colorado (USA)
Dr. Krarti, Professor, Building Systems Program, Civil, Environmental,
and Architectural Engineering Department at the University of Colorado,
has been very active in ASME from the last 25 years, especially in the
ASME Solar Energy Division (SED). He has served both as Technical and
Conference Chairs, and is a past president. He has been elected ASME
Fellow in 2015 as testament of his leadership qualities within SED and
ASME and also to his great research contributions in solar energy, energy
efficiency in buildings and renewable energy systems modeling and
analysis. He is the co-founder and the co-chair of the ASME Emergency
Technologies Committee on Integrated Sustainable Building Equipment and
Systems (ISBES) which initiated several activities including workshops,
monographs, and handbooks. Prof. Krarti is considered a world expert in
building energy management and has helped establish energy efficiency
programs in several countries. He has been able to attract over $15 million
in sponsored research and has contributed enormously in the fields of
energy efficiency and renewable energy through his publications, research
supervision of graduate students and undergraduate teaching. In particular,
Prof. Krarti has published over 250 technical journals in wide of fields
related to sustainable energy technologies. He authored three textbooks on
building energy management and has been an invited keynote speaker in
several national and international forums and conferences.
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Contributors
Dr. Omar Abdelaziz
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Ms. Cinthia Audivet
Universidad del Norte
Barranquilla, Colombia
Email: [email protected]
Prof. Antonio José Bula-Silvera
Universidad del Norte
Barranquilla, Colombia
Email: [email protected]
Mr. Ning Feng
University of Colorado-Boulder
Boulder, Colorado (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Prof. Jorge E. González
The City College of New York
New York, New York (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Estatio Gutierrez
The City College of New York
New York, New York (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Bahman Habibzadeh
U.S. Dept. of Energy
Washington DC (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Res. Prof. Yunho Hwang
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland (USA)
Email: [email protected]
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Prof. Moncef Krarti
University of Colorado-Boulder
Boulder, Colorado (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Ben Kroposki
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Golden, Colorado (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Gang Li
Ingersoll Rand
Shanghai (China)
Email: [email protected]
Mr. Luis Ortiz
The City College of New York
New York, New York (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Prof. Patrick Phelan
Arizona State University
Phoenix, Arizona (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Mr. Horacio Pinzón
Promigas S.A. E.S.P.
Barranquilla, Colombia
Email: [email protected]
Prof. Ming Qu
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Prof. Marco E. Sanjuan
Universidad del Norte
Barranquilla, Colombia
Email: [email protected]
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Ms. Jennifer Scheib
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Golden, Colorado (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Mr. Yehisson Tibana
The City College of New York
New York, New York (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Prof. Zhiqiang (John) Zhai
University of Colorado-Boulder
Boulder, Colorado (USA)
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Andy Walker
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Golden, Colorado (USA)
Email: [email protected]
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