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The TOP500 Projectof the Universities
Mannheim and Tennessee
Hans Werner MeuerUniversity of Mannheim
EURO-PAR 2000 29. August - 01. September 2000
Munich/Germany
Outline
• TOP500 Approach
• HPC-Market as of 06/2000
• Market Trends, Architecture Trends, Technology Trends
• WWW Service for TOP500
• Future of TOP5000
Supercomputer and TOP500
• 1980’s (early)- Vector computers- One main application area
• ‘numerical’, scientific and engineering
• What is a ‘Supercomputer’?
Mannheim Supercomputer Statistics
• 1990’s- ?
TOP500 Idea
• Assemble list of the XXX most powerfulcomputers in the World and define them as‘Supercomputer’
• Update as needed• The problem is now shifted from defining
‘Supercomputer’ to ‘powerful’• Define ‘powerful’ with a benchmark result
Linpack
• Features:– Most widely used benchmark on large systems– Favors large memory
• Performance increases with problem size
– Not very sensitive to network performance– No I/O!
• Benchmark measuring the solution of a dense system of linear equations
• Still much better than peak performance
TOP500 Procedure
• Assemble list of the 500 most powerfulcomputers in the World
• Yardstick for performance:– Rmax of the LINPACK
• Updated twice a year:– June at ‘Supercomputer’ in Mannheim– November at ‘SCxx’ in USA
• Widely accepted after 15 editions
TOP500 Authors- Started in spring 1993 by:
Hans W. Meuer and Erich Strohmaier
- First list published in 6/93 together with
Jack Dongarra
- Basis for analysing the HCP market
- Quantification of observations
- Detection of trends • market, • architecture, • technology
TOP500 Benefits
TOP500 Status
• 1. List in June 1993
• Accepted by Users and Manufacturers
• 15. List on June 8, 2000
TOP500 list - Data shown• Manufacturer Manufacturer or vendor• Computer Type indicated by manufacturer or vendor• Inst. Site Customer• Location Location and country• Year Year of installation/last major update• Field of Appl. Academic,Research,Industry,Vendor,Class.• # Proc. Number of processors• Rmax Maxmimal LINPACK performance achieved• Rpeak Theoretical peak performance• Nmax Problemsize for achieving Rmax
• N1/2 Problemsize for achieving half of Rmax
• Nworld Position within the TOP500 ranking
TOP10 06/2000
RANK MANU-FACTURER COMPUTER
RMAX[TF/S]
INSTALLATION SITE COUNTRY YEAR AREA OFINSTALLATION # PROC
1 Intel ASCI Red 2.38 Sandia National LabsAlbuquerque
USA 1999 Research 9632
2 IBMASCI Blue-
Pacific SST, IBMSP 604E
2.14 Lawrence Livermore NationalLaboratory USA 1999 Research 5808
3 SGI ASCI BlueMountain
1.61 Los Alamos National Lab USA 1998 Research 6144
4 IBM SP Power3 375MHz
1.42 IBM/Naval OceanographicOffice (NAVOCEANO)
IBM/Poughkeepsie
USA 2000 Vendor/Research 1336
5 Hitachi SR8000-F1 1.04 Leibniz Rechenzentrum,Munic
Germany 2000 Academic 112
6 Hitachi SR8000-F1 0.92High Energy Accelerator
Research Organization/ KEK,Tsukuba
Japan 2000 Research 100
7 Cray Inc. T3E 1200 0.89 Government USA 1998 Classified 1084
8 Cray Inc. T3E 1200 0.89 US Army HPC ResearchCenter at NCS, Minneapolis
USA 2000 Research 1084
9 Hitachi SR8000 0.87 University of Tokyo Japan 1999 Academic 12810 Cray Inc. T3E 900 0.82 Government USA 1997 Classified 1324
TOP10 in Europe 06/2000RANK
(EUROPE)RANK
(WORLD)MANU-
FACTURER COMPUTER RMAX[GF/S] INSTALLATION SITE COUNTRY YEAR AREA OF
INSTALLATION
1 5 Hitachi SR8000-F1/112 1035 Leibniz Rechenzentrum Germany 2000 Academic
2 14 Cray Inc. T3E1200 671 CSAR at the University ofManchester UK 2000 Academic
3 15 Cray Inc. T3E1200 671 Deutscher Wetterdienst Germany 1999 Research
4 18 Cray Inc. T3E900 552 United KingdomMeteorological Office UK 1997 Research
5 20 Cray Inc. T3E1200 526 United KingdomMeteorological Office UK 1999 Research
6 32 Cray Inc. T3E1200 447 ForschungszentrumJuelich (FZJ) Germany 1999 Research
7 36 Cray Inc. T3E 355 Max-Planck-GesellschaftMPI/IPP Germany 1997 Research
8 38 Fujitsu VPP5000/38 345 ECMWF UK 1999 Research
9 39 Cray Inc. T3E900 341 HWW/Universität Stuttgart Germany 1996 Industry
10 46 Fujitsu VPP5000/31 286 Meteo-France France 1999 Research
Outline
• TOP500 Approach
• HPC-Market as of 06/2000
• Market Trends, Architecture Trends, Technology Trends
• WWW Service for TOP500
• Future of TOP5000
Japan12%
Europe30%
Others4%
USA54%
Total: 500
Systems installed
06/2000
Others3%
USA58%
Europe24%
Japan15%
Total: 64,3 Tflops
Rmax installed
06/2000
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%Au
str./
Suiss
e
Bene
lux
Germ
any
Fran
ce UK Italy
Scan
din.
Total: 150
Number of systems installed in Europe
06/2000
Performance Statistics - Countries
131 78 8737 67 41 57 29
704
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Kflo
ps p
er in
habi
ta
USA
Japa
n
Ger
man
y
Fran
ce UK
Scan
dina
via
Switz
erla
nd
New
Zea
land
Luxe
mbo
urg
06/2000
Germany - Bundesländer
0
5
10
15
20
25#
Syst
ems
Bade
n-W
ürtte
mbe
rg
Baye
rn
Berli
n
Brem
en
Hess
en
Nied
ersa
chse
nNo
rdrh
ein-
Wes
tfale
n
Rhei
nlan
d-Pf
alz
06/2000
Manufacturers
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%HP
Com
paq
Cray
Inc.
Fujit
su
Hita
chi
IBM
Inte
l
NEC
SGI
SUN
Self
Mad
e
Total: 500
06/2000
Outline
• TOP500 Approach
• HPC-Market as of 06/2000
• Market Trends, Architecture Trends, Technology Trends
• WWW Service for TOP500
• Future of TOP5000
Performance Development
1.167 TF/s
64.3 TF/s
2.38 TF/s
59.7 GF/s43.8 GF/s
0.4 GF/s
Jun-93
Nov-93Ju
n-94Nov-94Ju
n-95Nov-95Ju
n-96Nov-96Ju
n-97Nov-97Ju
n-98Nov-98Ju
n-99Nov-99Ju
n-00
Intel XP/S140Sandia
Fujitsu'NWT' NAL
SNI VP200EXUni Dresden
Cray Y-MP M94
KFA Jülich
CrayY-MP C94'EPA' USA
Hitachi/TsukubaCP-PACS/2048
SGIPOWER
CHALLANGE GOODYEAR
IntelASCI Red
Sandia
IntelASCI Red
Sandia
Sun UltraHPC 1000
News International
SunHPC 10000Merril Lynch
IntelASCI Red
Sandia
SGIT3E900/38
CIEMAT
N=1
N=500
SUM
Sun HPC1000 400MHz/64EDS Plano
1 Gflop/s
1 Tflop/s
100 Mflop/s
100 Gflop/s
100 Tflop/s
10 Gflop/s
10 Tflop/s
Continents
USA/Canada
Europe
Japanothers
0
100
200
300
400
500
Jun-93
Nov-93
Jun-94
Nov-94
Jun-95
Nov-95
Jun-96
Nov-96
Jun-97
Nov-97
Jun-98
Nov-98
Jun-99
Nov-99
Jun-00
Europe - Countries
Germany
UKFrance
ScandinaviaBenelux
Switzerlandothers
0
50
100
150
Jun-93
Nov-93
Jun-94
Nov-94
Jun-95
Nov-95
Jun-96
Nov-96
Jun-97
Nov-97
Jun-98
Nov-98
Jun-99
Nov-99
Jun-00
Producers
USA
JapanEurope
0
100
200
300
400
500
Jun-93
Nov-93
Jun-94
Nov-94
Jun-95
Nov-95
Jun-96
Nov-96
Jun-97
Nov-97
Jun-98
Nov-98
Jun-99
Nov-99
Jun-00
HPC Manufacturers from 1980 to 2000
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
CrayCray Computer
SGI
CDC/ETA
Fujitsu
NEC
Hitachi
Convex/HP
TMC
Intel
nCUBE
Alliant
FPS
Meiko
Parsytec
MasPar
DEC/Compaq
KSR
IBM
Sun
Fujitsu Siemens
/
/
/
Manufacturers
Cray
SGI
IBMSun
Convex/HP
TMC
Intel
"Japan Inc"others
0
100
200
300
400
500
Jun-93
Nov-93
Jun-94
Nov-94
Jun-95
Nov-95
Jun-96
Nov-96
Jun-97
Nov-97
Jun-98
Nov-98
Jun-99
Nov-99
Jun-00
Manufacturers - Performance
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Jun 93
Jun 94
Jun 95
Jun 96
Jun 97
Jun 98
Jun 99
Jun 00
Perf
orm
ance
[GFl
op/s Cray
IBM"Japan Inc"SGISunIntelConvex/HPTMCothers
Customer Types
Research
Industry
Academic
ClassifiedVendor
0
100
200
300
400
500
Jun 93
Nov 93
Jun 94
Nov 94
Jun 95
Nov 95
Jun 96
Nov 96
Jun 97
Nov 97
Jun 98
Nov 98
Jun 99
Nov 99
Jun 00
Customer Types - Performance
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Jun-93
Jun-94
Jun-95
Jun-96
Jun-97
Jun-98
Jun-99
Jun-00
Perfo
rman
ce [G
Flop
/s]
ResearchIndustryAcademicClassifiedVendor
Applications in Industry
engineering
commercial
unknown
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jun-93
Nov-93
Jun-94
Nov-94
Jun-95
Nov-95
Jun-96
Nov-96
Jun-97
Nov-97
Jun-98
Nov-98
Jun-99
Nov-99
Jun-00
Processor Types
Chip Technology I
Chip Technology II
Architectures
Outline
• TOP500 Approach
• HPC-Market as of 06/2000
• Market Trends, Architecture Trends, Technology Trends
• WWW Service for TOP500
• Future of TOP5000
www.top500.org
www.top500.org
www.top500.org
www.top500.org
Outline
• TOP500 Approach
• HPC-Market as of 06/2000
• Market Trends, Architecture Trends, Technology Trends
• WWW Service for TOP500
• Future of TOP5000
ASCI Red
Cray T3DTMC CM-5
TMC CM-2Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1
CDC 7600 IBM 360/195
CDC 6600
IBM 7090
UNIVAC 1EDSAC 1
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1 KFlop/s
1 MFlop/s
1 GFlop/s
1 TFlop/s
Performance and Moore's Law
based on R. W. Hockney
Performance Development
0,1
10
1000
100000
Jun 93
Nov 93
Jun 94
Nov 94
Jun 95
Nov 95
Jun 96
Nov 96
Jun 97
Nov 97
Jun 98
Nov 98
Jun 99
Nov 99
Jun 00
Perf
orm
ance
[GFl
op/s
]
N=1
N=500
Sum
N=10
Performance Development
ASCIEarth Simulator
Jun 93
Jun 94
Jun 95
Jun 96
Jun 97
Jun 98
Jun 99
Jun 00
Jun 01
Jun 02
Jun 03
Jun 04
Jun 05
N=1
N=500
Sum
N=10
1 GFlop/s
1 TFlop/s
1 PFlop/s
100 MFlop/s
100 GFlop/s
100 TFlop/s
10 GFlop/s
10 TFlop/s
• There is no agreed benchmark set for HPC systems
• Linpack and NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) are the only recent candidates
• System capabilities vary quite tremendously over time due to Moore‘s Law
scalability problem
Status of HPC Benchmarking
Status of Linpack• Pure CPU benchmark
• Not sensitive to memory issues - but dependant on memory size
• Over-optimized compared to real applications
• Scalable over wide range
slowly approaching its limits !
New Approach
• Erich Strohmaier: “A new benchmark suite must be simple enough to be usable and maintainable, complex enough to reflect the influences of all system attributes of interest, and scalable to utizile resources in a variety of system sites.“
• IDC 2000 Benchmark (Earl Joseph II)
• IDC Forum Mountain View, July 24-25, 2000
Thank you!
TheThe PowerPoint PowerPoint slides slides of of thisthis presentationpresentation
maymay bebe accessedaccessed viavia URL: URL:
http://www.uni-mannheim.de/rum/dokus/talks/