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7/30/2019 Hard Power vs. Soft Power
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Hard Power vs. Soft Power
Tsuneo Akaha
October 22, 2008
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Three Ways to Influence Others
coercion (sticks)
payments (carrots)persuasion (soft power)
what matters is to effectively combine theseelements of power =smart power.
(Joseph S. Nye, Jr.,Think Again: Soft Power,Foreign Policy online edition.)
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Defining Soft Power
the ability to get "others to want the outcome that
you want" and "it rests on the ability to shape the
preferences of others.(Joseph S. Nye, Jr., SoftPower: The Means to Success in World Politics,
New York: Public Affairs, 2004, p. 4.)
"attractive power," the power to induce others to
do what you want them to do without forcing themto do so. (Ibid., p. 6.)
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Three Sources of A Nations
Soft Power Its culture when it is seen as attractive by
others
Its political values when it behavesconsistently with those values at home andabroad
Its foreign policies when others see it aslegitimate and moral.(Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in WorldPolitics, New York: Public Affairs, 2004, p. 11)
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Relations between Hard and
Soft Power Can a nation exercise soft power without
hard power? Does hard power support soft
power? Does an increase in hard powernecessarily translate to an increase in soft
power? Conversely, does a decline in the
first cause a drop in the second type ofpower?
There is no consensus on these questions.
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Two Opposing Views
Joseph Nye, Jr.: "Sometimes countries enjoy political cloutthat is greater than their military and economic weightwould suggest because they define their national interest toinclude attractive causes such as economic aid or
peacekeeping." (Nye, Jr., Soft Power, p. 9.) A country
with enormous hard economic and military power mayundercut its soft power by adopting coercive policiestoward others.
Samuel P. Huntington: soft power requires a foundation ofhard power. Culture and ideology become attractive"when they are seen as rooted in material success andinfluence.(Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash ofCivilizations and the Remaking of World Order, NewYork: Touchstone, 1996, p. 92.)
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Limits of Soft Power Power as an attribute or relations
Power is in the eyes of the beholder, soft power more sothan hard power.
Non-accessibility of soft power
Many elements of soft power are beyond the control of political
leaders or policymakers and not readily available as instruments ofpolicy.
Non-fungibility of power
Soft power may not be able to substitute for hard power.
Non-transferability of soft power: It is time/space-bound.
Yesterdays soft power may not be effective or appropriate todayor tomorrow. What passes as soft power in one place may not inanother.
Long-term investment required for building soft power
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Russias Hard and Soft Power Evidence?
How is it expressed? What is the balance betweenhard and soft power?
Sources?
Are they strengthening or weakening? Is Russiamaking proper investment in its future hard andsoft power?
Effectiveness?
How do others see it? Is Russia balancing the hardwith soft power effectively and appropriately?
Limitations? Is Russia aware of the limitations of its power?