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Hard X-ray Properties of Water Maser GalaxiesEugenia Litzinger
University of Wurzburg & Dr. Karl Remeis-Observatory Bamberg/ECAP
J. Walther, M. Kadler, M. Langejahn, W.H. Baumgartner, N. Gehrels,C.B. Markwardt, J. Braatz, J. Wilms, M. Bock, K. Leiter
June 19, 2014
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 1 / 14
Water Maser
Overview
Water (H2O) emission at 22.2 GHz' 1.35 cmMicrowaveAmplification byStimulatedEmission ofRadiationcollisional pumping by X-ray sourceor shock waves⇒ inversepopulationMegamaser: L>10 L�
Imag
eco
urte
syof
NR
AO
/AU
Ian
dA
rtis
t:Jo
hnK
agay
a(H
oshi
No
Tech
ou).
Credit: J. Herrnstein, et. al., NRAO/AUI and CfA.
NGC 4258
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 2 / 14
Water Maser
Megamaser Cosmology Project
Greenhill+ 1997
NGC 4258
survey of AGN to search for watermaser emission, especially in acircumnuclear diskVLBI and single-dish observations162 maser galaxies detected; ∼20confirmed disk masers
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 3 / 14
Water Maser
Megamaser Cosmology Project
NGC 4258
2vr
2θ
Keplerian curvedetermination of MBH
geometrical distanceD = r/θa = v2r/rD = v2r/aθ+ disk modeling:=⇒ independent measurement ofH0 = 68.6±5.6 km/s/Mpc(Kuo+ 2011, Reid+ 2013)
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 3 / 14
Water Maser
What properties do maser galaxies have in X-rays?
diagnostic of conditionsaround BH with soft and hardX-raysconnection with radioemission, lags (inclination)?soft X-raysdetermination of NH: highfraction Compton thickvery complex models (seeposter F19 by K. Leiter)hard X-raysunaffected by absorption; lesscomplex models (?)
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 4 / 14
Water Maser
What properties do maser galaxies have in X-rays?
diagnostic of conditionsaround BH with soft and hardX-raysconnection with radioemission, lags (inclination)?
soft X-raysdetermination of NH: highfraction Compton thickvery complex models (seeposter F19 by K. Leiter)hard X-raysunaffected by absorption; lesscomplex models (?)
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 4 / 14
Water Maser
What properties do maser galaxies have in X-rays?
diagnostic of conditionsaround BH with soft and hardX-raysconnection with radioemission, lags (inclination)?soft X-raysdetermination of NH: highfraction Compton thick
very complex models (seeposter F19 by K. Leiter)hard X-raysunaffected by absorption; lesscomplex models (?)
Zhang+ 2006
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 4 / 14
Water Maser
What properties do maser galaxies have in X-rays?
diagnostic of conditionsaround BH with soft and hardX-raysconnection with radioemission, lags (inclination)?soft X-raysdetermination of NH: highfraction Compton thickvery complex models (seeposter F19 by K. Leiter)
hard X-raysunaffected by absorption; lesscomplex models (?)
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 4 / 14
Water Maser
What properties do maser galaxies have in X-rays?
diagnostic of conditionsaround BH with soft and hardX-raysconnection with radioemission, lags (inclination)?soft X-raysdetermination of NH: highfraction Compton thickvery complex models (seeposter F19 by K. Leiter)hard X-raysunaffected by absorption; lesscomplex models (?)
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 4 / 14
BAT
Sky Map
. BAT sources (70 month survey)
180◦
90◦
−180◦
−90◦
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 5 / 14
BAT
Sky Map
⋄ BAT detected maser sources (σ > 2.0)
◦ Maser sources
. BAT sources (70 month survey)
180◦
90◦
−180◦
−90◦
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 5 / 14
BAT
Detections
σ: 0.99+0.24−0.19
Center: 0.25+0.27−0.22
136 maser sources
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
20
15
10
5
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 6 / 14
BAT
Detections
σ: 0.99+0.24−0.19
Center: 0.25+0.27−0.22
136 maser sources
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
20
15
10
5
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
σ: 1.03 ± 0.07
Center: 0.03 ± 0.09
615 blank sky positions
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 6 / 14
BAT
Detections
σ: 0.99+0.24−0.19
Center: 0.25+0.27−0.22
136 maser sources
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
20
15
10
5
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
σ: 1.03 ± 0.07
Center: 0.03 ± 0.09
615 blank sky positions
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
σ: 1.08+0.29−0.22
Center: 0.02+0.31−0.26
blank sky rescaled to maser
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 6 / 14
BAT
Detections
σ: 0.99+0.24−0.19
Center: 0.25+0.27−0.22
136 maser sources
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
20
15
10
5
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
σ: 1.03 ± 0.07
Center: 0.03 ± 0.09
615 blank sky positions
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
σ: 1.08+0.29−0.22
Center: 0.02+0.31−0.26
blank sky rescaled to maser
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
69 detected sources
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 6 / 14
BAT
Detections
σ: 0.99+0.24−0.19
Center: 0.25+0.27−0.22
136 maser sources
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
20
15
10
5
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
σ: 1.03 ± 0.07
Center: 0.03 ± 0.09
615 blank sky positions
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
σ: 1.08+0.29−0.22
Center: 0.02+0.31−0.26
blank sky rescaled to maser
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
69 detected sources
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
55 sources with SNR>2
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 6 / 14
BAT
Detections
σ: 0.99+0.24−0.19
Center: 0.25+0.27−0.22
136 maser sources
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
20
15
10
5
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
σ: 1.03 ± 0.07
Center: 0.03 ± 0.09
615 blank sky positions
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
σ: 1.08+0.29−0.22
Center: 0.02+0.31−0.26
blank sky rescaled to maser
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
69 detected sources
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
76543210-1-2-3-4-5
BAT SNR [σ]
NumberofSources
55 sources with SNR>2
see also poster F17 by M. Langejahn
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 6 / 14
BAT
Spectral Fitting
fitted spectra in the 20–100 keV range of BAT with a simplepower lawphoton index Γ well constrained for 30 sourcesdetermined the luminosity L20–100 keV
estimate for “bad” sources and upper limits for undetectedsources⇒ comparison with radio luminosities
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 7 / 14
BAT
Luminosity
LX vs. LH2O
weak correlation ρ=0.39comparable with soft X-rays(Kondratko et al. 2006)
LX vs. L20cm
stronger correlation ρ=0.54upper limits also follow thecorrelation
EstimateCalculated
6543210
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
log LH2O [L⊙]
logL
20−100keV[L
⊙]
EstimateCalculated
1615141312111098
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
log L20 cm [1012 W]
logL
20−100keV[L
⊙]
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 8 / 14
BAT
Luminosity
LX vs. LH2O
weak correlation ρ=0.39comparable with soft X-rays(Kondratko et al. 2006)
LX vs. L20cm
stronger correlation ρ=0.54upper limits also follow thecorrelation
EstimateCalculated
6543210
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
log LH2O [L⊙]
logL
20−100keV[L
⊙]
EstimateCalculated
1615141312111098
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
log L20 cm [1012 W]
logL
20−100keV[L
⊙]
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 8 / 14
BAT
Luminosity
Disk maserstrong correlation for radiocontinuum ρ=0.47no correlation for maser luminosity=⇒ variability, radio lags?
EstimateCalculated
6543210
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
log LH2O [L⊙]
logL
20−100keV[L
⊙]
EstimateCalculated
1615141312111098
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
log L20 cm [1012 W]
logL
20−100keV[L
⊙]
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 9 / 14
Comparison Sample
Are the maser galaxies special in hard X-rays?
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 10 / 14
Comparison Sample
Redshift
masers peak at low redshifts<0.02BAT AGN shifted towardshigher redshifts ∼0.03, all kindof AGN
better sample: AGN withsame classification
a)
KS-test: 9.8e-12Maser (55)BAT AGN (538)
0.050.040.030.020.010
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Redshift z
NumberofSources
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 11 / 14
Comparison Sample
Redshift
masers peak at low redshifts<0.02BAT AGN shifted towardshigher redshifts ∼0.03, all kindof AGNbetter sample: AGN withsame classification
b)
KS-test: 0.0039Maser (55)Non-maser (31)
0.050.040.030.020.010
10
5
0
Redshift z
NumberofSources
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 11 / 14
Comparison Sample
Are the maser galaxies special in hard X-rays?
Water maser galaxies:mostly Seyfert 2thousands of galaxies surveyed: detection of 162 maser galaxies
Comparison sample: Zhang et al. 2012, A&A 538, A15289 nearby Seyfert galaxiesalready surveyed for H2O emission31 detected with BAT with σ > 4.8
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 12 / 14
Comparison Sample
Luminosity
compared in the 14–195 keVrangesimilar photon indicesmaser seem to be moreluminous
Maser (33)Non-maser (31)
454443424140
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
logL14−195 keV [erg s−1]
NumberofSources
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 13 / 14
Summary
Summarydetection of 55 maser sources in the BAT 70 month survey(significance>2σ)strong correlation between the hard X-rays and the radiocontinuum luminosity, also for disk-maserweak correlation between the hard X-rays and the maserluminosity, no correlation for disk-maser (variability?)maser tend to be more luminous than non-maser sources
Outlookpower law does not fit all maser spectra=⇒ combine hard X-ray spectra in the 14–195 keV range withsoft X-rays (2–10 keV; see poster by K. Leiter)checking variable sources in X-ray (XMM-Newton) and radio(GBT, VLA) for radio lags/connectionpossible detection of maser galaxies in the X-rays?
Eugenia Litzinger Water Masers at Hard X-rays 14 / 14