Hardware PDF by Amulraj

8/4/2019 Hardware PDF by Amulraj

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Class: 1

Introduction of Computer:Computer is an electronic device which is used to store some

data. Data means collection of information

Expansion of Computer:C Commonly

O Oriented or Operator or User

M Machine

P Particularly or Practically

U Used for

T Trade or Technical

E Educational

R Research

The word computer comes under in computeCompute means Calculate

Operating System:Operating system means combinations of H/W and S/W

S/W:To Create a new programs or To view Existing programs

E.g.:C, C++, JAVA, DOT NET

H/W:To Study about Physical parts or equipments

E.g.:Hard disk, Keyboard, processor, Motherboard

Hardware Names:O/S Operating System

RAM Random Access Memory

HDD Hard disk Drive

SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply

CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semi Conductor

S/W Software

H/W Hardware

BIOS Basic Input and Output Setup or System



Class: 2

Operating System:Operating system means combinations of H/W and S/W

Types of O/S:

1) Based under GUI Graphical User Interface

2) Based under CUI Character User Interface

GUI Developed by M/S

CUI Developed by Sun Micro system

GUI Example O/S:

Win-95, Win-98, Win-2000, Win-Xp, Vista, Windows 7,Win 8

CUI Example O/S:UNIX, DOS, Linux

Apple Example O/S:Mac, Mac Leopard

Sun Micro system O/S:Sun Solaris, Fedora, Susi Linux

Operating System another Name System S/W:

There 2 types in O/S:1) Desktop O/S

2) Network O/S

1) Desktop O/SUsed for Client or Desktop Computer

2) Network O/SUsed for Server or Network Computer



Class: 3

Introduction of Disk Operating System (DOS):

Way to Open DOS Commands:

Start Run cmd (Type) Ok

DOS Commands:

Colon Navigator To Move one colon to Another Colon

Label To Set or Change Name for Specific Colon

Vol To display Name for Specific Colon

Ver To Display O/s Name and Version

Cls To Clear previous content in Dos Command

Exit To Close the Dos Command Application

Date To View or Set or Change System Date

Time To View or Set or Change System Time

Dir To View Folders and Files in selected Location

Dir /P To View Page Wise

Dir /W To View Width Wise

Cd.. To Return One Step Backward

Cd\ To Return Entire Step Backward

Cd <Folder Name> To Move one Folder to Another Folder

Open Existing File To Open Existing Files

Edit One of the Editor Similar Like Notepad

Copy con To Create New File in Dos Command

Type To Display Content of Text File in Dos Screen

Rename To Rename Files or Folders

Md or MkDir To Create New Folder

Rd or RmDir To Delete Existing Folder

Del To Delete Selected File

Copy To Copy File from one Place to Another

Move To Move File from one Place to Another



Class: 4

SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)Power supply plays a vital role in operation. And their convent

commercial ac to vireos level of dc that can be used by electronicand electro-mechanical device

It is used to give individual power supply to all devices

Types of SMPS1. XT (Extended Technology)

2. AT (Advance Technology)

3. ATX (Advance Technology Extended)

4. MATX (Mini Advance Technology Extended)

5. AMTX (Advanced Mini Tech Extended)

XT (Extended Technology) Pins – 11 (6+5) (Single Series, Double Connector)

Condition

Connected to Black and Black color nearly

AT (Advance Technology) Pins – 12 (6+6) (Single Series, Double Connector)

Condition

Connected to Black and Black color nearly

ATX (Advance Technology Extended) Pins – 20 (Double Series, Single Connector)

Condition

No

MATX (Mini Advance Technology Extended) Pins – 24 (20+4) (Double Series, Single Connector)

Condition

No



AMTX (Advanced Mini Technology Extended) Pins – 28 (20+4+4) (Double Series, Single Connector)

Condition

No

SMPS Have 3 Different Connectors:1. Molex

2. Mini Molex

3. Main connector

Molex Molex connector is used for to give the supply to HDD,

CDD, ZIP Drive

Mini Molex Mini Molex connector is used for to give the supply to only

FDD

Main connector Main connector is used for to give the supply to Mother

Board

SMPS Color Meaning:

Black Ground

Blue 12vdc

Brown 3.3vdc

Grape Power

Green Ps

Orange +3.3vdc

Purple 5vdc

Red +5vdc

White -5vdc

Yellow +12vdc





Class: 5

Types of File System:

NTFS New Technology File System

FAT File Allocation Table System

RAW Unknown Partition or Empty Partition

CDFS Compact Disk File System

UDFS Universal Disk File System

WFS Windows File System

EFS Encryption File System

HPFS High Performance File System





Class: 7

BIOS Basic Input Output System or SetupBIOS are installed on the computer's motherboard. It controls the

most basic operations and is responsible for starting your computerand initializing the hardware

Diagram of BIOS Chip:



They are 2 Functions in BIOS:POST Power on Self Test

BSL Boot Strap loader

Some BIOS Names:1. AMI BIOS (American Mega trend Inc) Del Key

2. IBM (International Business Machine) F7 Key

3. AWARD BIOS F2 Key

4. PHOENIX BIOS Del Key

5. Intel BIOS F2 Key

6. Compaq BIOS Shift + F10 Key

ROM:

It is a Permanent Memory

Types of ROM:1) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

2) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

3) EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable ROM)

1) PROM:Not Possible to modify

Programming once read many

2) EPROM:If Erase we have to remove ROM from System

Erasing using Ultraviolet Rays

3) EEPROM:Another name is Flash Memory, Erasing using Electrical signals

We don’t have to remove ROM from system



Class: 8

What is Memory?Memory is used to store some data either temporary or permanent.

Memory Calculation:

8 Bits 1 Byte

1024 Bytes 1 Kilo Byte

1024 Kilo Bytes 1 Mega Byte

1024 Mega Bytes 1 Giga Byte

1024 Giga Bytes 1 Tera Byte

Types of Memory1) Primary Memory Or Temporary Memory

2) Secondary Memory Or Permanent Memory

What is Primary or Temporary Memory:

What is RAM:Ram is one of the Temporary Memory used to work as Temporary

It is a working place



RAM Working:

Types of RAM:1) EDO ( Extended Data output)

2) RD ( Ram bus Dynamic RAM)

3) SD ( Synchronous Dynamic RAM)

4) DDR (Double Data Rate RAM)

EDO RAM:

Pins 30 to 72 Pins

Capacity for 30 Pins (16 MB)

For 72 Pins (64 MB)Speed 66 MHZ

Slot SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)

Conditions:Must be pair, pins arrangement single

Pair must be equal.

IDENTIFICATION:











2) SATA (Serial):SATA also used for personal computer (New Type HDD)

It has 7 pins

Maximum 4 SATA can connect in personal computer

RPM (Rotation per minute) speed is 7200

Diagram of SATA Cable:

3) SCSI (Small Computer System Interconnect or Interface):It is used for Server Computers

It has 50 Pins

Maximum 7 to 15 devices can connect in server System

RPM (Rotation per minute) speed is 10000

SATA











Network Mother Board or Server Mother Board:







Class: 13

What is Processor?Processor is a brain of the computer

Apply the electrical signals to the metal plate then it gets heated

ink in spread over to the bubbles in the holes. Heating a creationrange, the bubble gets burst

Diagram of Processor:

It has two types:1) Bed Type processor

2) Slot type processor (Latest Type)

It has two types:1) Pin Type processor

2) Pin Less type processor

It is manufactured in two types:HT (Hyper Thread Technology)

Non HT (Non Hyper Thread Technology)

Difference between HT and Non HT:

Today’s processor is HT ProcessorHt cost is high

Non Ht cost is low

Not Ht speed is low compare to HT

If we buy Ht processor, need to get HT Motherboard



Design Type:Slot type processor occupies more space

Slot type processor does not occupies more space

Processor Identification design Processor NameMicro Processor 8085 (Co Processor 8084

Micro Processor 8088 (Co Processor 8087)

P I P I

P II P II

8088 P III

80286 SX P IV

80286 DX P PRO

80386 SX P Dual Core

80386 DX P Core 2 Dua

80486 SX P Quard

80486 DX P Core 2 Quard

Chipset:Collection of IC’s are called Chipset

Supporting IC’s to Processor

Types of Chipset:North Chipset

South Chipset

North Chipset:It is nearly processor

It controls VGA, RAM, and Processor

South Chipset:

It is near by slot. To control the remaining components

Cache Memory:Cache memory is a Random Access Memory (RAM) that a

Microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular

RAM





Class: 15

Explain Keyboard?Keyboard is an input device

Four types of key switches: 1) Mechanical Key switches Life Time

2) Membrane key switches Life Time

3) Capacity key switches Old, Weight

4) Hall Effect Key switches Highly Cost

Types of Keyboard:1) Normal Keyboard

2) Advanced Keyboard3) Multi Media Keyboard

4) Wireless Keyboard

Diagram of Keyboard:





Class: 17

Monitor:One of the output devices

Types of Monitor:

1) LCD Display (Liquid Crystal Display)2) CRT Display (Cathode Rays Display)

1) LCD DisplayLCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in

notebook and other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode

(LED) and gas-plasma technologies, LCDs allow displays to be

much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology

Diagram of LCD Display:

2) CRT DisplayMonitors have a flat display screen to reduce glare

Conventional display screens are curved, which makes them more

susceptible to reflections from external light sources

Diagram of CRT Display Color and Black & White:





4) CNR (Communication Network Rizzer)

Color Green

Size Small

Type Plug and PlayCards Network

5) AMR (Audio Modem Rizzer)

Color Brown

Size Very Small

Type Plug and Play

Cards Modem Card

6) Graphics Card

Capacity 256 MB

Speed System Speed

Color Orange or Black

Size Small

Type Plug and Play

Cards 3D Support





Windows –XP Service Pack 2 Installations:

1. Switch on your system

2. Go to Bios Setup (Press Del Key or F2 Key)

3. To Check Whether HDD and CDD are detected or Not if

detected then4. Go to Advanced Bios Setup To set First bootable as CD

Drive and Second Bootable as HDD

5. Insert Your Window XP2 O/S CD to CD Drive Then

6. Go to Save and Exit Setup

7. System Automatically Restart that time Press any Key

Step: 1









Step: 8

After Copying All files system will be restart automatically that

time Don’t Press any Key

Step: 9











Step: 18

Step: 19







Class: 20

GUI Desktop O/S InstallationWin – 2003 Server:

Minimum Configuration for Win -2003 Server Installation:

RAM 256 MBHDD 5 GB

Processor Min PIV (1.2 GHz)

Keyboard Any

Mouse Any

CD Drive Any

Win -2003 Server Cd with Key

Win – 2003 Server O/S Simulator Notes:

1. Download Windows – 2003 Server O/S Simulator S/w2. Install that Software to your System

3. Open that Software

4. Do practice for Operating System Installation

Operating System Requirement:1. Motherboard Ok

2. Keyboard Ok

3. Mouse Ok

4. Monitor Ok

5. Processor Ok

6. RAM Ok

7. HDD Ok

8. CD Drive or DVD Drive

Windows – 2003 Server O/S CD Key or Product Key:

JB88F-WT223-JPXTT-Y8GHG-7YYQY

Or

M8DH6-J862M-QXR8Y-6RGR6-82FD3

Or

MV8B3-27HXP-BXX2F-CQ3WJ-GP67Q







PS/2 Port:PS/2 Personal System/ 2

Two versions:

Green To Connect mouseViolet To Connect keyboard

Each carries 6 holes

Diagram of PS2 Port:

VGA Port:It has 15 holes (Blue Color)

Arrangement (5 pins in rows)

To connect Monitor

Diagram of VGA Card:



Audio Port: To connect headphones, speaker, mic

Blue Storing External Sounds

Green Connect Speaker

Pink Connect Mic

Diagram of Audio Port:

GAME Port:

It has 16 holesUsed to connect joy stick

LAN Port:LAN Local Area Network

To Connect Network











6) No Display:

RAM:1) Continuous beep sound instead of single

2) Not Proper Fixing

3) Dust in RAM (Alhachol sponge)

7) No Display:

Display Card:1) One Short Beep and one Long beep

2) Dust in Card

3) Slot Checking

4) If Onboard, Check Cable

8) No Display:Processor and Mother Board:

1) By Removing RAM Continuously beep Sound

9) Error Message Display:1) BIOS Error Message

2) OS Error Message

10) BIOS Error Message Display:

1) CMOS Check Sum Error

Solution:CMOS Battery Weak (F1)

2) CMOS Battery FailedSolution:CMOS Battery Out

3) Memory Test FailSolution:Memory Testing Disabled









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Hardware PDF by Amulraj