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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress?
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? outline
life / development needs water:
› Mesopotamia,
› Indus-Valley,
› Jangtsekiang,
modern: Thames, Great Lakes, North Rhine Westphalia, etc.
severest disasters relate to water:only in 1990's 2 bil. People been affected by natural disasters,
86% of which were floods & droughts
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? outline
about three-fourth of earth is water
estimated volume of freshwater is about 2.5% only
rest being salt water
most of freshwater = ice & permanent snow cover in
Antarctic/Artic regions (about 69%)
& in the form of deep underground basins/aquifers, soil
moistures etc. (30%)
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? outline
as per WHO estimates only 0.007% of all water on earth is
readily available for human world consumption
since 1940, the amount of fresh water used by humanity
roughly quadrupled (world population doubled)
either free for the taking or unmetered
no resource that can be traded like oil, or food or medicine
wasting water here, means fallout elsewhere
moreover:moreover:
H2
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? outline
PICTURE !
water cycle
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? outline
bioaccumulation / biomagnification
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? outline
outline
glaciers & case studies
stable isotopes
distinction
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? glaciers
"Tropical glaciers are the ‘canaries in the coal mine' for our global climate system,as they integrate and respond to most of the key climatological variables: temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, humidity and radiation."
Lonnie Thompson
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? glaciers
Northern part of Bhutan, Himalayan range
© Jeffrey Kargel / USGS / NASA
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? glaciers
glaciers being most vital source for freshwater in many parts of the world
being at the same time most vulnerable to “GC”, especially in tropical regions
e.g. Qori Kalis was measured melting ~4m/a from 1963 to 1978today the pace is 44 times higher
not as easy as: hotter > increased melting
it's also depending on the snow – rain balance in wet season
(more snow > higher albedo > reduced melting)
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? peruvian case
1978
2000
Qori Kalis, Peru
Achachilas
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? Peruvian case
70% of Andean glaciers are in Peru
1996 – 2006 Cordillera Blanca range shrank
by more than 40%
"glacial runoff may dry up altogether within 20 years" [American Geophysical Unit]
whole regime changes, glaciers regulated water flow,
preventing e.g. from severe floods
~50% of upper Amazon's water origin from Andean glaciers
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? Peruvian case
Lima = 2 nd largest city located in a desert (8 mio)
around 2/3 of freshwater supply is glacier-fed
70% of Peru's electricity comes from
glacier-fed hydroelectric dams
''Some people refer to these glaciers as the world's water towers, and once
they're dry, you lose that water.'' Lonnie Thompson, Byrd Polar Research Center
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? stable isotopes
samedifferent
(neutrons)
stable-isotope method to distinguish glacier from rain water
water from different sources differentiates by shares/ratios of certain isotopes
18O (oxygen-18) – 16O (oxygen-16) 2H (deuterium) – 1H (protium) ratio
(but also C, N, S isotopes have great importance in "trace-back-science")
samples analysed for isotope levels by mass spectrometry to determine the percentage of glacier-fed water, for instance
"Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons; that is, they have the same number of protons (positive charge) and electrons (negative charge), but differ in molecular weight due to different numbers of neutrons (neutral charge)." [Monica Z. Bruckner, Montana State University]
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? stable isotopes
stable-isotope method to increase freshwater security
residence time, travel time, flow patterns (storm track), source determination/security, temperature of precipitation, ambient humidity, degree of rain-out, in-/exfiltration zones
(upstream) pollution is biggest problem in watershed management
(movie: „we all live downstream“)
through fractionation process, the source of a molecule could be traced back & so the "rainfed“ or "inflowed" pollution
polluter pays!
moreover:moreover:
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? stable isotopes & the Peruvian case
BRINGING TOGETHER THE ISOTOPES & THE PERUVIAN CASE
source of the freshwater specified
watersheds identified
establishing context with projections for the glacier's stability
evidence based management proposals & (digit) resulting pressure enhancement tools
with noble gases', lithogenic, cosmogenic isotopes many more potential applications are tested in catchment hydrology
not a solution generator, just something to demarcate use from abuse & overuse
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress?
Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? Slide on
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress?
Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? Slide on
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress?
Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? Slide on
Thank You for Your attention.
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? sources
Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology, C. Kendall and J. J. McDonnell (Eds.), 1998A Primer on Stable Isotopes and Some Common Uses in Hydrology, Monica Z. Bruckner, 1997Water resources from the glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca (Peru). Variability for the second half of the century, B. Pouyaud, P. Ribstein, M. Zapata, A. Rodriguez, J. Yerren, 2004Modern water rights, Theory and practice, FAO LEGISLATIVE STUDY, 1992Stable Isotope Mass Balance Method to Find the Water Budget of a Lake, Özaydin, Sendil, Altinbilek, 1999A Review of Isotope Applications in Catchment Hydrology, Vitvar, Aggarwal, 2005Spreading the Water Wealth, Making Water Infrastructure Work for the Poor, IRN Report, 2006Water Stress and Water Wars, Frederic L. Pryor, 2006Water a shared responsibility, The United Nations World Water Development Report 2, 2006Freshwater, A Perspective, C. P. Kumar, 2003
Climate change and global water resources, Nigel W. Arnell, 1999http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/res/funda.htmlhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? distinction
Consumptive water use = not (all) returned to the source taken from
agricultural irrigation accounts for the biggest part here<Colorado River (USA) >
agr.: 70% of total water use globally<rice: 5000 l 1kg>
~ 30% returns (contamined) to the source = least efficient water use
FAO: daily drinking-water requirements per person = 2- 4 litres
it takes 2 000 - 5 000 litres of water to produce a person’s daily food...
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Hardy Schulz GCM2007 physical fundamental of global change
Blue Planet under water stress? distinction
Non-consumptive water use = returned, contamined, to the cycle
Domestic, municipal and service industry = 8%
In developing countries 90% of waste water is discharged without
treatment.
WHO estimates: > 5 million people die each year from diseases caused by unsafe drinking water, lack of sanitation & water for hygiene
unsafe water and sanitation leads to 80% of all the diseases in the developing world
