HARNESSING GREEN IT

HARNESSING GREEN ITPRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES

Editors

San MurugesanBRITE Professional Services and University of Western Sydney, Australia

G.R. GangadharanInstitute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, India

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2012© 2012 John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission toreuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UKCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be availablein electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names andproduct names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respectiveowners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designedto provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understandingthat the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance isrequired, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Harnessing green IT : principles and practices / San Murugesan, G. R.Gangadharan, editors. – 1st ed.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-119-97005-7 (cloth)

1. Information technology – Environmental aspects. 2. Computer science –Environmental aspects. 3. Information technology – Energy consumption. 4.Green technology. I. Murugesan, San. II. Gangadharan, G. R.

QA76.9.E58H37 2012004.028′6 – dc23

2012010715

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN (H/B): 9781119970057

Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

Dedicated to all who are interested in learning and harnessinggreen IT to create a sustainable environment for the benefit

of current and future generations.

Contents

About the Editors xix

About the Authors xxi

Foreword xxix

Preface xxxi

Acknowledgements xxxv

1 Green IT: An Overview 1San Murugesan and G.R. GangadharanKey Points 1

1.1 Introduction 11.2 Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development 2

1.2.1 The Inconvenient Truth 31.2.2 Sustainable Development 41.2.3 Why Should You Go Green? 4

1.3 Environmental Impacts of IT 41.4 Green IT 5

1.4.1 OCED Green IT Framework 61.4.2 Green IT 1.0 and 2.0 7

1.5 Holistic Approach to Greening IT 71.5.1 Greening Computer’s Entire Life Cycle 81.5.2 The Three Rs of Green IT 9

1.6 Greening IT 101.6.1 Green PCs, Notebooks and Servers 101.6.2 Green Data Centres 101.6.3 Green Cloud Computing 121.6.4 Green Data Storage 121.6.5 Green Software 131.6.6 Green Networking and Communications 13

viii Contents

1.7 Applying IT for Enhancing Environmental Sustainability 141.8 Green IT Standards and Eco-Labelling of IT 151.9 Enterprise Green IT Strategy 15

1.9.1 Green Washing 171.10 Green IT: Burden or Opportunity? 171.11 Conclusion 18

Review Questions 19Discussion Questions 19References 19Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 20

2 Green Devices and Hardware 23Ashok Pon Kumar and Sateesh S. Kannegala

Key Points 232.1 Introduction 232.2 Life Cycle of a Device or Hardware 24

2.2.1 Design 252.2.2 Manufacturing 262.2.3 Packaging and Transportation 282.2.4 Use 29

2.3 Reuse, Recycle and Dispose 342.4 Conclusions 36

Review Questions 37Discussion Questions 37References 37

3 Green Software 39Bob Steigerwald and Abhishek Agrawal

Key Points 393.1 Introduction 39

3.1.1 Processor Power States 403.2 Energy-Saving Software Techniques 41

3.2.1 Computational Efficiency 423.2.2 Data Efficiency 453.2.3 Context Awareness 493.2.4 Idle Efficiency 52

3.3 Evaluating and Measuring Software Impact to Platform Power 553.3.1 Fluke NetDAQ® (Networked Data Acquisition Unit) 553.3.2 Software Tools 57

3.4 Summary 59Acknowledgements 60Review Questions 61Discussion Questions 61References 61Further Reading 62

Contents ix

4 Sustainable Software Development 63Felipe Albertao

Key Points 634.1 Introduction 634.2 Current Practices 644.3 Sustainable Software 654.4 Software Sustainability Attributes 664.5 Software Sustainability Metrics 68

4.5.1 Modifiability and Reusability 684.5.2 Portability 704.5.3 Supportability 714.5.4 Performance 714.5.5 Dependability 714.5.6 Usability 714.5.7 Accessibility 724.5.8 Predictability 724.5.9 Efficiency 734.5.10 Project’s Carbon Footprint 73

4.6 Sustainable Software Methodology 734.6.1 Collecting Metrics 734.6.2 Code Metrics Tools 744.6.3 Simplified Usability Study 754.6.4 Platform Analysis 764.6.5 Existing Project Statistics 77

4.7 Defining Actions 774.8 Case Study 78

4.8.1 Modifiability and Reusability 784.8.2 Portability 784.8.3 Supportability 794.8.4 Performance 794.8.5 Dependability 794.8.6 Usability 794.8.7 Accessibility 794.8.8 Predictability 814.8.9 Efficiency 814.8.10 Project’s Footprint 814.8.11 Results and Actions 81

4.9 Conclusions 82Review Questions 82Discussion Questions 82References 83

5 Green Data Centres 85Charles G. Sheridan, Keith A. Ellis, Enrique G. Castro-Leon andChristopher P. Fowler

Key Points 85

x Contents

5.1 Data Centres and Associated Energy Challenges 855.2 Data Centre IT Infrastructure 87

5.2.1 Servers 875.2.2 Networking 895.2.3 Storage 895.2.4 IT Platform Innovation 90

5.3 Data Centre Facility Infrastructure: Implications for Energy Efficiency 925.3.1 Power System 925.3.2 Cooling 955.3.3 Facilities Infrastructure Management 97

5.4 IT Infrastructure Management 985.4.1 Server Power 985.4.2 Consolidation 1015.4.3 Virtualization 104

5.5 Green Data Centre Metrics 1065.5.1 PUE and DCiE 1065.5.2 Power versus Energy Consumption 107

5.6 Data Centre Management Strategies: A Case Study 1085.6.1 Challenges 1085.6.2 Tested Solution 1085.6.3 Impact 1085.6.4 A Thorough Evaluation 109

5.7 Conclusions 110Review Questions 111Discussion Questions 111References 111Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 112

6 Green Data Storage 113Pin Zhou and Nagapramod Mandagere

Key Points 1136.1 Introduction 1136.2 Storage Media Power Characteristics 115

6.2.1 Hard Disks 1156.2.2 Magnetic Tapes 1176.2.3 Solid-State Drives (SSDs) 117

6.3 Energy Management Techniques for Hard Disks 1186.3.1 State Transitioning 1186.3.2 Caching 1186.3.3 Dynamic RPM 119

6.4 System-Level Energy Management 1196.4.1 RAID with Power Awareness 1206.4.2 Power-Aware Data Layout 1206.4.3 Hierarchical Storage Management 1216.4.4 Storage Virtualization 1226.4.5 Cloud Storage 123

Contents xi

6.5 Summary and Research Areas 124Review Questions 124Discussion Questions 124References 124

7 Green Networks and Communications 127Cathryn Peoples, Gerard Parr, Sally McClean and Philip Morrow

Key Points 1277.1 Introduction 127

7.1.1 Green Network Communications and Management: Background 1287.1.2 The Challenge of Next-Generation Networks 1297.1.3 Benefits of Energy-Efficient Networks 1307.1.4 Objectives of Green Networking 1317.1.5 Core Components in Green-Networking Technology 132

7.2 Objectives of Green Network Protocols 1327.2.1 Energy-Optimizing Protocol Design 1337.2.2 Bit Costs Associated with Network Communication Protocols 1357.2.3 Objectives of Green Network Protocols 138

7.3 Green Network Protocols and Standards 1407.3.1 Strategies to Reduce Carbon Emissions 1407.3.2 Contributions from the EMAN Working Group 1407.3.3 Contributions from Standardization Bodies 1427.3.4 Context Detail to Drive Energy Efficiency 142

7.4 Conclusions 145Acknowledgements 145Review Questions 145Discussion Questions 146References 146Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 148

8 Enterprise Green IT Strategy 149Bhuvan Unhelkar

Key Points 1498.1 Introduction 1498.2 Approaching Green IT Strategies 1518.3 Business Drivers of Green IT Strategy 153

8.3.1 Cost Reduction 1538.3.2 Demands from Legal and Regulatory Requirements 1548.3.3 Sociocultural and Political Pressure 1558.3.4 Enlightened Self-Interest 1558.3.5 Collaborative Business Ecosystem 1558.3.6 New Market Opportunities 156

8.4 Business Dimensions for Green IT Transformation 1568.4.1 Economy 1578.4.2 Technology 1578.4.3 Process 158

xii Contents

8.4.4 People 1588.5 Organizational Considerations in a Green IT Strategy 1608.6 Steps in Developing a Green IT Strategy 1618.7 Metrics and Measurements in Green Strategies 1638.8 Conclusions 164

Review Questions 164Discussion Questions 164References 164

9 Sustainable Information Systems and Green Metrics 167Edward Curry and Brian DonnellanKey Points 167

9.1 Introduction 1679.2 Multilevel Sustainable Information 1689.3 Sustainability Hierarchy Models 170

9.3.1 Sustainability Frameworks 1709.3.2 Sustainability Principles 1729.3.3 Tools for Sustainability 172

9.4 Product Level Information 1739.4.1 Life-Cycle Assessment 1739.4.2 The Four Stages of LCA 1739.4.3 CRT Monitors versus LCD Monitors: Life Cycle Assessment 174

9.5 Individual Level Information 1749.6 Functional Level Information 176

9.6.1 Data Centre Energy Efficiency 1769.6.2 Data Centre Power Metrics 1769.6.3 Emerging Data Centre Metrics 177

9.7 Organizational Level Information 1789.7.1 Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions 178

9.8 Regional/City Level Information 1819.8.1 Developing a City Sustainability Plan: A Case Study 181

9.9 Measuring the Maturity of Sustainable ICT 1829.9.1 A Capability Maturity Framework for SICT 1829.9.2 Defining the Scope and Goal 1859.9.3 Capability Maturity Levels 1859.9.4 SICT Capability Building Blocks 1869.9.5 Assessing and Managing SICT Progress 188

9.10 Conclusions 189Appendix: Sustainability Tools and Standards 190Acknowledgements 195Review Questions 195Discussion Questions 196References 196Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 197Tools and Carbon Calculators 198

Contents xiii

10 Enterprise Green IT Readiness 199Alemayehu Molla and Vanessa CooperKey Points 199

10.1 Introduction 19910.2 Background: Readiness and Capability 20110.3 Development of the G-Readiness Framework 202

10.3.1 Green IT Attitude 20310.3.2 Green IT Policy 20410.3.3 Green IT Governance 20410.3.4 Green IT Practice 20510.3.5 Green IT Technology 205

10.4 Measuring an Organization’s G-Readiness 20610.4.1 G-Readiness Consultancy Services 20610.4.2 Calculating the G-Readiness Index via a Survey Instrument 207

10.5 Conclusions 207Review Questions 208Discussion Questions 209References 209

11 Sustainable IT Services: Creating a Framework for Service Innovation 211Robert R. Harmon and Haluk DemirkanKey Points 211

11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Factors Driving the Development of Sustainable IT 213

11.2.1 The Sustainability Dimensions of IT 21311.2.2 Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility and IT 216

11.3 Sustainable IT Services (SITS) 21911.3.1 Developing a Service-Dominant Logic 21911.3.2 Business Value, Customer Value and Societal Value 22011.3.3 SITS as Service Science 222

11.4 SITS Strategic Framework 22411.4.1 The SITS Value Curve 22411.4.2 Integrating Sustainable IT and Business Strategy 227

11.5 Sustainable IT Roadmap 22911.5.1 Time Horizon 22911.5.2 Market Segments 22911.5.3 Products, Services and Technologies 22911.5.4 Compliance, Regulations, Standards and Reporting 23111.5.5 SITS Standards and Reporting 23211.5.6 Organizational Changes 23211.5.7 Value Goals 232

11.6 SITS Leadership and Best Practices 23311.6.1 IBM 23311.6.2 Cisco Systems, Inc. 233

xiv Contents

11.6.3 Siemens AG 23511.6.4 HP 23511.6.5 Intel Corporation 23511.6.6 Microsoft Corporation 23511.6.7 Oracle 23611.6.8 Google 23611.6.9 Apple 23611.6.10 Samsung 23611.6.11 Pachube 23611.6.12 SeeClickFix 237

11.7 Conclusions 23711.8 Summary 237

Review Questions 238Discussion Questions 238References 238Useful Web Sites 242

12 Green Enterprises and the Role of IT 243Joseph SarkisKey Points 243

12.1 Introduction 24312.2 Organizational and Enterprise Greening 244

12.2.1 The Green Enterprise: A Value Chain Perspective 24512.3 Information Systems in Greening Enterprises 248

12.3.1 Environmental Management Information Systems 25012.3.2 Software and Databases 25012.3.3 ERP EMISs 25012.3.4 ERP Challenges and Deficiencies with Respect to EMIS 25412.3.5 Integrating Environmental and LCA Information with ERP 25412.3.6 Electronic Environmental and Sustainability Reporting 255

12.4 Greening the Enterprise: IT Usage and Hardware 25512.4.1 Environmental Information Technology Standards 25612.4.2 Green Management of Data Centres 256

12.5 Inter-organizational Enterprise Activities and Green Issues 25612.5.1 Electronic Commerce and Greening the Extended Enterprise 25712.5.2 Demanufacturing and Reverse Logistics 25812.5.3 Eco-Industrial Parks and Information Systems 259

12.6 Enablers and Making the Case for IT and the Green Enterprise 26112.7 Conclusions 262

Review Questions 262Discussion Questions 262References 263

Contents xv

13 Environmentally Aware Business Process Improvement in theEnterprise Context 265Konstantin Hoesch-Klohe and Aditya GhoseKey Points 265

13.1 Introduction 26513.2 Identifying the Environmental Impact of an Activity or Process 266

13.2.1 Educated Guess by an Expert 26613.2.2 Derivation from a Resource Model 26713.2.3 Carbon-Dioxide Accumulation 26713.2.4 Activity-Based Costing 267

13.3 A Decision Support Tool for Environmentally Aware Business ProcessImprovement 26813.3.1 Some Preliminaries 26813.3.2 The Business Process Improvement System 269

13.4 Process Improvement in the Enterprise Context 27013.4.1 The Enterprise Ecosystem 27113.4.2 Enterprise Ecosystem Equilibrium 272

13.5 Impact and Change Propagation Analysis 27213.5.1 Identifying the Consequences of a Business Process Change 27213.5.2 Re-Establishing a State of Equilibrium 273

13.6 Trade-Off Analysis 27513.6.1 Cost to Bring about the Change 27513.6.2 Environmental Operating Costs 276

13.7 An Example 27613.7.1 As-Is Scenario 27613.7.2 Improvement Scenarios 27713.7.3 Assessing Scenarios 278

13.8 Conclusions 280Review Questions 280Discussion Questions 280References 280

14 Managing Green IT 283Linda R. WilbanksKey Points 283

14.1 Introduction 28314.2 Strategizing Green Initiatives 284

14.2.1 Strategic Thinking 28414.2.2 Strategic Planning 28514.2.3 Strategic Implementation 28614.2.4 Enterprise Architecture Planning 286

14.3 Implementation of Green IT 288

xvi Contents

14.3.1 Return on Investment 28914.3.2 Metrics 29014.3.3 The Goal–Question–Metric (GQM) Paradigm 291

14.4 Information Assurance 29214.4.1 Risk Management 292

14.5 Communication and Social Media 29414.6 Case Study 29514.7 Summary 296

Review Questions 296Discussion Questions 296References 296

15 Regulating Green IT: Laws, Standards and Protocols 297Tom Butler

Key Points 29715.1 Introduction 29715.2 The Regulatory Environment and IT Manufacturers 299

15.2.1 RoHS 30015.2.2 REACh 30115.2.3 WEEE 30215.2.4 Legislating for GHG Emissions and Energy Use of IT Equipment 303

15.3 Nonregulatory Government Initiatives 30315.4 Industry Associations and Standards Bodies 30515.5 Green Building Standards 30615.6 Green Data Centres 30615.7 Social Movements and Greenpeace 30815.8 Conclusions 311

Review Questions 312Discussion Questions 313References 313Further Reading 314

16 Green Cloud Computing and Environmental Sustainability 315Saurabh Kumar Garg and Rajkumar Buyya

Key Points 31516.1 Introduction 31516.2 What is Cloud Computing? 318

16.2.1 Cloud Computing Characteristics 31816.2.2 Components of Cloud Computing 31916.2.3 Cloud Computing Deployment Models 321

16.3 Cloud Computing and Energy Usage Model: A Typical Example 32216.3.1 User and Cloud Software Applications 32316.3.2 Cloud Software Stack for the SaaS, PaaS and IaaS Levels 32316.3.3 Network Devices 32416.3.4 Data Centres 325

16.4 Features of Clouds Enabling Green Computing 325

Contents xvii

16.5 Towards Energy Efficiency of Cloud Computing 32716.5.1 Applications 32716.5.2 Cloud Software Stack: Virtualization and Provisioning 32716.5.3 Data Centre Level: Cooling, Hardware, Network and Storage 32916.5.4 Monitoring and Metering 33016.5.5 Network Infrastructure 331

16.6 Green Cloud Architecture 33216.7 Case Study: IaaS Provider 33416.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 336

Acknowledgements 337Review Questions 337Discussion Questions 337References 337

17 Harnessing Semantic Web Technologies for the EnvironmentalSustainability of Production Systems 341Chris Davis, Igor Nikolic and Gerard Dijkema

Key Points 34117.1 Introduction 34117.2 Information Management for Environmental Sustainability 344

17.2.1 Invisible Coordination 34417.2.2 Sustainability and Networks 34417.2.3 Need for Information Management Techniques 345

17.3 Ecosystem of Software Tools 34617.3.1 MediaWiki 34617.3.2 Semantic MediaWiki 34817.3.3 SparqlExtension 35017.3.4 Semantic Web 351

17.4 Examples of Managing Data 35317.4.1 Pages for Commodities 35317.4.2 Pages for Processes 35417.4.3 Pages for Overviews and Information Management 35617.4.4 Reuse of Data across Multiple Levels and Points of View 358

17.5 Challenges and Guiding Principles 35817.5.1 Challenges 35817.5.2 Guiding Principles 359

17.6 Conclusions 360Review Questions 361Discussion Questions 361References 361Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 363

18 Green IT: An Outlook 365San Murugesan and G.R. Gangadharan

Key Points 36518.1 Introduction 365

xviii Contents

18.2 Awareness to Implementation 36618.2.1 Green IT Trends 36618.2.2 Green Engineering 367

18.3 Greening by IT 36818.3.1 Using RFID for Environmental Sustainability 36818.3.2 Smart Grids 36918.3.3 Smart Buildings and Homes 37118.3.4 Green Supply Chain and Logistics 37118.3.5 Enterprise-Wide Environmental Sustainability 372

18.4 Green IT: A Megatrend? 37318.4.1 Outsourcing and Environmental Attributes 37418.4.2 Green Audit 375

18.5 A Seven-Step Approach to Creating Green IT Strategy 37518.5.1 Balancing the Costs and Benefits of Going Green 376

18.6 Research and Development Directions 37618.7 Prospects 377

Review Questions 378Discussion Questions 378References 378

Glossary 381

Index 389

About the Editors

San Murugesan is Director of BRITE Professional Services andAdjunct Professor in the School of Computing and Mathematicsat the University of Western Sydney, Australia. He is a SeniorConsultant with the Data Insight & Social BI practice of CutterConsortium, United States. He is also a corporate trainer and anindependent IT and education consultant. He held various seniorpositions at the University of Western Sydney and Southern CrossUniversity, both in Australia, and at Multimedia University inMalaysia. He also worked at the Indian Space Research Organi-sation, Bangalore, India. He has served as Senior Research Fellow

of the US National Research Council at the NASA Ames Research Center, United States.In a career spanning over three decades in academia and industry, Dr Murugesan has ledseveral innovative IT projects, provided leadership in teaching and research, and consultedto business, industry and educational institutions.

His work has focussed on the development, application and management of IT withexpertise and interests spanning a range of areas, including green computing, cloud com-puting, Web 2.0 and 3.0, mobile computing applications, Web engineering, e-businessand IT for emerging markets. He has over 150 publications which include journal andconference papers, executive reports, edited books, IEEE CS EssentialSets and e-mailadvisories. He has developed and delivered professional certificate training programs ongreen IT and cloud computing. He serves as Associate Editor-in-Chief of IEEE’s IT Pro-fessional magazine and on the editorial boards of other international journals. He alsoedits and contributes to the IT in Emerging Markets Department of IT Professional . Heis a Fellow of the Australian Computer Society, a Fellow of IETE, a Senior Memberof IEEE and a distinguished visitor and tutorial speaker of the IEEE Computer Soci-ety. You can follow him on Twitter @santweets and at LinkedIn and contact him atsan.greenit@gmail.com.

xx About the Editors

G.R. Gangadharan currently serves as an Assistant Profes-sor at the Institute for Development and Research in BankingTechnology (IDRBT), Hyderabad, India. He has rich experienceof working on several European Framework projects includingCOMPAS, GAMES, COCKPIT and WATTALYST. His areas ofresearch interests include Internet technologies (service-orientedcomputing and cloud computing), green information systems andenergy-efficient computing, information and communication tech-nology (ICT) for emerging markets, free and open source systems(FOSS) and enterprise information systems. He has over 40 pub-

lications in international conference proceedings and journals. He is a member of IEEE.He holds a PhD in Information and Communication Technology from the Universityof Trento, Trento, Italy and the European University Association; an MS in Informa-tion Technology from Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy; and an MSc in ComputerScience from Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India. Contact him atgeeyaar@gmail.com.

About the Authors

Abhishek Agrawal (abhishek.r.agrawal@intel.com) has over 10 years of industry expe-rience and is currently a Senior Technical Lead in Intel’s Software Services Group whodrives Intel’s initiatives on power efficiency for client and Atom-based platforms. Hehas significant research experience in energy efficiency and has authored and co-authoredseveral industry white papers and technical papers in refereed international conferencesand journals. Abhishek is Intel’s representative for Climate Savers Computing Initiative,has participated in numerous industry panels on green computing, has delivered multi-ple tutorial sessions at industry and academic events and is member of multiple industrypower working groups such as the Extended Battery Life Working Group (EBLWG) andUniversal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices (UPAMD).

Felipe Albertao (felipe.albertao@gmail.com) is a Researcher at IBM Research – Chinawho focusses on software solutions for improving urban water systems as part of IBM’sSmarter Planet effort. His previous research and activism are related to the use of technol-ogy for environmental and social development in Brazil (his native country) and the USA.Felipe has a master’s degree in software engineering from Carnegie Mellon University,and two decades of experience in information technology.

Tom Butler (tbutler@afis.ucc.ie) is a Senior Lecturer in Business Information Systems,University College Cork, Ireland. Since joining academia from the TelecommunicationsIndustry in 1998, he has authored over 95 publications. Tom held a Government of IrelandResearch Fellowship in green IT from 2009 to 2010. Subsequently he became Championof the Irish Business and Employers Confederation (IBEC)/Irish Software Innovation Net-work (ISIN) green information and communication technology (ICT) cluster. Since 2005he has been conducting research into environmental compliance management systems(ECMSs), which are a type of green IS that enables organizations to, for example, designgreen IT and remain in compliance with regulations globally. He is currently conductingresearch on green ICT in the public sector and on the role of green IS for the Smart Grid.

Rajkumar Buyya (raj@csse.unimelb.edu.au) is Director of the Cloud Computing andDistributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Hehas authored 350 publications and four text books. He also edited several books including

xxii About the Authors

Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms (2011). He is a highly cited author in com-puter science and software engineering worldwide. Software technologies for grid andcloud computing developed under Dr Buyya’s leadership are in use at several academicinstitutions and commercial enterprises in 40 countries around the world.

Enrique G. Castro-Leon (enrique.g.castro-leon@intel.com) is an Enterprise Architectand Technology Strategist with Intel Corporation working on technology integration forhighly efficient virtualized cloud data centres for emerging usage models for cloud com-puting. He is the lead author of two books, The Business Value of Virtual Service Grids:Strategic Insights for Enterprise Decision Makers (2008) and Creating the Infrastructurefor Cloud Computing: An Essential Handbook for IT Professionals (2011).

Vanessa Cooper (vanessa.cooper@rmit.edu.au) is a Senior Lecturer in the School ofBusiness Information Technology and Logistics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.Her research interests include green IT, IT services, knowledge management and organi-zational learning.

Edward Curry (ed.curry@deri.org) leads the green and sustainable IT research domainat the Digital Enterprise Research Institute. His areas of research include green IT andIS, energy informatics, enterprise-linked data, integrated reporting and cloud computing.Edward has worked extensively with industry and government advising on the adoptionpatterns, practicalities and benefits of new technologies. He has published in leadingjournals and books, and has spoken at international conferences including the MIT CIOSymposium. He is an adjunct lecturer at the National University of Ireland, Galway.

Chris Davis (c.b.davis@tudelft.nl) is currently a PhD Candidate at the Energy andIndustry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, at Delft University ofTechnology. In 2001, he graduated with a bachelor of engineering degree in electricalengineering and computer science from Vanderbilt University. In 2007, he received anMSc in industrial ecology from Leiden University with a thesis combining life cycleassessment within agent-based modelling. His current work involves tackling issues ofsustainability through a combination of tools such as the Semantic Web, agent-basedmodels and collaborative software such as wikis.

Haluk Demirkan (haluk.demirkan@asu.edu) is Clinical Full Professor of InformationSystems and a Research Faculty member of the Center for Services Leadership at Ari-zona State University. His main research interests are service science and innovation,cloud-based IT services, analytics and business process engineering for sustainable inno-vation. He is the recent recipient of the IBM Faculty Award for the research project‘Design Science for Self Service Systems’. In 2011, he was ranked 50th in the ‘Top100 Rankings of World-wide Researchers’ according to the Association for Informa-tion Systems’ sanctioned worldwide research rankings (based the 2008–2010 publicationrecords of premier IS journals MIS Quarterly , Information Systems Research and Jour-nal of Management Information Systems). His research has been supported by AmericanExpress, Intel, IBM, Teradata and MicroStrategy. He has a PhD in information systemsand operations management from the University of Florida.

About the Authors xxiii

Gerard Dijkema (G.P.J.Dijkema@tudelft.nl) is an Associate Professor at the Energy andIndustry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Tech-nology. Gerard graduated as a Chemical Engineer (honours) from Twente University ofTechnology (Enschede, the Netherlands) in 1986 and holds a PhD from Delft Universityof Technology (PhD thesis: ‘Process System Innovation by Design – Towards a Sustain-able Petrochemical Industry’, 2004). His expertise spans energy technology, large-scaleprocess industry, transition, networked process system innovation, the modelling of large-scale systems for decision support and the relation between industrial infra-systems andapplicable policy, law and economics.

Brian Donnellan (brian.donnellan@nuim.ie) is Professor of Information Systems Inno-vation at the National University of Ireland Maynooth and Co-director of the InnovationValue Institute. Prior to joining NUI Maynooth, Professor Donnellan was a faculty mem-ber in the National University of Ireland, Galway. He has spent 20 years working inthe ICT industry where he was responsible for the provision of IS to support productdevelopment. He is an expert evaluator for the European Commission and has been guestand associate editor of several leading IS journals, including Journal of IT, Journal ofStrategic Information Systems and MIS Quarterly .

Keith A. Ellis (keith.a.ellis@intel.com) is an Applied Researcher within Intel Labs, theR&D arm of Intel Corporation, where he primarily focusses on sustainable ICT and ICTenablement in the context of energy efficiency. Keith has worked on both internal sustain-ability projects in the data centre arena and also on European FP7-funded sustainabilityresearch. His prime interest areas are energy data analytics and impact assessment technol-ogy and practices. Keith holds an MSc in innovation and technology management, a BSc(honours) in technology and diplomas in information technology and systems thinking,and he is Lean Six Sigma certified. He has 13 years of industrial experience, primarily inmanufacturing. Roles have included operational management, hardware, maintenance andprocess engineering, business process improvement (BPI) engineering primarily in lean,Lean Six Sigma, systems analyses and people systems.

Christopher P. Fowler (chrisx.fowler@intel.com) has worked in computing scienceresearch since 2001. He has held research fellowships with leading research groupsfocussed on system architectures for distributed e-science, intelligent transport systemsand sensor networks. He has an MSc and PhD from Newcastle University, United King-dom. He is currently focussed on the design, integration and demonstration of appliedICT for sustainable energy management.

G.R. Gangadharan (geeyaar@gmail.com) see his biography under ‘About the Editors’on page xx.

Saurabh Kumar Garg (sgarg@csse.unimelb.edu.au) is currently working as a researchfellow in the Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Uni-versity of Melbourne, Australia. He completed his PhD in the area of meta-schedulingin market-oriented grids and utility computing from the University of Melbourne in2010. In Melbourne University, he received various special scholarships for his PhD

xxiv About the Authors

candidature. He has also worked with IBM India Research Laboratory, where he designedand optimized the FFT and Random Access benchmarks for Blue Gene/L. His researchinterests include resource management, scheduling, utility and grid computing, cloudcomputing, green computing, wireless networks and ad hoc networks.

Aditya Ghose (aditya@uow.edu.au) is Professor of Computer Science at the University ofWollongong (UoW) and Director of its Decision Systems Lab. He holds a PhD and MScin computing science from the University of Alberta, Canada. He is Research Leaderof the Cooperative Research Centre for Smart Services, Co-Director of the Centre forOncology Informatics at the UoW Health and Medical Research Institute, Co-leader ofthe UoW Carbon-Centric Computing Initiative, Co-convenor of the Australian ComputerSociety’s New South Wales Branch Special Interest Group (NSW SIG) on Green ICTand Vice President of the Computing Research and Education Association of Australasia(CORE) (Australia’s apex body for computing academics).

Robert R. Harmon (harmonr@pdx.edu) is Professor of Marketing and Technology Man-agement and Cameron Research Fellow in the School of Business at Portland StateUniversity. His research interests are service innovation, cloud-based sustainable IT ser-vices, ecological design factors for technology products and the strategic migration ofmanufacturing companies to service enterprise business models. His research has beensupported by the National Science Foundation, Intel Corporation, IBM and Tata Consul-tancy Services, among others. He has a PhD in marketing and information systems fromArizona State University.

Konstantin Hoesch-Klohe (konstantin.hoesch@gmail.com) holds a BSc in BusinessInformation Systems from the Hochschule Furtwangen, Germany. Since 2010 he hasbeen a PhD student at the School of Computer Science and Software Engineering atthe University of Wollongong (UoW). Konstantin’s research interests include businessprocess management, enterprise architectures, service science, formal methods andconceptual modelling.

Sateesh S. Kannegala (sateeshks@hp.com) received his PhD from the University ofMassachusetts in Physics after receiving his MSc from IIT Kanpur. Since 1994 he hasbeen in the IT Industry and has worked in security and IT service management. Heworked as a Solution Architect with HP until 2005. Sateesh currently works as a SeniorIT Specialist in IBM, primarily focussing on analytics and optimization of systems andsoftware development. Sateesh is the IBM India Standards Leader and runs the standardsprogramme in India. In addition, Sateesh chairs TEC (Technology Experts Council) India,an affiliate of the IBM Academy of Technology. He is also an elected member of theIBM Academy of Technology. Since April 2012, Sateesh is working as a Senior TechnicalManager in Hewlett Packard.

Ashok Pon Kumar (ashokponkumar@in.ibm.com) is a Technical Staff Member at IBMIndia Research Lab. His research interests include Smarter Energy, Social Network-ing and Ubiquitous Computing. Before joining IBM Research, he worked with IBMRational where he was part of the core team that developed Rational Insight, a cognos

About the Authors xxv

based reporting solution for software development. He speaks regularly on Android atconferences. He currently is working on smarter energy related research where he isworking on optimizing energy usage in laptops and in optimizing electricity distribu-tion networks.

Nagapramod Mandagere (pramod@us.ibm.com) is a Researcher in the Service Inno-vation Lab at IBM Almaden Research Center and is concurrently pursuing his PhD. Hereceived his bachelor’s degree from Vishveshwaraiah Technological University, Banga-lore, India in 2003, after which he received a master’s degree at the University of Wyomingin 2005. He worked as a Storage Area Networking (SAN) Consultant for EMC2, followingwhich he started pursuing a PhD at University of Minnesota working on storage systems.In 2008, he started working at IBM focussing on systems resiliency management. Hisresearch interests range from resiliency management, replication management and datacentre power management to data de-duplication.

Sally McClean (si.mcclean@ulster.ac.uk) is Professor of Mathematics at the Universityof Ulster, Northern Ireland. Her main research interests are in statistical modelling andoptimization, particularly for health care planning, and computer science, particularlydatabases, sensor technology and telecommunications. She is currently a grant holder onover £7M worth of funding, mainly from the UK Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Council (EPSRC) and other government sources. Sally is a Fellow of the RoyalStatistical Society, and a past President of the Irish Statistical Association. She is arecipient of Ulster’s Senior Distinguished Research Fellowship.

Alemayehu Molla (alemayehu.molla@rmit.edu.au) is currently an Associate Professor ofInformation Systems, and Convener of the Green IT Research Cluster at the School ofBusiness Information Technology and Logistics, RMIT University. He has previously beena Lecturer at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom and at Addis Ababa Uni-versity, Ethiopia. His main research areas are green information technology, e-business,enterprise systems and development informatics. His publications appeared in top-tierinformation systems, e-business and development informatics journals.

Philip Morrow (pj.morrow@ulster.ac.uk) is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Ulster,Northern Ireland. He has a BSc in applied mathematics and computer science (1981), anMSc in electronics (1982) and a PhD in computing (1993). His research interests liein image processing and telecommunications. Specific areas of interest include energyefficiency in network management, resource modelling for multimedia distribution andwireless sensor networks. He is co-investigator on the India–UK Centre of Excellencein Next Generation Networks, funded by the UK Engineering and Physical SciencesResearch Council (EPSRC) and India’s Department of Science and Technology (DST).He has over 100 peer-reviewed publications and has been an investigator in a number ofother externally funded research projects.

San Murugesan (san.greenit@gmail.com) see his biography under ‘About the Editors’on page xix.

xxvi About the Authors

Igor Nikolic (I.Nikolic@tudelft.nl) is an Assistant Professor at the Energy and Industrygroup, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology.In his research he specializes in applying complex adaptive systems theory, agent-basedmodelling and evolutionary theory to model industry and infrastructure network evolu-tion. He takes a heavy hint from evolutionary biology and ecosystem behaviour in hisunderstanding of industrial ecology and sociotechnical system evolution. He is an activenetworker and promoter of open source and social software that enables collaborative,multidisciplinary research work.

Gerard Parr (gp.parr@ulster.ac.uk) holds the Full Chair in Telecommunications Engi-neering at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. Research areas within the groupinclude intelligent mobile agents in xDSL, real-time data analytics for network man-agement systems (NMS), energy-aware infrastructure, resource management protocols,application performance management, bandwidth provision over synchronous optical net-working (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) in the presence of chaoticimpulses and fuzzy inference systems for multicriteria hand-off in tactical communica-tions. He is the UK principal investigator of the EPSRC–DST-funded India–UK Centreof Excellence in Next Generation Networks of which BT Group is the lead industrial part-ner, and he is also principal investigator in the EPSRC-funded project Sensing UnmannedAutonomous Aerial Vehicles (SUAAVE).

Cathryn Peoples (c.peoples@ulster.ac.uk) is a Post-Doctoral Research Associate in theFaculty of Computing and Engineering at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland andworks on the EPSRC–DST-funded project ‘Cross-Layer Energy-Aware Network Manage-ment: A Green ICT Solution’ with the India–UK Centre of Excellence in Next GenerationNetworks. She holds a BA (honours) in business and computing (2004), MSc in telecom-munications and Internet systems (2005) and PhD in telecommunications (2009) fromthe University of Ulster. Research interests include cross-layer energy-aware protocolstack optimization and autonomic network operation driven by context awareness andpolicy-based management, with domains of interest including data centres and delay-tolerant networks.

Joseph Sarkis (jsarkis@clarku.edu) is Professor of Operations and Environmental Man-agement at Clark University. He has a PhD in management science from the StateUniversity of New York at Buffalo. He was Assistant and Associate Professor at theUniversity of Texas at Arlington School of Business for about five years. His teach-ing interests cover a wide range of topics including operations management, logistics,supply chain management, corporate environmental management, management of tech-nology, international management, information systems and technology and also someentrepreneurship. He has published over 250 publications.

Charles G. Sheridan (charles.g.sheridan@intel.com) leads Intel Labs Europe’s Sustain-ability and Energy research programme which is focussed on the application of ICTsto drive and enable the shift to a more sustainable economy and society. He is cur-rently involved in research projects related to Smart Buildings and Grids in addition to

About the Authors xxvii

electromobility, at both the national and European levels. Charlie has worked with Intelfor 17 years with important roles in both TMG Automation and IT Innovation beforejoining Intel Labs Europe. He has published a number of white papers and journal pub-lications and is co-author of the book Creating the Infrastructure for Cloud Computing:An Essential Handbook for IT Professionals (2011).

Bob Steigerwald (Bob.steigerwald@intel.com) is an engineering manager at Intel Cor-poration. He has over 30 years of industry experience as a software engineer, AssociateProfessor of Computer Science, program manager and engineering manager. He has spentthe past four years leading an Intel team researching methods to improve software perfor-mance and energy efficiency. Bob earned a BS in computer science from the US Air ForceAcademy, a master’s degree from the University of Illinois, an MBA from RensselaerPolytechnic Institute and a PhD from the Naval Postgraduate School.

Bhuvan Unhelkar (bhuvan@methodscience.com) (BE, MDBA, MSc, PhD, FACS) hasmore than two decades of strategic as well as hands-on professional experience in theICT industry. As a Founder of MethodScience.com, he has demonstrated consulting andtraining expertise in business analysis, software engineering, collaborative web services,green IT and mobile business. His domain experience includes banking, financial, insur-ance, government as well as telecommunication organizations. Dr Unhelkar earned hisdoctorate in the area of object orientation from the University of Technology, Sydneyin 1997. Since then, he has authored or edited 17 books in the areas of collaborativebusiness, globalization, mobile business, software quality, business analysis an processes,Unified Modeling Language (UML) and green ICT, and has extensively presented andpublished papers and case studies. He is an adjunct Associate Professor at the Univer-sity of Western Sydney. Dr Unhelkar is a sought-after orator, Fellow of the AustralianComputer Society (elected to this prestigious membership grade in 2002 for distinguishedcontribution to the field of ICT), life member of the Computer Society of India, Rotarianat St Ives (President and Paul Harris Fellow), discovery volunteer at New South WalesParks and Wildlife and a previous TiE (The Indus Entrepreneurs) Mentor.

Linda R. Wilbanks (Linda.wilbanks@navy.mil) serves as Command Information Officerat the US Naval Criminal Investigative Service, where she is responsible for all aspectsof information technology at 144 locations worldwide, supporting law enforcement andthe US Department of the Navy. Prior to this position she served as Chief InformationOfficer for the National Nuclear Security Administration within the US Department ofEnergy and for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. With over 35 years of experiencein information technology, she continues to serve on educational committees at severaluniversities, and contributes as an Associate Editor and Author for the IEEE journal ITProfessional . Dr Wilbanks earned her PhD from the University of Maryland Baltimorewith research in software engineering.

Pin Zhou (pinzhou@us.ibm.com) is a Research Staff Member at the Storage SystemsResearch Group in the IBM Almaden Research Center. She joined IBM Research in2006 after obtaining her PhD from the Computer Science Department of University of

xxviii About the Authors

Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. At IBM, she has been involved with a wide variety ofprojects on storage systems, such as archive and backup storage, data de-duplication,storage resiliency and management, thermal and power management for data centers andso on. Her research interests are storage and operating systems, and software and systemreliability. Her work has been published at various international journals and conferences.She has more than 15 patent applications on various topics in computer science, mostlyin storage systems.