Harvesting Energy Through Yoga Mat

7/25/2019 Harvesting Energy Through Yoga Mat

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HARVESTING ENERGYTHROUGH YOGA MAT

Sudipto Ghosh

Submission for “CSIR Innovation Award for School Children-2016”



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Contents

Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 2

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2

Background ............................................................................................................................................. 4

Working Principle ................................................................................................................................... 4

Advantages of Using Piezoelectric Materials ..................................................................................... 5

Existing Energy Harvesters ..................................................................................................................... 6

Electromagnetic Generator ................................................................................................................ 6

Electrostatic Generator ...................................................................................................................... 6

Piezoelectric Generator/Transducer .................................................................................................. 6

Storage device .................................................................................................................................... 7

Energy storage density comparison ............................................................................................... 7

Piezoelectric

System Description ....................................................................................................... 7Piezoelectric Transducer (Sensor) .................................................................................................. 7

Description of Piezoelectric Transducer ......................................................................................... 8

Output Stage of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System .............................................................. 9

Advantages ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Limitation ........................................................................................................................................ 9

Review on Implementation Piezoelectricity ......................................................................................... 10

Power Generating Sidewalk ............................................................................................................. 10

Power Generating Boots or Shoes ................................................................................................... 10

Gyms and Workplaces ...................................................................................................................... 10

People Powered Dance Clubs ........................................................................................................... 11

Description of the Project .................................................................................................................... 11

Components used: ........................................................................................................................... 11

Experimental Design: ....................................................................................................................... 11

Experimental Results ........................................................................................................................ 12

Economic Feasibility ............................................................................................................................. 13

Environmental Effects .......................................................................................................................... 14

Future Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 14

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 14

References ............................................................................................................................................ 15

Papers: .............................................................................................................................................. 15

Sites .................................................................................................................................................. 16



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Abstract

The main concept behind this proposed project is to harvest mechanical energy

generated while doing yoga practices, which is usually lost, can be used through

conversion into electrical energy to extend the lifetime of any small system’s

power supply. The manufacture of this type of a product will help in theawareness of Yoga among the new generation.

There is an interesting method for obtaining this energy by using piezoelectric

materials. A variety of energy harvesting techniques exists but mechanical

energy harvesting happens to be the most outstanding. This technique utilizes

piezoelectric components where deformations produced by different means are

directly converted to electrical charge via piezoelectric effect. Subsequently the

electrical energy can be regulated or stored for further use.

The proposed work in this research is to make a prototype of the concept and

recommend Piezoelectricity as an alternate energy source. The object of this

research is to obtain a pollution-free energy source and to utilize the energy

being wasted in optimized way. In this paper modern techniques are discussed

upon to harness the energy generated from piezoelectric transducers.

Piezoelectric transducers have structure that provides a unique ability to

convert an applied mechanical strain into an electrical potential or vice versa.

These two properties allow the piezoelectric transducers to function as a power

harvesting medium. In most cases the piezoelectricity is strained through the

ambient vibration around the structure, thus allowing a frequently unused

energy source to be utilized for the purpose of powering small electronic system.

Keywords: Piezoelectric materials, Piezoelectric transducers, Mechanical

energy, Piezoelectricity, Mechanical strain, Electrical potential, Pollution-free

energy.

Introduction

With the ever increasing and demanding energy needs, unearthing and exploiting

more and more energy sources has become a need of the day. Energy harvesting

based on piezoelectric transducers has been a topic of discussion and research since

three decades. Energy harvesting is the process by which energy is derived fromexternal sources and utilized to drive the user-friendly systems directly, or the

energy is captured and stored for future use. With the advent of technology,

utilization of energy sources has increased by leaps and bounds. With the

introduction of many handheld portable electronic gadgets, energy harvesting has

become one of the fascinating subjects of interest to provide portable electrical

power. The commonly used sources are: solar power, wind energy and

piezoelectricity.



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Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting is a new and innovative concept in the direction of

energy harvesting. Piezoelectric transducers can be utilized to obtain voltages of

very small values and hence can drive low voltage devices. Hence, Piezoelectric

Energy Harvesting comes under the category of Micro scale energy harvesting

scheme.

Not many researchers have been carried out till date in this field; hence it is a

challenging job to extract energy from piezoelectric transducers. Piezoelectric

transducers are a type of electro-acoustic transducer that converts the electrical

charges produced by some forms of solid materials into energy. The word

"piezoelectric" literally means electricity caused by pressure. In this research paper,

the idea of combining electrical energy from a number of piezoelectric transducers

to obtain higher voltages is proposed.

This new innovative type of Yoga Mat aims on converting the vibrations caused

when doing Yoga or workout to electricity with the help of piezoelectric transducersthat can charge mobile phones, power the speakers and many more devices.

This paper focusses on the Yoga activities on a special mat. So, the background of the

foot pressure, which effects on the PZT need to be reviewed. The foot is one of the

most important weight bearing and shock absorbing structures in the human body

during various activities as walking, running, and jumping. Therefore, the need to

understanding the biomechanics associated with the normal foot.

Pressure is defined as force per unit area. When a solid object at rest on a surface is

considered, as someone standing with both feet on the mat, it is easy to see that the

pressure between the shoe and the floor is the weight of the person divided by thearea of his /her feet in contact with the mat. Making the area of contact with the

ground smaller will increase the local pressure.

The measurement of pressure can be extremely valuable in assessment and

monitoring the effects on the output voltage generated by PZT. Research showed

that pressure is a form of mechanical stress, which is equal to the magnitude of the

force-applied perpendicular to a specific surface area.

Similar types of products which used piezoelectric elements to harvest electricity

were found to generate enough electricity to charge a Li-ion battery, though after a

considerable amount of time. The manufacture of this type of a product will help inthe awareness of Yoga among the new generation. It would also provide an efficient

way of harvesting electricity that does not have any scope of causing pollution. The

product can definitely be improved to a great extent where the piezoelectric

transducers could be merged with the base material making it user-friendly and less

cumbersome.



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Background

Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate an electrical potential in

response to applied mechanical stress. This may take the form of a separation of

electric charge across the crystal lattice. If the material is not short circuited, the

applied charge induces a voltage across the material.

The prefix piezo- is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'. Piezo electricity is the electric

charge that accumulates in certain solid materials like crystals in response to

applied mechanical process.

When stress is applied on a piezo-electric element, its static structure gets

deformed. The ions of the element cancel out each other in a specific arrangement

but when this arrangement gets deformed electric charge are formed. The electricity

fluctuates too much when pressure is applied unevenly. Pierre Curie discovered the

piezoelectric effect in 1880, but only in the 1950s did manufacturers begin to use

the piezoelectric effect in industrial sensing applications.

Piezoelectricity is found in useful applications such as the production and detection

of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation,

microbalances, to drive an ultrasonic nozzle, and ultrafine focusing of opticalassemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental techniques with

atomic resolution, the scanning probe microscopies such as STM, AFM, MTA, SNOM,

etc., and everyday uses such as acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters,

push-start propane barbecues, and quartz watches.

The conversion of mechanical energy into electrical one is generally achieved by

converters alternator type or commonly known dynamo. But there are other

physical phenomena including piezoelectricity that can also convert mechanical

movements into electricity. The phenomenon that produces an electric charge when

a force is applied to piezoelectric material is known as the piezoelectric effect.

This research paper introduces a new concept of recycling of mechanical energy to

electrical energy using the piezoelectric transducer. This method can be the best

utilization for efficient recycling of energy.

Working Principle

The piezoelectric effect is a special material property that exists in many single

crystalline materials like Quartz, Rochelle salt, Topaz, Tourmaline, Cane sugar,

Berlinite (AlPO4), Bone, Tendon, Silk, Enamel, Dentin, Barium Titanate (BaTiO3),

Lead Titanate (PbTiO3), Potassium Niobate (KNbO3), Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) etc.



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Piezoelectric effect works in two ways: (1) direct piezoelectric effect and (2) inverse

piezoelectric effect.

The direct piezoelectric effect is derived from materials generating electric potential

when mechanical stress is applied and the inverse piezoelectric effect implies

materials deformation when an electric field is applied. The energy harvesting viaPiezoelectricity uses direct piezoelectric effect.

Piezoelectric when it has this ability to transform electrical energy into mechanical

strain energy, and likewise transform mechanical strain energy into electrical

charge. The piezoelectric materials that exist naturally as quartz were not

interesting properties for the production of electricity, however artificial

piezoelectric materials such as PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) present advantageous

characteristics.

Piezoelectric materials belong to a larger class of materials called ferroelectrics. One

of the defining traits of a ferroelectric material is that the molecular structure isoriented such that the material exhibits a local charge separation, known as an

electric dipole.

Throughout the artificial piezoelectric material composition, the electric dipoles are

orientated randomly, but when a very strong electric field is applied, the electric

dipoles reorient themselves relative to the electric field; this process is termed

poling. Once the electric field is extinguished, the dipoles maintain their orientation

and the material is then said to be poled. After the poling process is completed, the

material will exhibit the piezoelectric effect.

When the material is deformed or stressed an electric voltage can be recoveredalong any surface of the material (via electrodes). Therefore, the piezoelectric

properties must contain a sign convention to facilitate this ability to recover electric

potential.

Advantages of Using Piezoelectric Materials

Small size

Broad frequency range

Light weight

2-wire operation

Ultra-low noise

Wide dynamic range

Wide temperature range

Simple signal conditioning

Cost-effective implementation



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Existing Energy Harvesters

In this paper only vibration based energy generators are considered and the

proposed work is also on the same principle. Vibration based energy generators that

convert mechanical energy to electrical energy that have been successfully

developed are in three categories (a) Electromagnetic, (b) Electrostatic, and (c)Piezoelectric generators.

Electromagnetic Generator

Whenever a change in the magnetic flux linked with the coil occurs, an

electromagnetic force (emf) is generated across the coil in an electromagnetic

generator. The relationship is determined by number of turns of the coil, length of

the coil, area of the coil and magnetic field intensity.

Electrostatic Generator

It consists of a capacitor whose capacitance changes as a function of displacementelectrons (current). Where, the voltage is developed across the capacitor when the

capacitor is fully charged. The polarization of the capacitor can be achieved by using

piezoelectric transducers.

Piezoelectric Generator/Transducer

Lead zirconate titanate is an intermetallic inorganic compound with the chemical

formula Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 (0≤x≤1). Also called PZT, it is a ceramic perovskite material

that shows a marked piezoelectric effect, meaning that the compound is used in a

number of practical applications in the area of electroceramics. PZT is a white solid

that is insoluble in all solvents.

Being piezoelectric, PZT develops a voltage (or potential difference) across two of its

faces when compressed (useful for sensor applications), or physically changes shape

when an external electric field is applied (useful for actuator applications).

The dielectric constant of PZT can range from 300 to 3850, depending upon



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orientation and doping. The material features an extremely large dielectric constant

at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) near x = 0.52.[2]

Storage device

The load that is used for storing the harvested electrical energy is primarily acapacitor. For power storage it is better to use rechargeable battery than a super

capacitor as rechargeable battery has high energy stored per unit weight and a

slower discharge response.

Energy storage density comparison

Energy harvester working principle:

Energy storage density (mJ/cm3)

Electromagnetic 24.8

Electrostatic 4

Piezoelectric 35.4

The piezoelectric materials are natural and also of artificially made. Quartz is a

natural piezoelectric material while Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is an artificial

piezoelectric material.

Piezoelectric

System Description

Energy harvesting involves harvesting electrical power and storing of the harvested

power. The reason for choosing piezoelectricity is because of its higher energy

storage density as it has been justified earlier. In piezoelectric energy harvesting,

piezoelectric sensor is used as a harvesting element and the storage element is a

battery.

Piezoelectric Transducer (Sensor)

A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. Usually a

transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.

A sensor is a transducer whose purpose is to sense (i.e. detect) some characteristic

of its environs; it is used to detect a parameter in one form of energy and report it in

another, often an electrical signal.

It converts the mechanical stress to electric charge. When the mechanical stress is

applied to the sensor, electrical charge is accumulated on the crystal surface that canbe extracted using a wire. In order to get maximum output from the sensor, it has to

be set in its self-resonant frequency range. Piezoelectric sensor can be considered as

an electrical equivalent of combination of resistance R, capacitance C and an

alternating current source I connected in parallel as shown in figure below.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate#cite_note-Rouquette2004-2

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/signal#Noun

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/signal#Noun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate#cite_note-Rouquette2004-2



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Figure: Electrical model of piezoelectric sensor

The sensor used in this work is made of piezoceramic material Lead Zirconate

Titanate (PZT). It is circular in shape and it is commercially available at cheap rate.

Individual sensor when tested using Multi-meter, generates a variable voltage of 4-

6V. The piezoelectric crystal bends in different ways at different frequencies and

this bending is called the vibration mode.

Description of Piezoelectric Transducer

A piezoelectric material is made up of both positively and negatively charged

particles arranged in such a way that all the positively-charged particles and all the

negatively-charged particles are grouped about the same central point. If two

opposite faces of a crystal are placed under pressure, the crystal can be slightly

flattened and distorted, and the charged particles making up the crystals are pushed

together and spread out sideways. The change is such that the average position of

the negatively-charged particles shifts slightly with respect to the average position

of the positively-charged particles. This means there is, in effect, a separation of

positive and negative charges and a potential difference is therefore created

between two faces of the crystal.

Output voltage and power is directly proportional to the pressure applied or in

other words the weight of the person walking on it and the time the person is

standing on it. The energy harvesting via Piezoelectricity uses direct piezoelectric

effect. The phenomenon will be clear from the following figure.

The output voltage obtained from a single piezoelectric crystal generally is in milli

volts range, which is different for different crystals. And the wattage is in microwatt

range. So in order to achieve higher voltages, the piezoelectric crystals can be

arranged in parallel manner, which can generate output voltage more than milli

volts range. The energy thus obtained is stored in capacitors. This is the working

principle behind piezoelectric energy harvesting system.



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Now the extreme engineering lies in optimization of piezoelectric energy, which is

done in various ways. A lot of studies are being carried out in order to know which

crystal will be the best to obtain maximum output voltage, what should be the

structure of piezoelectric component, which type of circuit should be used at the

output terminals of piezoelectric crystal in order to have maximum wattage.

Output Stage of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System

The output of a piezoelectric crystal is Alternating Current (AC). In order to use this

voltage for low power consuming electronic devices, it has to be first converted into

Direct Current (DC). It is done with the help of AC to DC converter.

This is followed by a capacitor, which gets charged by the rectifier up to a pre-

decided voltage, at which the switch to be off and the capacitor discharges through

the low-power application. In this way, the energy can be stored in the capacitor,

and can be discharged when required.

Advantages

This method gives rise to efficient recycling of energy.

There is no loss in energy

It can be used in situations in case of power failure or any emergency

conditions

This method reduces electricity expenditures.

This method of recycling can be used in many low power home appliances, it

is also used in devices which produce noise and vibration while they are

operating.

Limitation

Each piezoelectric material has a particular operating limit for temperature, voltage,

and stress. The particular chemical composition of the material determines the

limits. Operating a material outside of these limitations may cause partial or total

depolarization of the material, and a diminishing or loss of piezoelectric properties.

Temperature Limitations

As the operating temperature increases, piezoelectric performance of a material decreases, untilcomplete and permanent depolarization occurs at the material's Curie temperature.

The Curie point is the absolute maximum exposure temperature for any piezoelectric ceramic. Each

ceramic has its own Curie point. When the ceramic element is heated above the Curie point, all

piezoelectric properties are lost. In practice, the operating temperature must be substantially below the

Curie point.



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Voltage Limitations

A piezoelectric ceramic can be depolarized by a strong electric field with polarity

opposite to the original poling voltage. The limit on the field strength is dependent

on the type of material, the duration of the application, and the operating

temperature.

Mechanical Stress Limitations

High mechanical stress can depolarize a piezoelectric ceramic. The limit on the

applied stress is dependent on the type of ceramic material, and duration of the

applied stress.

Power Limitations

The acoustic power handling capacity of a radiating transducer is limited by the

following factors.

(1) Dynamic mechanical strength of the ceramic

(2) Reduction in efficiency due to dielectric losses(3) Reduction in efficiency due to mechanical losses

(4) Depolarization of the ceramic due to electric field

(5) Depolarization of the ceramic due to temperature rise

(6) Instability resulting from the positive feedback between dielectric losses and

internal heating

Review on Implementation Piezoelectricity

Power Generating Sidewalk

The piezoelectric crystal arrays are laid underneath pavements, sidewalks, and

speed breakers for maximum voltage generation. The voltage thus generated from

the array can be used to charge the chargeable Lithium batteries, capacitors etc.

These batteries can be used as per the requirement.

Power Generating Boots or Shoes

In United States Defense Advance Research Project Agency (DARPA) initiated an

innovative project on Energy harvesting which attempts to power battlefield

equipment by piezoelectric generators embedded in soldiers' boots. However, these

energy harvesting sources put an impact on the body. DARPA's effort to harness 1-2watts from continuous shoe impact while walking were abandoned due to the

discomfort from the additional energy expended by a person wearing the shoes.

Gyms and Workplaces

Researchers are also working on the idea of utilizing the vibrations caused from the

machines in the gym. At workplaces, while sitting on the chair, energy can be stored in the



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batteries by laying piezoelectric crystals in the chair. Also, the studies are being carried out

to utilize the vibrations in a vehicle, like at clutches, gears, seats, shock-ups, foot rests.

People Powered Dance Clubs

In Europe, certain nightclubs have already begun to power their night clubs,

strobes and stereos by use of piezoelectric crystals. The crystals are laid underneaththe dance floor. When a bulk of people use this dance floor, enormous amount of

voltage is generated which can be used to power the equipments of the night club.

Description of the Project

This paper describes on the use of piezoelectric transducers in special mats

during the Yoga practice period, which will help the mat users to charge their low-

power appliances. This project demonstrates the generation of electricity using

piezoelectric transducers which are arranged beneath a platform. Yoga or workout

can be done on this platform which would cause the transducer beneath to bend andcause a sudden shot of electricity. This electricity will then be rectified by the bridge

diode and stored in an electrolytic capacitor. Then this electricity can be used for

recharging the batteries. The electrical recharge of a mobile is working as an

example of storing the electricity.

Components used:

Piezoelectric Transducers

Rectifier Diodes (1N4007)

Electrolytic Capacitor (400V, 1000µF)

Connecting Wires

Cardboard & Tape Multimeter

Experimental Design:

The proposed work portrays the concept of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and the

results obtained after the implementation are very encouraging.

The base platform of the experimental design is a mat. A series of piezoelectric

transducers laid in a specific design on the mat, which will be used for the positions

of feet specially the toe and heal positions places. The output energy will be

gathered from the conversion of mechanical stress into electricity from particular

places on the mat.

The electrodes of the piezoelectric transducers are connected and tested in both

series and parallel circuit design. The both the final electrodes are connected with

bridge rectifiers. The output voltage is tested with the help of multi-meter

instrument. The results are tested and the method of connections in the circuit

which generates more voltage is taken for final model. Based on the final model the



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open ends are connected with a high voltage electrolytic capacitor for storing the

output voltage. The storage device like mobile can be connected with this capacitor

for recharging at a stable voltage.

At the start of operation of the model, the capacitor needs to be totally discharged to

get an accurate output voltage. So, before experimenting on the mat, the net chargein the capacitor should be zero.

The analysis of the voltage stored in the capacitor with respect to the force applied

can be done and the efficiency of this work can be calculated. Efficient storage of the

generated voltage can be achieved by using the circuit shown in the following figure.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting can be used as a cleanest form of alternate energy

source in future. This work is an example illustrating one of its applications. It can

also be used as an energy source for wearable electronics.

When standing on the mat, the feet put force on mat and experience opposite action

from earth surface. As one’s foot pushes against the ground, the ground pushes back,

propelling you stand. So this action acts as a vector quantity that has both

magnitude and direction. This can be called as contact force. The basis for the

contact force is the electromagnetic force between atoms. The contact force is also

known as the normal or reaction force. During jogging and jumping, mechanical

stress that is applied on the mat is converted to electrical voltage which is measured

using an electronic multi-meter.

Experimental Results

The necessary voltage required for charging a low-level power application is

successfully generated. The output current that is generated from the piezoelectric

transducer may be less, but may increase the time taken for charging. But it can be

used for charging a low-power application device for emergency purpose wherethere is no direct source of electricity. This can be used as an efficient source for

portable electric power for portable devices. This work is a low cost approach to

demonstrate the application of piezoelectric sensor to meet the need for portable

electric power.

The output voltage of piezoelectric transducers is measured through the multi-

meter during the jogging on the special mat (herein called as Yoga Mat). The results



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measured in two positions (toe and heel) of feet and shown in the following Chart

showing the voltage stored in capacitor when mat is pressed by toe and when it is

pressed by heel.

The output voltage generated from the pressure of the foot on the mat. There is a

scope of research to find out the relationship between the magnitude of foot

pressure and output voltage of PZT.

Limitations

The setup has to be flexible so that the circuit components do not get broken

There is possibility that if even pressure is not applied to the piezoelectric

elements, they can cancel each other’s output when they get rectified by the

bridge diode. The circuit at times does not produce enough current to power an appliance but

may produce voltage that is enough to fry a circuit.

Economic Feasibility

The assembly developed using series and parallel combination of piezo-crystals is

very cost effective. A single crystal costs around 16 Rupees, and hence the cost of

whole assembly is very less. It is very encouraging to get a good voltage and current

at such a low cost at the same time utilizing the waste energy. So, the assemblyimproves on the concern of cost effectiveness to a great extent and we are working

on it to further improve upon the results of the system.

0.10.2

0.36 0.38 0.39 0.420.51

0.57 0.63

0.7 0.740.81

0.93

0.10.2

0.36

0.47

0.58

0.730.8

0.941.02

1.14

1.29 1.35

1.51

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

V o l t a g e

( V ) - - - >

Time (s) --->

Voltage-heel (V)

Voltage-toe (V)



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Environmental Effects

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) based piezoelectric materials are well known for their

excellent piezoelectric properties. However, considering the toxicity of lead and its

compounds, there is a general awareness for the development of environmental

friendly lead-free materials as evidenced in this effect. Some lead-free compositionsshow stable piezoelectric responses even though they do not match the overall

performance of PZT.

Lead-free materials are of interests as new candidates to replace the widely used

lead-based ceramics because of their pollution free environmental friendly

character during the preparation process.

Future Scope

The proposed work portrays the concept of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and the

results obtained after the implementation are very encouraging. Future work of the

proposed idea encompasses further amplification of the crystal output to a greater

extent. A study could be carried out from the variety of piezoelectric crystals and

after comparing the results, the choice of the optimum material for the best

performing crystal could be devised.

Conclusion

A non-conventional, nonpolluting form of energy can be harvested, maintaining the

economic standards of common laymen. The electricity is produced from the

mechanical stress on the crystals due to piezoelectric effect and thus it generates the

energy needed for charging low-power applications.

The method used to perform power harvesting is to use PZT materials that can

convert the ambient vibration energy surrounding them into electrical energy. This

electrical energy can then be used to power other devices or stored for later use.

The assembly developed using series and parallel combination of piezo-crystals is

very cost effective. It is very encouraging to get a good voltage and current at such alow cost at the same time utilizing the waste energy.

The manufacture of this type of a product will help in the awareness of Yoga among

the new generation. It would also provide an efficient way of harvesting electricity

that does not have any scope of causing pollution. The product can definitely be

improved to a great extent where the piezoelectric transducers could be merged

with the base material making it user-friendly and less cumbersome.



Page 15 of 16

References

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1. http://www.instructables.com/id/Electricity-from/walking/

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity

3. http://www.bvicam.ac.in/bijit/Downloads/pdf/issue 4/010.pdf

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor

5. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/piezo.html

6. http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/house-music-

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