Hassan AliF-10-126

Country BioCritical Junctures in Chinese HistoryThe Chinese Political SystemNuts & Bolts of Political SystemCentral Party InstitutionsTrade Deficit between USA and

China

Population: 1.3 Billion (UN census, 2004) Territory: 3.7 million square miles (a bit larger than

the U.S.) Year of Independence: 221 B.C. Year of Current Constitution: 1982 Head of State: President Hu Jintao Head of Government: Premier Wen Jiabao Language: Mandarin (official language), Cantonese, Shanghaiese, other dialects, some minority

languages Religion: Daoism, Buddhism, Muslim 2%-3%,

Christian 1%. Note: Officially Atheist

The Qing Dynasty (1611 – 1911)

First Opium War1839 -1842Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

Second Opium War1856 -1860Treaty of Tianjin (1860)

Boxer Rebellion1899-1901

First Sino – Japanese War (1898)

The Republican Period (1911 – 1949)

Dr. Sun Yat-SenThree Principles of the People:1. Nationalism2. Democracy3. Livelihood- Founded the Kuomingtang▪ January 1, 1912

Chiang Kai-ShekNorthern Expedition (1926)Extermination Campaign (1927)Fled to Taiwan

Republic of China (Dec. 1,1949)

The Republican Period (1911 – 1949)

Mao ZedongMaoismLand redistributionGuerilla warfare

The Long March6,000 mile journey

Second Sino-Japanese War1937 - 1945

• October 1, 1949

China Under Mao (1949 – 1976)

• Hundred Flowers Movement (1956)• Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957)• The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)• The Cultural Revolution (1966)- Red Guards

The Reform Era (1976 – present)• Deng Xiaoping- Four Modernizations- One Child Policy- Tiananmen Square (June 1998)▪ 2K to 3K dead

Party Political Structures• National Party Congress 2120 members Reviews party activities• The Central Committee 198 members Directs affairs when NPC is not in session• The Politburo Standing Committee• The Central Committee for Discipline Ensures party loyalty 2004: 160k members disciplined

Government Structures

• National People’s Congress

- China’s “legislature”

- 3K members President of PRC - Head of State - 5 year terms (2

max)• State Council - Premier

Government Structures

• The People’s Liberation Army

- $90bn/year spending-“Peace Loving Nation”

• Public Security Bureaus

- Re-education through labor

- 300k detainees

One party state- Chinese Communist Party

Rather than being rigidly hierarchical and authoritarian, which is often the assumption, political power in China now is diffuse, complex, and at times highly competitive.

Muscular state government bureaucracy

Another key institution is the People’s Liberation Army

Important Concepts Confucianism Struggle for National

Sovereignty Struggle for Peasant

Livelihood Hundred Flowers

Campaign, Great Leap Forward” “One Country, Two

Systems” One Child Policy Cultural Revolution Socialist Reform

Period No Political Pluralism

National Party Congress (> 2000)

Central Committee (200)

National Party Congress (> 2000)

Politburo (25)

Central Committee (200)

National Party Congress (> 2000)

Politburo Standing Committee (9)

Politburo (25)

Central Committee (200)

National Party Congress (> 2000)

General Secretary

Politburo Standing Committee (9)

Politburo (25)

Central Committee (200)

National Party Congress (> 2000)

CCPGeneral Secretary

Standing CommitteePolitburo

Central Committee

Provincial PartyCommittees

Local PartyCommittees

CCPGeneral Secretary

National People’s Congress

Standing CommitteePolitburo

Central Committee

Prime MinisterState Council

CCPGeneral Secretary

National People’s Congress

Standing CommitteePolitburo

Central Committee

Prime MinisterState Council

CCPGeneral Secretary

National People’s Congress

Standing CommitteePolitburo

Central Committee

Prime MinisterState Council

Provincial PartyCommittees

Local PartyCommittees

Provincial People’sCongresses

Local People’sCongresses

Provincial Governments

Local Governments

CCPGeneral Secretary

National People’s Congress

Standing CommitteePolitburo

Central Committee

Prime MinisterState Council

Provincial PartyCommittees

Local PartyCommittees

Provincial People’sCongresses

Local People’sCongresses

Provincial Governments

Local Governments

President

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) Development Research Center of the State Council Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Academy of Military Science China Institute of International Study China Institute of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR) China National Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation China Association for Science and Technology China International Institute of StrategicSociety Shanghai Institute for International Studies (SIIS)

Trade Deficit The trade deficit is when the value of

imports is greater than the value of exports.

Imports are defined as goods and services produced in a foreign country and bought by residents.

An export is any good that passes through customs from any country to be sold overseas.

Economic and trade reforms (begun in 1979) have helped transform China into one of the world’s fastest-growing economies.

Total U.S.- China trade rose from $5 billion in 1980 to $409 billion in 2008.

China ranked as the 32nd-largest U.S. export market and its 57th-largest source of U.S. imports.

In 2009, China was the second-largest U.S. trading partner (after Canada), the third-largest U.S. export market (after Canada and Mexico), and the largest source of U.S. imports.

End