Have you ever wondered how an aircraft can find a specific airport in a highly populated airspace?

How can an aircraft land in an airport when the weather condition seem to be so hostile and the visibility is really low?

Purpose

• Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP)• Airport Navigation and Landing Systems

IAP• IFR• IMC Conditions • Published IAP (approach plates)

IAPs

1. Non-Precision Approach Systems:

2. Precision Approach Systems:

VOR NDB

Ground Base Systems

ILS

Ground Base Systems

WAAS(LPV)

GPS

Satellite Base Systems

Satellite Base Systems

Non-Precision Approach

Terminal VOR

• T - VOR• Lateral Guidance to Runway

Ground Base Systems

Non-Precision Approach

NDB

• (1) Receiver: Automatic Direction Finder ,and (2)Transmitter: Non- Directional Radio Beacon

• Provide lateral guidance to a runway

Ground Base Systems

Non-Precision Approach

GPS

• (1) Satellites (24 and 3 for backup), (2) Ground Station, and (3) GPS receiver (pilot’s cockpit)

• Provide lateral guidance to a runway

Satellite Base Systems

Precision Approach

ILS

• (1) Localizer, (2) Glide slope, and (3) Marker Beacons

• Provide lateral and vertical guidance

Ground Base Systems

Precision Approach

LPV/WAAS

• LPV uses WAAS only• Lateral and Vertical guidance

Satellite Base Systems