Hawaii 1

HawaiiThis article is about the U.S. state of Hawaii. For the island of Hawaii, see Hawaii (island). For other uses, seeHawaii (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Hawaiki.Coordinates: 211841N 1574747W [1]

State of HawaiiMokuina o Hawaii

Flag Seal

Nickname(s): The Aloha State (official), Paradise, The Islands of Aloha

Motto(s): Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ina i ka Pono("The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness")

State anthem: "Hawaii Pono(Hawaiis Own True Sons)"

Official language English, Hawaiian

Demonym Hawaiian (see notes)[2]

Capital(and largest city)

Honolulu

Largest metro Oahu metropolitan area

Area Ranked 43rd

-Total 10,931sqmi(28,311 km2)

-Width n/amiles(n/a km)

-Length 1,522miles(2,450 km)

-% water 41.2

Hawaii 2

-Latitude 18 55 N to 28 27 N

-Longitude 154 48 W to 178 22 W

Population Ranked 40th

-Total 1,404,054 (2013 est)

-Density 214/sqmi (82.6/km2)Ranked 13th

-Median household income $63,746 (5th)

Elevation

-Highest point Mauna Kea[3][4]

13,796ft (4205.0 m)

-Mean 3,030ft (920 m)

-Lowest point Pacific Oceansea level

Before statehood Territory of Hawaii

Admission to Union August 21, 1959 (50th)

Governor Neil Abercrombie (D)

Lieutenant Governor Shan Tsutsui (D)

Legislature State Legislature

-Upper house Senate

-Lower house House of Representatives

U.S. Senators Brian Schatz (D)Mazie Hirono (D)

U.S. House delegation 1: Colleen Hanabusa (D)2: Tulsi Gabbard (D) (list)

Time zone Hawaii: UTC 10(no DST)

Abbreviations HI, US-HI

Website www.hawaii.gov [5]

Hawaii state symbolsAnimal and Plant insignia

Bird(s) Hawaiian Goose

Fish Humuhumunukunukupuaa

Flower(s) Hawaiian hibiscus

Mammal(s) Humpback whale, Hawaiian monk seal

Reptile Gold dust day geckoWikipedia:Citation needed

Tree Kukui nut tree

Inanimate insignia

Food Coconut muffinWikipedia:Citation needed

Gemstone Black coral

Slogan(s) The Islands of AlohaWikipedia:Citation needed

Hawaii 3

Soil HiloWikipedia:Citation needed

Song(s) Hawaii Ponoi

Sport Surfing, Outrigger canoeing

Tartan Hawaii State Tartan (unofficial)

Route marker(s)

State Quarter

Released in 2008

Lists of United States state symbols

Hawaii from space, January 26, 2014[6]

Hawaii ( i/hwa.i/ or /hwai/; Hawaiian: Hawaii[hvii]) is the 50th and most recent U.S. state to join theUnited States. It joined the Union on August 21, 1959. It is theonly U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one made upentirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group inPolynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the centralPacific Ocean.

Hawaiis diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate,abundance of public beaches, oceanic surroundings, andactive volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists,(wind) surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to itsmid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant nativeculture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Itscapital is Honolulu on the island of Oahu.

The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spreadover 1,500 miles (2,400km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from thenorthwest to southeast) Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lnai, Kahoolawe, Maui and the Island of Hawaii. Thelast is the largest and is often called the "Big Island" to avoid confusing the island with the state or archipelago. Thearchipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.Hawaii is the 8th-smallest, the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states.Hawaii's ocean coastline is about 750 miles (1,210km) long, which is fourth in the United States after those ofAlaska, Florida and California.Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas and the only state with an Asian plurality. It and Arizonaare the only two states that do not observe daylight saving time, and Hawaii and Alaska are the only two states thatare not in the contiguous United States.

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Etymology

Akaka Falls

The Hawaiian language word Hawaii derives fromProto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, with the reconstructed meaning"homeland";[7] Hawaii cognates are found in other Polynesianlanguages, including Mori (Hawaiki), Rarotongan (Avaiki), andSamoan (Savaii). (See also Hawaiki). According to Pukui andElbert, "Elsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaii or a cognate is the nameof the underworld or of the ancestral home, but in Hawaii, thename has no meaning."[8]

Spelling of state name

A somewhat divisive political issue arose when the constitution ofthe state of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official statelanguage: the exact spelling of the state's name, which in theislands' language is Hawaii (the okina marking a Hawaiianconsonant, a cut-off of breath before the final i). In the HawaiiAdmission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federalgovernment recognized Hawaii to be the official state name.Official government publications, as well as department and officetitles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling, with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length. In contrast, theNational and State Parks Services, the University of Hawaii, and some private entities, including a local newspaper,do use such symbols.

The title of the state constitution is "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii". In Article XV, Section 1 uses "TheState of Hawaii", Section 2 "the island of Oahu", Section 3 "The Hawaiian flag", and Section 5 specifies the statemotto as "Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ina i ka Pono". Since these documents predate the modern use of the okina and thekahak in Hawaiian orthography, the diacritics were not used. On the other hand, precedent for U.S. state namechanges were set in 1780 when the Massachusetts Bay State changed its name to the Commonwealth ofMassachusetts, and in the 1820s when the Territory of Arkansaw changed the spelling of its name to the Territory ofArkansas.

Geography and environmentThe main Hawaiian Islands are:

Island Nickname Area Population(as of2010)

Density Highestpoint

Elevation Age(Ma)

[9]Location

Hawaii The BigIsland

4,028.0sqmi(10,432.5km2)

185,079 45.948/sqmi(17.7407/km2)

Mauna Kea 13,796ft(4,205m)

0.4 1934N15530W [10]

Maui The ValleyIsle

727.2sqmi(1,883.4km2)

144,444 198.630/sqmi(76.692/km2)

Haleakal 10,023ft(3,055m)

1.30.8 2048N15620W [11]

Oahu The GatheringPlace

596.7sqmi(1,545.4km2)

953,207 1,597.46/sqmi(616.78/km2)

MountKaala

4,003ft(1,220m)

3.72.6 2128N15759W [12]

Kauai The GardenIsle

552.3sqmi(1,430.5km2)

66,921 121.168/sqmi(46.783/km2)

Kawaikini 5,243ft(1,598m)

5.1 2205N15930W [13]

Hawaii 5

Molokai The FriendlyIsle

260.0sqmi(673.4km2)

7,345 28.250/sqmi(10.9074/km2)

Kamakou 4,961ft(1,512m)

1.91.8 2108N15702W [14]

Lnai The PineappleIsle

140.5sqmi(363.9km2)

3,135 22.313/sqmi(8.615/km2)

Lnaihale 3,366ft(1,026m)

1.3 2050N15656W [15]

Niihau TheForbidden Isle

69.5sqmi(180.0km2)

170 2.45/sqmi(0.944/km2)

MountPnau

1,250ft(381m)

4.9 2154N16010W [16]

Kahoolawe The TargetIsle

44.6sqmi(115.5km2)

0 0 PuuMoaulanui

1,483ft(452m)

1.0 2033N15636W [17]

The Hawaiian Islands are located in the North Pacific Ocean

A true-color satellite view of Hawaii shows that most of thevegetation on the islands grows on the northeast sides which face

the wind. The silver glow around the southwest of the islands is theresult of calmer waters.

N Pali coast, Kauai

An archipelago situated some 2,000 mi(3,200 km) southwest of the NorthAmerican mainland, Hawaii is thesouthernmost state of the United States andthe second westernmost state after Alaska.Hawaii, along with Alaska, does not borderany other U.S. state.

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Panorama of the Haleakala crater

Hawaii is the only state of the UnitedStates that is not geographicallylocated in North America, growscoffee, is completely surrounded bywater, is entirely an archipelago, hasroyal palaces, and does not have astraight line in its state boundary.

Hawaiis tallest mountain, Mauna Kea,stands at 13,796 ft (4,205 m) but is taller than Mount Everest if followed to the base of the mountain, which, lying atthe floor of the Pacific Ocean, rises about 33,500 ft (10,200 m).

The eight main islands, Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Kauai and Niihau are accompaniedby many others. Kaula is a small island near Niihau that is often overlooked. The Northwest Hawaiian Islands are aseries of nine small, older masses northwest of Kauai that extend from Nihoa to Kure that are remnants of oncemuch larger volcanic mountains. There are also more than 100 small rocks and islets, such as Molokini, that areeither volcanic, marine sedimentary or erosional in origin, totaling 130 or so across the archipelago.

GeologyThe Hawaiian islands were (and continue to be) continuously formed from volcanic activity initiated at an underseamagma source called a hotspot. As the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean moves to the northwest, thehot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Due to the hotspots location, the only active volcanoesare located around the southern half of the Big Island. The newest volcano, Lihi Seamount, is located south of theBig Islands coast.The last volcanic eruption outside the Big Island occurred at Haleakal on Maui before the late 18th century, thoughit could have been hundreds of years earlier. In 1790, Klauea exploded with the deadliest eruption (of the modernera) known to have occurred in what is now the United States. As many as 5,405 warriors and their familiesmarching on Klauea were killed by that eruption.[18]

Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. The Big Island has thethird-highest point among the worlds islands.Slope instability of the volcanoes has generated damaging earthquakes with related tsunamis, particularly in 1868and 1975. Steep cliffs have been caused by catastrophic debris avalanches on the submerged flanks of ocean islandvolcanos.[19]

Flora and faunaBecause the islands are so far from other land habitats, life before human activity is said to have arrived by the 3Ws: wind (carried through the air), waves (brought by ocean currents), and wings (birds, insects, and whatever theybrought with them). This isolation, and the wide range of environments (extreme altitude, tropical climate) produceda vast array of endemic flora and fauna (see Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands). Hawaii has more endangeredspecies and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state. One endemic plant,Brighamia, now requires hand-pollination its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct. The two species ofBrighamia B. rockii and B. insignis are represented in the wild by perhaps 120 individual plants. In order toensure that these plants set seed, biologists rappel down 3000-foot cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas.The relatively short time that the existing main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean(less than 10 million years) is only a fraction of time span over which biological colonization and evolution haveoccurred in the archipelago.

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The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field.On a single island, the climate can differ around the coast from dry tropical (< 20 in or 500mm annual rainfall) towet tropical; and up the slopes from tropical rainforest (> 200 in or 5000mm per year) through a temperate climateinto alpine conditions of cold and dry climate. The rainy climate impacts soil development, which largely determinesground permeability, which affects the distribution of streams, wetlands, and wet places.

Protected areas

Endemic Haleakal Silversword near Haleakalsummit

Several areas in Hawaii are under the protection of the National ParkService. Hawaii has two national parks: Haleakala National Park nearKula, on Maui, includes Haleakal, the dormant volcano that formedeast Maui; and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeast regionof the Island of Hawaii, which includes the active volcano Klauea andits various rift zones.

There are three national historical parks: Kalaupapa National HistoricalPark in Kalaupapa, Molokai, the site of a former Hansens diseasecolony; Kaloko-Honokhau National Historical Park in Kailua-Konaon the Island of Hawaii; and Puuhonua o Hnaunau NationalHistorical Park, an ancient place of refuge. Other areas under thecontrol of the National Park Service include Ala Kahakai NationalHistoric Trail on the Big Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on Oahu.

The Papahnaumokukea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15,2006. The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles (360,000km2) of reefs, atolls and shallow and deep seaout to 50 miles (80km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean, larger than all of Americas National Parks combined.

ClimateSee also: List of Hawaii tornadoes and Climate of Hawaii

Road to Hana through rainforest

Hawaiis climate is typical for the tropics, although temperatures andhumidity tend to be a bit less extreme due to near-constant trade windsfrom the east. Summer highs are usually in the upper 80sF, (around31C) during the day and mid 70s, (around 24C) at night. Winter daytemperatures are usually in the low to mid 80s, (around 28C) and (atlow elevation) seldom dipping below the mid 60s (18C) at night.Snow, not usually associated with the tropics, falls at 4,205 metres(13,796ft) on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the Big Island in somewinter months. Snow rarely falls on Haleakala. Mount Waialeale, onKauai, has the second-highest average annual rainfall on Earth, about460 inches (11,684.0mm). Most of Hawaii has only two seasons: thedry season from May to October, and the wet season from October to April.

The warmest temperature recorded in the state is 100F (38C) (making it tied with Alaska as the lowest hightemperature recorded in a U.S. state) in Pahala on April 27, 1931. Hawaii's all-time record low temperature is 12F(11C) observed in May 1979 on the summit of Mauna Kea. Hawaii is the only state to have never recordedsub-zero Fahrenheit temperatures.

Local climates vary considerably on each island, grossly divisible into windward (Koolau) and leeward (Kona) areasbased upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face cloud cover, so resorts concentrate onsunny leeward coasts.

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Monthly normal low and high temperatures for various Hawaiian populated places

City Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Hilo 64F /17.8C

64F /17.8C

65F /18.3C

66F /18.9C

67F /19.4C

68F /20.0C

69F /20.6C

69F /20.6C

69F /20.6C

68F /20.0C

67F /19.4C

65F /18.3C

79F /26.1C

79F /26.1C

79F /26.1C

79F /26.1C

81F /27.2C

82F /27.8C

82F /27.8C

83F /28.3C

83F /28.3C

83F /28.3C

81F /27.2C

80F /26.7C

Honolulu 66F /18.9C

65F /18.3C

67F /19.4C

68F /20.0C

70F /21.1C

72F /22.2C

74F /23.3C

75F /23.9C

74F /23.3C

73F /22.8C

71F /21.7C

68F /20.0C

80F /26.7C

81F /27.2C

82F /27.8C

83F /28.3C

85F /29.4C

87F /30.6C

88F /31.1C

89F /31.7C

89F /31.7C

87F /30.6C

84F /28.9C

82F /27.8C

Kahului 63F /17.2C

63F /17.2C

65F /18.3C

66F /18.9C

67F /19.4C

69F /20.6C

71F /21.7C

71F /21.7C

70F /21.1C

69F /20.6C

68F /20.0C

65F /18.3C

80F /26.7C

81F /27.2C

82F /27.8C

82F /27.8C

84F /28.9C

86F /30.0C

87F /30.6C

88F /31.1C

88F /31.1C

87F /30.6C

84F /28.9C

82F /27.8C

Lihue 65F /18.3C

66F /18.9C

67F /19.4C

69F /20.6C

70F /21.1C

73F /22.8C

74F /23.3C

74F /23.3C

74F /23.3C

73F /22.8C

71F /21.7C

68F /20.0C

78F /25.6C

78F /26.6C

78F /26.6C

79F /26.1C

81F /27.2C

83F /28.3C

84F /28.9C

85F /29.4C

85F /29.4C

84F /28.9C

81F /27.2C

79F /26.1C

AntipodesHawaii is the only US state that is antipodal to inhabited land. Most of the state lies opposite Botswana, thoughNiihau aligns with Namibia and Kauai straddles the border. This area of Africa, near Maun and Ghanzi, includesnature reserves and small settlements near the Okavango Delta.

HistoryMain article: History of Hawaii

Part of a series on the

History ofHawaii

Timeline

Ancient Provisional Cession Kingdom of Hawaii Provisional Government Republic of Hawaii

American Hawaii

Territory State of Hawaii

Hawaii portal

Hawaii 9

v t e [20]

Hawaii is one of four states, besides the original thirteen, that were independent prior to becoming part of the UnitedStates, along with the Vermont Republic (1791), the Republic of Texas (1845), and the California Republic (1846),and one of two, along with Texas, that had formal diplomatic recognition internationally. The Kingdom of Hawaiiwas sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American (and some European)businessmen. It was an independent republic from 1894 until 1898, when it was annexed by the United States as aterritory, becoming a state in 1959.Oahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. The attack onPearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought theUnited States into World War II.

First human settlement Ancient Hawaii (8001778)Main article: Ancient HawaiiThe earliest habitation supported by archaeological evidence dates to as early as 300 CE, probably by Polynesiansettlers from the Marquesas, followed by a second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora in the 11thcentury.Polynesians from the Marquesas and possibly the Society Islands may have first populated the Hawaiian Islandsbetween 300 and 500 CE. There is a great deal of debate regarding these dates.Some archaeologists and historians believe that an early settlement from the Marquesas and a later wave ofimmigrants from Tahiti, c. 1000, introduced a new line of high chiefs, the Kapu system, the practice of humansacrifice and the building of heiaus. This later immigration is detailed in folk tales about Paao. Other authors arguethat there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers, and that Paao must beregarded as a myth.

Kalanipuu, King of Hawaiibringing presents to Captain Cook.Illustrated by John Webber, artist

aboard Cook's ship.

Regardless of the question of Paao, historians agree that the history of theislands was marked by a slow but steady growth in population and the size of thechiefdoms, which grew to encompass whole islands. Local chiefs, called alii,ruled their settlements and launched wars to extend their sway and defend theircommunities from predatory rivals. Ancient Hawaii was a caste-based societymuch like that of the Hindus in India.

European arrival and the Kingdom of HawaiiThere are questions whether Spanish explorers arrived in the Hawaiian Islands inthe 16th century, two centuries before Captain James Cook's first documentedvisit in 1778. Ruy Lpez de Villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that leftAcapulco in 1542 bound for the Philippines, with a Spanish sailor named JuanGaetano aboard as pilot. Depending on the interpretation, Gaetano's reportsseemed to describe the discovery of Hawaii or the Marshall Islands. If it wasHawaii, Gaetano would have been the first European to find the islands. Somescholars have dismissed these claims as lacking credibility.[21][22] However,Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands in the latitude of Hawaii but with the longitude ten degrees eastof the Islands. In this manuscript, the Island of Maui is named "La Desgraciada" (the unfortunate), and what appears

Hawaii 10

to be the Island of Hawaii is named "La Mesa" (the table). Islands resembling Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai arenamed "Los Monjes" (the monks).[23] For two and a half centuries Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific along a routethat passed south of Hawaii on their way to Manila. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trademonopoly against competing powers.The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was Hawaiis first documented contact with European explorers.Cook named the islands the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of his sponsor John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. Hepublished the islands' location and reported the native name as Owyhee. This spelling lives on in Owyhee County,Idaho, after three Hawaiian members of a trapping party that went missing in that area.Cook visited the islands twice. Upon his departure during his second visit in 1779, a quarrel ensued, involvingCook's taking of temple idols and fencing as "firewood",[24] and the taking of a ship's boat by a minor chief and hismen. Cook then abducted the King of the Big Island of Hawaii, Kalanipuu, and held him as ransom aboard hisship for the return of the boat, a tactic that had worked for Cook in Tahiti and other islands.[25] Kalanipuu'ssupporters fought back and Cook and four Marines were killed as Cook's party retreated to the beach and launchedtheir boats.After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the Hawaiian islands received manyEuropean visitors: explorers, traders, and eventually whalers who found the islands a convenient harbor and sourceof supplies. Early British influence can be seen in the design of the Flag of Hawaii which has the British Union Flagin the corner.These visitors introduced diseases to the once-isolated islands and the Hawaiian population plunged precipitouslybecause native Hawaiians had no resistance to influenza, smallpox, and measles, among others. By 1820, Eurasiandiseases, famine, and wars among the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population.[26] During the1850s, measles killed a fifth of Hawaii's people.[27]

Historical records indicated that the earliest immigration of the Chinese came from Guangdong province: a fewsailors in 1778 with Captain Cook's journey, more in 1788 with Kaina, and some in 1789 with an American traderwho settled in Hawaii in the late 18th century.

House of Kamehameha

King Kamehameha receiving Otto vonKotzebue's Russian naval expedition. Drawing by

Louis Choris in 1816.

During the 1780s and 1790s, chiefs often fought for power. After aseries of battles that ended in 1795 and forced cession of the island ofKauai in 1810, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a singleruler who became known as King Kamehameha the Great. Heestablished the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled thekingdom until 1872.

After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819, AmericanProtestant missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians toChristianity. Their influence ended many ancient practices, andKamehameha III was the first Christian king. One prominent Protestantmissionary, Hiram Bingham I, was a trusted adviser to the monarchyduring this period. Other missionaries and their descendants becameactive in commercial and political affairs, leading to future conflicts between the monarchy and its restive Americansubjects.

Missionaries from other Christian denominations (such as Catholics, Mormons, and Episcopalians) were active, butnever converted more than a minority of the Native Hawaiian population.The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha Vwho did not name an heirresulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kalkaua. Lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. Perhaps "the People's King"

Hawaii 11

(Lunalilo) wanted the people to choose his successor as they had chosen him. In 1874 the election was contestedwithin the legislature between Kalkaua and Emma. This led to riots and the landing of U.S. and British troops, andgovernance passed to the House of Kalkaua.

1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations

In 1887, Kalkaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, which stripped the king ofmuch of his authority. There was a property qualification for voting, which disenfranchised most Hawaiians andimmigrant laborers, and favored the wealthier white community. Resident whites were allowed to vote, but residentAsians were excluded. Because the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the"Bayonet Constitution". King Kalkaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, QueenLiliuokalani, succeeded him on the throne. She was the last monarch of Hawaii.

Ship's landing force at the time of the overthrowof the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893.

In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani announced plans for a new constitution.On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American businessleaders and residents formed a Committee of Safety to overthrow theKingdom and seek annexation by the United States. United StatesGovernment Minister John L. Stevens, responding to a request fromthe Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. Asone historian noted, the presence of these troops effectively made itimpossible for the monarchy to protect itself.

Overthrow of 1893the Republic of Hawaii(18941898)In January 1893, Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a Provisional Government composed ofmembers of the Committee of Safety. American lawyer Sanford B. Dole became President of the Republic in 1894.Controversy filled the following years as the queen tried to regain her throne. The administration of President GroverCleveland commissioned the Blount Report, which concluded that the removal of Liliuokalani was illegal. The U.S.government first demanded that Queen Liliuokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused.Congress followed with another investigation, and submitted the Morgan Report on February 26, 1894, which foundall parties (including Minister Stevens) with the exception of the queen "not guilty" from any responsibility for theoverthrow.[28] The accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports has been questioned by partisanson both sides of the debate over the events of 1893.[29]

In 1993, a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow was passed by Congress and signed by PresidentClinton, apologizing for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

The Iolani Palace in Honolulu, formerly theresidence of the Hawaiian monarch, was the

capitol of the Republic of Hawaii.

The Provisional Government of Hawaii ended on July 4, 1894,replaced by the Republic of Hawaii. The first Japanese immigrantsarrived in Hawaii in 1885 as contract laborers for the sugar cane andpineapple plantations.

Annexationthe Territory of Hawaii (18981959)After William McKinley won the presidential election in 1896,Hawaii's annexation to the U.S. was again discussed. The previouspresident, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Liliuokalani.McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by

Hawaii 12

annexationists from Hawaii. He met with three annexationists from Hawaii: Lorrin Thurston, Francis March Hatchand William Ansel Kinney. After negotiations, in June 1897, Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty ofannexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.The treaty was never ratified by the U.S. Senate. Instead, despite the opposition of a majority of Native Hawaiians,the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the Republic to the United States and it became the Territory of Hawaii.The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House June 15, 1898, by a vote of 209 to 91, and by the Senate on July6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.

The USS Shaw exploding during the Japaneseattack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941.

Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began when Puerto Rico's sugarindustry was devastated by two hurricanes in 1899. The devastationcaused a world-wide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for theproduct from Hawaii. Hawaiian sugar plantation owners began torecruit the jobless, but experienced, laborers in Puerto Rico. Twodistinct waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii have occurred in thelast century. The first arrived in between 1903 and 1924; the secondwave began in 1965.

In 1900, Hawaii was granted self-governance and retained IolaniPalace as the territorial capitol building. Despite several attempts tobecome a state, Hawaii remained a territory for sixty years. Plantationowners and key capitalists, who maintained control through financialinstitutions, or "factors", known as the "Big Five", found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continueimporting cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various states.

Political changes of 1954the State of Hawaii (1959present)Main article: Democratic Revolution of 1954 (Hawaii)In the 1950s the power of the plantation owners was finally broken by descendants of immigrant laborers. Becausethey were born in a U.S. territory, they were legal U.S. citizens. The Hawaii Republican Party, strongly supported byplantation owners, was voted out of office. The Democratic Party of Hawaii dominated politics for 40 years. Eager togain full voting rights, Hawaii's residents actively campaigned for statehood.

Certification of the Hawaii vote for Statehood

In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and U.S.President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed it into law. (The act excludedPalmyra Atoll, part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii, from thenew state.) On June 27 of that year, a referendum asked residents ofHawaii to vote on the statehood bill. The Hawaii electorate voted94.3% "yes for statehood" to 5.7% "no". The choices were to acceptthe Act or to remain a territory, without the option of independence.The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization laterremoved Hawaii from the United Nations list of Non-Self-GoverningTerritories.

After statehood, Hawaii quickly modernized via construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy. Later, stateprograms promoted Hawaiian culture. The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 incorporated programssuch as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture.

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Demographics

Population

Population density of the Hawaiian islands.

The United States Census Bureauestimates that the population of Hawaiiwas 1,404,054 on July 1, 2013, a 3.2%increase since the 2010 United StatesCensus.

As of 2005, Hawaii has an estimatedpopulation of 1,275,194, an increase of13,070, or 1.0%, from the prior yearand an increase of 63,657, or 5.3%,since 2000. This includes a naturalincrease of 48,111 people (that is96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) andan increase due to net migration of16,956 people into the state.Immigration from outside the UnitedStates resulted in a net increase of30,068 people, and migration withinthe country produced a net loss of13,112 people. The center ofpopulation of Hawaii is locatedbetween the two islands of Oahu andMolokai. So many Hawaiian residentshave moved to Las Vegas that it has been referred to as the "ninth island" of Hawaii.

Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.4million, due to large military and tourist populations. Oahu, nicknamed"The Gathering Place", is the most populous island (and has the highest population density), with a residentpopulation of just under one million in 597 square miles (1,546km2), about 1,650 people per square mile (forcomparison, New Jersey, which has 8,717,925 people in 7,417 square miles (19,210km2) is the most-denselypopulated state in the Union with 1,134 people per square mile.)

Hawaii's 1,275,194 people, spread over 6,423 square miles (16,640km2) (including many unpopulated islands),results in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile, which makes Hawaii less denselypopulated than Ohio and Illinois.The average projected lifespan of those born in Hawaii in 2000 was 79.8 years (77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female),longer than any other state.As of 2011[30] the U.S. military personnel reported 42,371 of its personnel on the islands.The Hawaiian population changed dramatically after Europeans arrived.

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Historical population

Year Population Notes

1778 400,000

1805 264,160

1831 130,313 Census

1850 82,000

1853 73,134 2,119 foreigners

1872 56,897

1876 53,900

1884 80,000 The native population continues to decline.

1890 40,000 native Hawaiians

1900 154,001 About 25% Hawaiian/part-Hawaiian; 40% Japanese; 16% Chinese; 12% Portuguese; and about 5% Caucasian

1910 191,874 people 26,041 Hawaiians and 12,056 part-Hawaiians

1920 255,881 42.7% of the population is of Japanese descent.

1930 368,336

1940 420,770

1950 499,794

1960 632,772

1970 769,913

1980 964,691

1990 1,108,228

2000 1,211,537 239,655 native Hawaiians; Japanese: 21%; Filipino: 17.7%; Chinese: 8.3%; German: 5.8%

Race and ethnicityFurther information: Europeans in OceaniaSee also: Africans in Hawaii

Historicalpopulation

Census Pop. %

1900 154,001

1910 191,874 24.6%

1920 255,881 33.4%

1930 368,300 43.9%

1940 422,770 14.8%

1950 499,794 18.2%

1960 632,772 26.6%

1970 769,913 21.7%

1980 964,691 25.3%

1990 1,108,229 14.9%

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2000 1,211,537 9.3%

2010 1,360,301 12.3%

Est. 2013 1,404,054 3.2%

Source: 19102010

According to the 2010 United States Census, Hawaii had a population of 1,360,301. In terms of race and ethnicity,the state was 38.6% Asian, 24.7% White (22.7% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 23.6% from Two or More Races,10.0% Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 8.9% Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 1.6% Black orAfrican American, 1.2% from Some Other race, and 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native.

Hawaii Racial Breakdown of Population

Racial composition 1990[31] 2000[32] 2010[33]

White 33.4% 24.3% 24.7%

Asian 61.8% 41.6% 38.6%

Native Hawaiian andother Pacific Islander

9.4% 10.0%

Black 2.5% 1.8% 1.6%

Native 0.5% 0.3% 0.3%

Other race 1.9% 1.2% 1.2%

Two or more races 21.4% 23.6%

Hawaii is distinctive in having the highest percentage of Asian Americans and Multiracial Americans, as well as thelowest percentage of White Americans of any state. In 2011, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 14.5% of all thebirths. Hawaii's Asian population mainly consists of 198,000 (14.6%) Filipino Americans and 185,000 (13.6%)Japanese Americans. In addition, there are roughly 55,000 (4.0%) Chinese Americans and 24,000 (1.8%) KoreanAmericans. Indigenous Hawaiians number over 80,000, which is 5.9% of the population. Including those with partialancestry, Samoan Americans make up 2.8% of Hawaii's population, and Tongan Americans comprise 0.6% of thestate population.Over 120,000 (8.8%) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii. Mexicans number over 35,000 (2.6%); PuertoRicans exceed 44,000 (3.2%). Multiracial Americans form almost one-quarter of Hawaii's population, exceeding320,000 people. Eurasian Americans are a prominent mixed-race group; there are about 66,000 (4.9%) EurasianAmericans in Hawaii. The Non-Hispanic White population numbers at 310,000 and forms just over one-fifth of thepopulation. The multiracial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people. In1970, the Census Bureau reported Hawaii's population as 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German (7.4%), Irish (5.2%), English (4.6%), Portuguese (4.3%),and Italian (2.7%). About 82.2% of Hawaii's residents were born in the United States. Roughly 75.0% of theforeign-born residents hail from Asia. Hawaii is a majority-minority state, and is expected to be one of three statesthat will not have a white plurality in 2014, the other two being California and New Mexico.[34]

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Ancestry groupsThe largest ancestry groups in Hawaii as of 2008 are in the table at right. The third group of foreigners to arrive uponHawaii's shores, after those from Polynesia and Europe, was from China. Chinese workers on Western trading shipssettled in Hawaii starting in 1789. In 1820 the first American missionaries came to preach Christianity and teach theHawaiians Western ways.

Population of Hawaii

Ancestry Percentage Main article:

Filipino 13.6% See Filipinos in Hawaii

Japanese 12.6% See Japanese American

Polynesian 9.0% See Native Hawaiians

German 7.4% See German American

Irish 5.2% See Irish American

English 4.6% See English American

Portuguese 4.3% See Portuguese American

Chinese 4.1% See Chinese American

Korean 3.1% See Korean American

Mexican 2.9% See Mexican American

Puerto Rican 2.8% See Puerto Rican

Italian 2.7% See Italian American

African 2.4% See African American

French 1.7% See French American

Samoan 1.3% See Samoans

Scottish 1.2% See Scottish American

A large proportion of Hawaii's population is now of Asian ancestry (especially Chinese, Japanese and Filipino.)Many are descendants of those immigrants brought to work on the sugar plantations in the 1850s and after. The first153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not "legally" approved by the Japanesegovernment because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate, by then replaced by the MeijiRestoration. The first Japanese government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885 after Kalkaua'spetition to Emperor Meiji when Kalkaua visited Japan in 1881.Almost 13,000 Portuguese had come by 1899. They too worked on the sugar plantations.[35] By 1901, over 5,000Puerto Ricans had made new homes on the four islands.

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LanguagesThe State of Hawaii has two official languages recognized in its 1978 constitution: English and Hawaiian. ArticleXV, Section 4, specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law"[italics added]. Hawaii Creole English (locally referred to as 'Pidgin') is the native language of manyborn-and-raised residents and is a second language for many other residents.

English

As of the 2000 Census, 73.44% of Hawaii residents age 5 and older speak only English at home. According to the2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents over the age of five speak only English at home.

Minority languages

In addition, 2.6% of the state's residents speak Spanish; 1.6% speak other Indo-European languages; 21.0% speak anAsian language; and 0.2% speak a different language at home.

A Portuguese immigrant family in Hawaii duringthe 19th century.

Early Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.

After English, other popular languages are Tagalog, Japanese, andIlokano. Significant European immigrants and descendants also speaktheir native languages; the most numerous are Spanish, German,Portuguese and French.

Tagalog speakers make up 5.37% (which includes non-native speakersof Filipino language, the national co-official Tagalog-based language),followed by Japanese at 4.96%, Ilokano at 4.05%, Chinese at 1.92%,Hawaiian at 1.68%, Spanish at 1.66%, Korean at 1.61%, and Samoanat 1.01%.

Hawaiian

Main article: Hawaiian languageThe Hawaiian language has about 2000 native speakers, less than 0.1%Wikipedia:Please clarify of the total population. According to theUnited States Census, there were over 24,000 total speakers of thelanguage in Hawaii in 2006-2008.

Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian languagefamily. It is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such asMarquesan, Tahitian, Mori, Rapa Nui (the language of Easter Island),and less closely to Samoan, and Tongan.

According to Schtz (1994), the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 AD followed by later wavesof immigration from the Society Islands and Samoa-Tonga. Those Polynesians remained in the islands, therebybecoming the Hawaiian people. Their languages, over time, became the Hawaiian language. Kimura and Wilson(1983) also state, "Linguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly stronglink in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between theHawaiian and Society Islands." Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language had no writtenform. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries during 18201826. They assignedletters from the Latin alphabet that corresponded to the Hawaiian sounds.Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs,specially designated immersion schools were established where all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian. Also, theUniversity of Hawaii developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered tofavor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.

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Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowels. In modern practice, vowel length is indicated with a macron(kahak). Also, Hawaiian uses the glottal stop as a consonant (okina). It is written as a symbol similar to theapostrophe or opening single quote.Hawaiian-language newspapers published from 18341948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generallyomit the marks in their own writing. The okina and kahak are intended to help non-native speakers.A sign language for the deaf, based on the Hawaiian language, has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s.Hawaii Sign Language is now nearly extinct.

Hawaiian Pidgin

Main article: Hawaiian PidginSome locals speak Hawaii Creole English (HCE), often called "pidgin". The lexicon of HCE derives mainly fromEnglish but also has words from Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Ilocano and Tagalog. During the 19thcentury, the increase in immigration (mainly from China, Japan, Portugaland especially from the Azoresarchipelagoand Spain), caused a variant of English to develop. By the early 20th century pidgin speakers hadchildren who acquired the pidgin as their first language. HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without thosewords being considered archaic. Most place names are retained from Hawaiian, as are some names for plants oranimals. For example, tuna fish are often called ahi.

International Market Place, Honolulu, 1958.

HCE speakers have modified the meanings of certain English words.For example, "aunty" and "uncle" refer to any adult who is a friend, orto show respect for an elder. Grammar is also different. For example,instead of "It is hot today, isn't it?", an HCE speaker would say simply"stay hot, eh?" When a word does not come to mind quickly, the term"da kine" refers to any word you cannot think of. Through the surfingboom in Hawaii, HCE has influenced surfer slang. Some HCEexpressions, such as brah and da kine, have found their way to otherplaces.

Religion

Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu, 1958.

The largest denominations by number of adherents were the CatholicChurch with 249,619 in 2010 and The Church of Jesus Christ ofLatter-day Saints with 68,128 in 2009. The third-largest group are thenon-denominational churches with 128 congregations and 32,000members, the third-largest are the United Church of Christ with 115congregations and 20,000 members. The Southern baptist conventionhas 108 congregations and 18,000 members.[36]

According to data provided by religious establishments, religion inHawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows: Christianity: 351,000 (28.9%) Buddhism: 110,000 (9%) Judaism: 10,000 (0.8%) Other: 100,000 (10%)*

Unaffiliated: 650,000 (51.1%)**"Other" are religions other than Christianity, Buddhism, or Judaism; this group includes Bah' Faith, Confucianism,Daoism, the Hawaiian religion, Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Shintoism, Zoroastrianism, and other religions.

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"Unaffiliated" refers to people who do not belong to a congregation; this group includes agnostics, atheists,humanists, deists and the irreligious.A Pew poll found that the religious composition was as follows:[37]

44.0% Protestantism 22.0% Catholicism 6.0% Buddhism 5.0% The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1.0% Hinduism 0.5% Judaism 0.5% Islam 17.0% Irreligion (including agnostics, atheists and deists)A 2010 Glenmary Research Center study also places the Roman Catholic population as greater than 22%.A special case is Hooponopono, an ancient Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness, combined withprayer. It is both philosophy and way of life. Traditionally hooponopono is practiced by healing priests or kahunalapaau among family members of a person who is physically ill.

LGBTA 2012 poll by Gallup found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adultsin the country, at 5.1 per cent. This constitutes a total LGBT adult population estimate of 53,966 individuals. Thenumber of same-sex couple households in 2010 stood at 3,239. This grew by 35.45% from a decade earlier.[38][39] In2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth state to legalize same-sex marriage and a University of Hawaii researcher statedthat the law may boost tourism by $217 million.

EconomySee also: Hawaii locations by per capita income

Punalu'u Beach on the Big Island. Tourism isHawaii's leading employer.

The history of Hawaii can be traced through a succession of dominantindustries: sandalwood, whaling, sugarcane (see Sugar plantations inHawaii), pineapple, military, tourism, and education. Since statehoodin 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% ofthe Gross State Product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. Thegross output for the state in 2003 was US$47billion; per capita incomefor Hawaii residents was US$30,441.

Hawaiian exports include food and apparel. These industries play asmall role in the Hawaiian economy, however, due to the considerableshipping distance to viable markets, such as the West Coast of theUnited States. Food exports include coffee (see coffee production inHawaii), macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane, and both honey and honeybees: "by weight, Hawaii'shoneybees may be the state's most valuable export." Agricultural sales for 2002, according to the HawaiiAgricultural Statistics Service, were US$370.9million from diversified agriculture, US$100.6million frompineapple, and US$64.3million from sugarcane. Hawaii's relatively consistent climate has attracted the Geneticallymodified food research industry which is able to test three generations of crops in a single year on the islands ascompared to one or two on the mainland.

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Famous Lanikai Beach on Oahu.

A shipping dock in Hawaii.

Hawaii was one of the few states to control gasoline prices through aGas Cap Law. Since oil company profits in Hawaii compared to themainland U.S. were under scrutiny, the law tied local gasoline prices tothose of the mainland. It took effect in September 2005 amid pricefluctuations caused by Hurricane Katrina, but was suspended in April2006.

Hawaiian Electric Industries provides electricity (mostly fromfossil-fuel power stations) to 95% of the state's population.

As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 6.9%.[40]

In 2009, the United States military spent $12.2billion in Hawaii,accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year. 75,000United States Department of Defense personnel reside in Hawaii.[41]

According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaiihad the fourth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the UnitedStates, with a ratio of 7.18 percent.

TaxationHawaii has a relatively high state tax burden.Millions of tourists contribute to the tax take by paying the general excise tax and hotel room tax; thus not all taxescome directly from residents. Business leaders, however, consider the state's tax burden too high, contributing toboth higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate.

Cost of livingThe cost of living in Hawaii, specifically Honolulu, is quite high compared to most major cities in the United States.However, the cost of living in Honolulu is 6.7% lower than in New York City and 3.6% lower than in SanFrancisco.[42] These numbers may not take into account certain costs, such as increased travel costs for longerflights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers "outside thecontinental United States". While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii,[43] many merchantsexclude Hawaii and Alaska, as well as Puerto Rico and certain other US territories.Wikipedia:Citation neededThe median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 US Census was $272,700 while the national median home value wasless than half of that, at $119,600. Hawaii home values were the highest of all states, including California with amedian home value of $211,500.[44] More recent research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu, Hawaii at $607,600 and the US median sales price at$173,200. The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any US city in 2010, just above the"Silicon Valley" area of California ($602,000).One of the most significant contributors to the high cost of living in Hawaii is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (also known as the Jones Act), which prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports (a practice known as cabotage). Most U.S. consumer goods are manufactured in East Asia at present, but because of the Jones Act, foreign ships inbound with those goods cannot stop in Honolulu, offload Hawaii-bound

Hawaii 21

goods, load mainland-bound Hawaii-manufactured goods, and continue to West Coast ports. Instead, they mustproceed directly to the West Coast, where distributors break bulk and send Hawaiian-bound Asian-manufacturedgoods back west across the ocean by U.S.-flagged ships.Hawaiian consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods again across the Pacific on U.S.-flagged shipssubject to the extremely high operating costs imposed by the Jones Act. This also makes Hawaii less competitivewith West Coast ports as a shopping destination for tourists from home countries with much higher taxes (like JapanWikipedia:Disputed statement), even though prices for Asian-manufactured goods in theory should be cheaper sinceHawaii is much closer to Asia.[45]

Culture

Jack Johnson, folk rock musician, was born andraised on Oahu's North Shore

See also: Culture of the Native Hawaiians

Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Oahu.

The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents thenorthernmost extension of the vast Polynesian triangle of the south andcentral Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains onlyas vestiges in modern Hawaiian society, there are reenactments of theceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of thesecultural influences are strong enough to affect the United States atlarge, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of luaus andhula.

Cuisine of Hawaii

The Cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands including theearliest Polyneseans and Native Hawaiian cuisine as well as American, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean,Polynesian and Portuguese origins, including plant and animal food sources imported from around the world foragricultural use in Hawaii. Poi made from taro is one of the traditional foods of the islands. Many local restaurantsserve the ubiquitous plate lunch featuring the Asian staple, two scoops of rice, a simplified version of Americanmacaroni salad (consisting of macaroni and mayonnaise), and a variety of different toppings ranging from thehamburger patty, a fried egg, and gravy of a Loco Moco, Japanese style tonkatsu or the traditional lu'au favorite,kalua pig and beef, and curry. Spam musubi is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on theislands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s a group of chefs got together todevelop Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine.

Hawaii 22

Customs and etiquette in HawaiiSome key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows: When visiting a home, it is considered good manners tobring a small gift (for example, a dessert) for one's host. Thus, parties are usually in the form of potlucks. Most localstake their shoes off before entering a home. It is customary for Hawaii families, regardless of ethnicity, to hold a luauto celebrate a child's first birthday. It is customary at Hawaii weddings, especially at Filipino weddings, for the brideand groom to do a Money dance (also called the pandango). Print media and local residents recommend that onerefer to non-Hawaiians as "locals of Hawaii" or "people of Hawaii".

Folklore in HawaiiThe folklore in Hawaii in modern times is a mixture of various aspects of Hawaiian mythology and various urbanlegends that have been passed on regarding various places in the Hawaiian islands. According to Hawaiian legend,night marchers (huakai po in Hawaiian) are ghosts of ancient warriors. Local folklore on the island of Oahu saysthat one should never carry pork over the Pali Highway connecting Honolulu and Windward Oahu. In Paradise Parkand the Manoa Falls Hiking Trail, folk legends say you can hear a spectre screaming. Across the street from KahalaMall is a graveyard. It is said that if you drive past the remaining portion of this graveyard with your windows open,you will feel somebody else is in your car. The story of the green lady is that of a woman who would visit the gulchof Wahiawa and will take any child that she comes across.

Hawaiian mythologyHawaiian mythology comprises the legends, historical tales, and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people. It isconsidered a variant of a more general Polynesian mythology, developing its own unique character for severalcenturies before about 1800. It is associated with the Hawaiian religion. The religion was officially suppressed in the19th century, but kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day.

A statue of Hawaiian deity

Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua, the spirit of an ancestor orfamily god and Kne, the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities.

List of Hawaiian state parks

There are many Hawaiian state parks. The Island of Hawaii) has stateparks, recreation areas, and historical parks. Kauai has the Ahukini StateRecreation Pier, six state parks, and the Russian Fort Elizabeth StateHistorical Park. Maui has two state monuments, several state parks, and thePolipoli Spring State Recreation Area. Molokai has the Pala'au State Park.Oahu has several state parks, a number of state recreation areas, and anumber of monuments, including the Ulu P Heiau State Monument.

Literature in Hawaii

The literature in Hawaii is diverse and includes authors such as KianaDavenport, Lois-Ann Yamanaka, and Kaui Hart Hemmings, author of The Descendants. Hawaiian magazinesinclude Hana Hou!, Hawaii Business Magazine and Honolulu, among others.

Hawaii 23

Music of HawaiiThe music of Hawaii includes an array of traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music tomodern rock and hip hop. Hawaii's musical contributions to the music of the United States are out of proportion tothe state's small size. Styles like slack-key guitar are well-known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is afrequent part of Hollywood soundtracks. Hawaii also made a major contribution to country music with theintroduction of the steel guitar.[46]

Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state's musical heritage. The Hawaiian people have inhabitedthe islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge. Their music is largelyreligious in nature, and includes chanting and dance music. Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on themusic of other Polynesian islands; indeed, music author Peter Manuel called the influence of Hawaiian music a"unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics".[47]

Polynesian mythologyPolynesian mythology is the oral traditions of the people of Polynesia, a grouping of Central and South PacificOcean island archipelagos in the Polynesian triangle together with the scattered cultures known as the Polynesianoutliers. Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto-Polynesian that wasprobably spoken in the Tonga Samoa area around 1000 BC.

A sacred god figure wrapping for the wargod 'Oro, made of woven dried coconut

fibre (sennit), which would haveprotected a Polynesian god effigy (to'o),

made of wood.

Prior to the 15th century AD, Polynesian people fanned out to the east, to theCook Islands, and from there to other groups such as Tahiti and theMarquesas. Their descendants later discovered the islands from Tahiti toRapa Nui, and later Hawaii and New Zealand.

Latest research puts the settlement of New Zealand at about 1300 AD. Thevarious Polynesian languages are all part of the Austronesian languagefamily. Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to permitcommunication between some other language speakers. There are alsosubstantial cultural similarities between the various groups, especially interms of social organisation, childrearing, as well as horticulture, building andtextile technologies; their mythologies in particular demonstrate localreworkings of commonly shared tales. The various Polynesian cultures eachhave distinct but related oral traditions, that is, legends or myths traditionallyconsidered to recount the history of ancient times (the time of "p") and theadventures of gods (atua) and deified ancestors.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in HawaiiTourism is an important part of the Hawaii economy. In 2003 alone, according to state government data, there wereover 6.4 million visitors to the Hawaiian Islands with expenditures of over $10 billion. Due to the mild year-roundweather, tourist travel is popular throughout the year. The summer months and major holidays are the most populartimes for outsiders to visit, however, especially when residents of the rest of the United States are looking to escapefrom cold, winter weather. The Japanese, with their economic and historical ties to Hawaii and the USA as well asrelative geographical proximity, are also principal tourists.

Hawaii is home to numerous cultural events. The annual Merrie Monarch Festival is an international Hulacompetition. The state is also home to the Hawaii International Film Festival, the premier film festival for Pacificrim cinema. Honolulu is also home to the state's long running GLBT film festival, the Rainbow Film Festival.

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HealthMain article: Hawaii Prepaid Health Care ActHawaii's health care system insures 92% (2009) of residents. Under the state's plan, businesses are required toprovide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week. Heavy regulation of insurancecompanies helps keep the cost to employers down. Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care, Hawaiiansrequire hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States, while total health care expenses(measured as a percentage of state GDP) are substantially lower. Wikipedia:Citation needed Given theseachievements, proponents of universal health care elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model forproposed federal and state health care plans. Wikipedia:Citation needed

Education

Public schoolsMain article: Hawai'i Department of EducationHawaii has the only school system within the United States that is unified statewide. Policy decisions are made bythe fourteen-member state Board of Education. The Board sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools, whooversees the state Department of Education. The Department of Education is divided into seven districts, four onOahu and one for each of the three other counties. The main rationale for centralization is to combat inequalitiesbetween highly populated Oahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands, and between lower-income and more affluentareas. In most of the United States, schools are funded from local property taxes. Educators struggle with children ofnon-native-English-speaking immigrants, whose cultures are different from those of the mainland (where mostcourse materials and testing standards originate).Public elementary, middle, and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandatedunder the No Child Left Behind Act. The Hawaii Board of Education requires that all eligible students take thesetests and report all student test scores while other states like Texas and Michigan for example, do not. This may haveskewed the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state, 185 (2/3) failed to reach federalminimum performance standards in math and reading. The ACT college placement tests show that in 2005, seniorsscored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9).[48] but in the widely accepted SATexaminations, Hawaii's college-bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories exceptmathematics.

Private schoolsCollectively, independent educational institutions of primary and secondary education have one of the highestpercentages of enrollment of any state. During the 2011-2012 school year, Hawaii public and charter schools had anenrollment of 181,213, while private schools had 37,695. Private schools thus educated over 17% of the students thatschool year, nearly three times the approximate national average of 6%. It has four of the largest independentschools: Iolani School, Kamehameha Schools, Mid-Pacific Institute, and Punahou School. The second Buddhisthigh school in the United States, and first Buddhist high school in Hawaii, Pacific Buddhist Academy, was foundedin 2003. The first native controlled public charter school was the Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School.Independent and charter schools can select their students, while the public schools are open to all students in theirdistrict. The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the United States that openly grant admission to studentsbased on ancestry, and the wealthiest schools in the United States, if not the world, having over nine billion USdollars in estate assets. In 2005, Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students, 8.4% of the Native Hawaiian children in thestate.See also: List of elementary schools in Hawaii, List of middle schools in Hawaii and List of high schools in Hawaii

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Colleges and universities

Main Entrance of the University of Hawaii at Hilo

Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often enterdirectly into the work force. Some attend colleges anduniversities on the mainland or other countries, and the restattend an institution of higher learning in Hawaii.The largest is the University of Hawaii System. It consistsof: the research university at Mnoa; two comprehensivecampuses Hilo and West Oahu; and seven CommunityColleges.

Private universities include Brigham YoungUniversityHawaii, Chaminade University of Honolulu,Hawaii Pacific University, and Wayland Baptist University.

The Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu.Kona hosts the University of the Nations, which is not an accredited university.See also: List of colleges and universities in Hawaii

Governance

The Hawaii State Capitol, as seen from the rim of Punchbowl Crater.

See also: Politics of Hawaii and Politicalparty strength in Hawaii

The state government of Hawaii is modeledafter the federal government withadaptations originating from the kingdomera of Hawaiian history. As codified in theConstitution of Hawaii, there are threebranches of government: executive,legislative and judicial.

The executive branch is led by the Governorof Hawaii assisted by the LieutenantGovernor of Hawaii, both elected on thesame ticket. The governor is the only statepublic official elected statewide; all others are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor acts as theSecretary of State. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices inthe State Capitol. The official residence of the governor is Washington Place. The legislative branch consists of thebicameral Hawaii State Legislature, which is composed of the 51-member Hawaii House of Representatives led bythe Speaker of the

Hawaii 26

Aliilani Hale, home of the Supreme Court of Hawaii

House and the 25-member Hawaii Senateled by the President of the Senate. TheLegislature meets at the State Capitol.

The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is theHawaii State Judiciary. The state's highestcourt is the Supreme Court of Hawaii, whichuses Aliilani Hale as its chambers. Uniqueto Hawaii is the lack of municipalgovernments. All local governments areadministered at the county level. The onlyincorporated area in the state is aconsolidated citycounty, Honolulu County,which governs the entire island of Oahu.County executives are referred to as mayors:The Mayor of Hawaii County, Mayor of Honolulu, Mayor of Kauai, and the Mayor of Maui. The mayors are allelected in nonpartisan races.

Political subdivisionsSee also: List of counties in HawaiiThe movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Big Island to Maui, and subsequently to Oahu, explains whypopulation centers exist where they do today. Kamehameha III chose the largest city, Honolulu, as his capitalbecause of its natural harbor, the present-day Honolulu Harbor.Now the state capital, Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of Oahu. The previous capital was Lahaina,Maui, and before that Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. Some major towns are Hilo; Kneohe; Kailua; Pearl City; Waipahu;Kahului; Kailua-Kona. Khei; and Lhue.Hawaii comprises five counties: the City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii County, Maui County, Kauai County, andKalawao County.

Hawaii 27

Federal government

Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator fromHawaii

Hawaii is represented in the United States Congress by twoSenators and two Representatives. All four are Democrats. ColleenHanabusa represents the 1st congressional district in the House,representing southeastern Oahu, including central Honolulu. TulsiGabbard represents the 2nd congressional district, representing therest of the state, which is mainly rural.

Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii. Hewas appointed to the office on the December 26, 2012, byGovernor Neil Abercrombie, following the death of formerSenator Daniel Inouye. The state's junior senator is Mazie Hirono,the former Representative from the 2nd congressional district.Hirono owns the distinction of being the first Asian Americanfemale and first Buddhist senators. Hawaii incurred the biggestseniority shift between the 112th the 113th Congress. The Alohastate went from a delegation with senators who were first and 21stin seniority before Inouyes death and Senator Daniel Akakasretirement, to senators who are 87th and 93rd.

Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the Prince Khi FederalBuilding near the Aloha Tower and Honolulu Harbor in Honolulu. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, InternalRevenue Service and the Secret Service maintain their offices there, and the building is also the site of the federalDistrict Court for the District of Hawaii and the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii.

National politics

Presidential elections results

Year Republican Democratic

2012 27.84% 121,015 70.55% 306,658

2008 26.58% 120,446 71.85% 325,588

2004 45.26% 194,191 54.01% 231,708

2000 37.46% 137,845 55.79% 205,286

1996 31.64% 113,943 56.93% 205,012

1992 36.70% 136,822 48.09% 179,310

1988 44.75% 158,625 54.27% 192,364

1984 55.10% 185,050 43.82% 147,154

1980 42.90% 130,112 44.80% 135,879

1976 48.06% 140,003 50.59% 147,375

1972 62.48% 168,865 37.52% 101,409

1968 38.70% 91,425 59.83% 141,324

1964 21.24% 44,022 78.76% 163,249

1960 49.97% 92,295 50.03% 92,410

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Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election in 1960, Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but twopresidential elections (1972 and 1984, both landslide victories for Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reaganrespectively). During that time, only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidentialelections.In 2004, John Kerry won the state's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54% of the vote.Every county supported the Democratic candidate. In 1964, favorite son candidate Senator Hiram Fong of Hawaiisought the Republican presidential nomination, while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in 1972.Honolulu native Barack Obama, then serving as United States Senator from Illinois, was elected the 44th Presidentof the United States on November 4, 2008, and was reelected for a second term on November 6, 2012. Obama hadwon the Hawaiian Democratic Caucus on February 19, 2008 with 76% of the vote. He was the third Hawaii-borncandidate to seek the nomination of a major party and the first presidential nominee from Hawaii.

TransportationSee also: Hawaii Department of Transportation and Aviation in HawaiiA system of state highways encircles each main island. Only Oahu has federal highways, and is the only areaoutside the contiguous 48 states to have signed Interstate highways. Travel can be slow due to narrow winding roads,and congestion in populated places. Each major island has a public bus system.

The main welcome sign for Honolulu Airport

Honolulu International Airport (IATA:HNL), which sharesrunways with the adjacent Hickam Field (IATA:HIK), is the majorcommercial aviation hub of Hawaii. The commercial aviationairport offers intercontinental service to North America, Asia,Australia, and Oceania. Within Hawaii, Hawaiian Airlines,Mokulele Airlines and go! use jets between the larger airports inHonolulu, Lhue, Kahului, Kona and Hilo, while Island Air andPacific Wings serve smaller airports. These airlines also provideair freight service amongst the islands.

Until air passenger service became available in the 1920s, privateboats were the sole means of traveling between the islands.Seaflite operated hydrofoils between the major islands in the mid-1970s. The Hawaii Superferry operated betweenOahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009, with additional routes planned for other islands. Legalissues over environmental impact statements and protests ended the service, though the company operatingSuperferry has expressed a wish to begin ferry service again at a future date. Currently there is passenger ferryservice in Maui County between Molokai and Maui, and between Lanai and Maui, though neither of these takesvehicles. Currently Norwegian Cruise Lines and Princess Cruises provide passenger cruise ship service between thelarger islands.

Hawaii 29

RailAt one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that helped move farm commodities aswell as passengers. Most were 3ft (914mm) narrow gauge but there were some 2ft6in (762mm) gauge on some ofthe smaller islands. Standard US gauge is 4ft812in (1,435mm). By far the largest railroad was the Oahu Railwayand Land Company (OR&L) that ran many lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oahu.[49]

The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II. Traffic on this line was busy enoughfor there to be signals on the lines to facilitate movement of trains and wigwag signals at some railroad crossings forthe protection of motorists. The main line was officially abandoned in 1947; although part of it was bought by theUS Navy and operated until 1970. Thirteen miles (21km) of track remain and preservationists occasionally runtrains over a portion of this line. The Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project aims to add elevatedpassenger rail on Oahu to relieve highway congestion.

Sister cities and twin townsHawaii has many sister cities and twin towns. Hawaii County is twinned with five Japanese cities and onePhilippines city. Hilo is twinned with a Chilean city and a Japanese city. Honolulu is twinned with over 25 foreigncities, most notably Manila, Toronto, Seoul, and Tokyo. Kauai County is twinned with three Japanese cities. MauiCounty is twinned with over 20 cities, most notably Madrid and Manila. Waikiki is twinned with Bixby, Oklahoma.See also: List of sister cities in the United States Hawaii

Gallery

Niihau Kaua Oahu Maui

Moloka Lna Kahoolawe Hawai

Hawaii 30

References[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii&

params=21_18_41_N_157_47_47_W_type:adm1st_scale:3000000_region:US-HI[2] Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians. Hawaii resident or islander is the preferred local

form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity. The Associated Press Stylebook, 42nd ed. (2007), also prescribes this usage(p. 112).

[3] Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.[4] The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point in Oceania. Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from base to

summit. The shield volcano sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of for a total height of[5] http:/ / www. hawaii. gov[6] Hawaii January 29, 2014 (http:/ / earthobservatory. nasa. gov/ IOTD/ view. php?id=82975)[7] Pollexa reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon, Biggs and Clark, 1994. The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a

reconstructed word form.[8][8] Pukui, Elbert, and Mookini 1974.[9] Blay, Chuck, and Siemers, Robert. Kauais Geologic History: A Simplified Guide. Kauai: TEOK Investigations, 2004. ISBN

9780974472300. (Cited in )[10] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii& params=19_34_N_155_30_W_type:isle& title=Hawaii[11] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii& params=20_48_N_156_20_W_type:isle& title=Maui[12] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii& params=21_28_N_157_59_W_type:isle& title=Oahu[13] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii& params=22_05_N_159_30_W_type:isle& title=Kauai[14] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii& params=21_08_N_157_02_W_type:isle& title=Molokai[15] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii& params=20_50_N_156_56_W_type:isle& title=Lanai[16] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii& params=21_54_N_160_10_W_type:isle& title=Niihau[17] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Hawaii& params=20_33_N_156_36_W_type:isle& title=Kahoolawe[18] Swanson, D. A.; Rausch, J. (2008) Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of Klauea (http:/ / adsabs. harvard. edu/ abs/

2008AGUFM. V11B2022S), American Geophysical Union.[19][19] Mitchell, N. (2003) Susceptibility of mid-ocean ridge volcanic islands and seamounts to large scale landsliding. Journal of Geophysical

Research, 108, 1-23.[20] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:History_of_Hawaii& action=edit[21] By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989). The Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-8248-1233-6[22] Coulter, John Wesley. (Jun 1964) "Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument". The Geographical Journal, Vol. 130, No. 2.[23] Hawaii National Park. (June 1959). " Hawaii Nature Notes (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ history/ history/ online_books/ hawaii-notes/ vol6-59h.

htm)". The Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park, and the Hawaii Natural History Association.[24][24] Stanley D. Porteus, Calabashes and Kings: An Introduction to Hawaii. Kessinger Publishing, 2005; p. 17[25] Kuykendall, "The Hawaiian Kingdom Volume I: Foundation and Transformation", p18 "Cook's plan was to get the king on board the

Resolution and keep him there until the stolen boat was returneda plan that had been effective under similar circumstances in the southPacific".

[26] To express the policy of the United States regarding the United States' relationship with Native Hawaiians, and for other purposes: report(to accompany S. 2899). p. 7. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Indian Affairs (1993 ). U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

[27] Migration and Disease (https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070207121510/ http:/ / www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/ database/ article_display.cfm?HHID=422). Digital History.

[28] Kuykendall, R.S. (1967) The Hawaiian Kingdom, 18741893. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 648.[29] Hawaii Reporter: Rush Limbaugh Sounds Off on Akaka Bill. (http:/ / www. hawaiireporter. com/ rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/

123) August 18, 2005.[30] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Hawaii& action=edit[31] Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States,

Regions, Divisions, and States (http:/ / www. census. gov/ population/ www/ documentation/ twps0056/ twps0056. html)[32] Population of Hawaii: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts (http:/ / censusviewer. com/ city/ HI)[33] 2010 Census Data (http:/ / www. census. gov/ 2010census/ data/ )[34] "California's Hispanic population projected to outnumber white in 2014" (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ 2013/ 02/ 01/

us-usa-population-california-idUSBRE91006920130201) from Reuters (January 31, 2013)[35][35] See pages 332-333.[36] www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_name_2010.asp (http:/ / www. thearda. com/ rcms2010/ r/ s/ 15/

rcms2010_15_state_name_2010. asp)[37] U.S. Religion Map and Religious Populations U.S. Religious Landscape Study Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life (http:/ / religions.

pewforum. org/ maps)[38][38] "LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota". State of the States. Gallup Politics. 15 February 2013[39] Williams Inst. Census Snapshot http:/ / williamsinstitute. law. ucla. edu/ category/ research/ census-lbgt-demographics-studies/

Hawaii 31

[40] Bls.gov (http:/ / www. bls. gov/ lau/ ); Local Area Unemployment Statistics[41] Associated Press, " Study: Military spent $12B in Hawaii in 2009 (http:/ / www. navytimes. com/ news/ 2011/ 06/

ap-military-spending-strong-in-hawaii-060111/ )", Military Times, June 1, 2011.[42] Cost of Living Wizard (http:/ / salary. nytimes. com/ costoflivingwizard/ layoutscripts/ coll_start. asp) on The New York Times website[43] FreeShipping.org (http:/ / www. freeshipping. org/ category/ hawaii-free-shipping-coupons/ ) for examples of stores that ship free to Hawaii[44] Historic Housing Values (http:/ / www. census. gov/ hhes/ www/ housing/ census/ historic/ values. html) on www.census.gov[45][45] 2012 resolution introduced requesting Congress to exempt Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, and Puerto Rico from the Jones Act.[46] Unterberger, pp. 465473[47] Manuel, pp. 236241[48][48] Honolulu Advertiser, August 17, 2005, p.B1[49] Hawaiian Railway Album WW II Photographs Vol 2; Victor Norton Jr. and Gale E. Treiber; 2005; Railroad Press Hanover, PA

Further reading Bushnell, O. A. The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,

1993. Holmes, T. Michael. The Specter of Communism in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. Russ Jr., William Adam. The Hawaiian Republic (1894-98) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation. Selinsgrove, PA:

Susquehanna University Press, 1961. Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii." Social

Education 63, 7 (November/December 1999): 402408. Stokes, John F.G. "Spaniard and the Sweet Potato in Hawaii and Hawaiian-American Contacts." American

Anthropologist, New Series, vol. 34, no. 4 (1932) pp.594600.

External links Official website (http:/ / portal. ehawaii. gov/ index. html) Hawaii State Guide from the Library of Congress (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ rr/ program/ bib/ states/ hawaii/ index.

html) Hawaii (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ North_America/ United_States/ Hawaii) at DMOZ Hawaii State Fact Sheet (http:/ / www. ers. usda. gov/ data-products/ state-fact-sheets/ state-data.

aspx?StateFIPS=15& StateName=Hawaii#. U8PzP_ldUeo) from the U.S. Department of Agriculture USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Hawaii (http:/ / www. usgs. gov/ state/ state.

asp?State=HI) Energy Data & Statistics for Hawaii (http:/ / tonto. eia. doe. gov/ state/ state_energy_profiles. cfm?sid=HI) Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands (http:/ / earthobservatory. nasa. gov/ Newsroom/ NewImages/ images.

php3?img_id=15304) at NASA's Earth Observatory Documents relating to Hawaii Statehood, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library (http:/ / eisenhower.

archives. gov/ research/ online_documents/ hawaii_statehood. html) Happily a State, Forever an Island (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 08/ 21/ opinion/ 21theroux.

html?pagewanted=all) by The New York Times Hawaii Then and Now (http:/ / www. life. com/ image/ first/ in-gallery/ 50681/

hawaii-then-and-now)Wikipedia:Link rot slideshow by Life magazine Geographic data related to Hawaii (http:/ / www. openstreetmap. org/ browse/ relation/ 166563) at

OpenStreetMap

PrecededbyAlaska

List of U.S. states by date ofstatehood

Admitted on August 21, 1959 (50th)

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