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Soci
olog
ical
Bas
elin
e of
Haw
aii’s
Lon
glin
e In
dust
ry
Stew
art
Alle
n a
nd
Am
y G
ough
Mos
t Ca
ucas
ian
boat
ow
ners
doc
k at
Pie
r 35
and
36,
whi
le t
wo
pref
er
Kew
alo
and
seve
ral
othe
rs p
refe
r Pi
er 1
7.
Rese
arch
to
date
inc
lude
s in
terv
iew
s w
ith
only
six
of
the
ap
pro
xim
ate
ly 3
0 C
au
casi
an
long
line
vess
els.
Th
ese
six
repo
rt
stro
ng
d
ivis
ion
s w
ith
in
the
Cau
casi
an f
leet
, of
ten
base
d on
pl
ace
of o
rigin
(m
ainl
and
East
coa
st
/Wes
t co
ast)
, am
ount
of
time
in
Ha
wa
ii's
lo
ng
lin
e
fle
et,
a
nd
pers
onal
diff
eren
ces.
The
Haw
aii
Long
line
Ass
ocia
tion
(H
LA)
is t
he d
omin
ant
sour
ce o
f in
form
atio
n t
o t
hese
ow
ners
. Su
pplie
s ar
e purc
hase
d al
mos
t en
tire
ly a
t a
Cau
casi
an s
uppl
ier
loca
ted
clos
e to
the
doc
ks.
HLA
do
es p
rovi
de i
nfor
mat
ion
to a
ll et
hnic
gro
ups,
alth
ough
typ
ical
ly
via
V
ietn
am
ese
a
nd
K
ore
an
repr
esen
tati
ves
pres
ent
at t
hose
mee
tings
.
IMP
LIC
AT
ION
SIM
PL
ICA
TIO
NS
The
re a
re a
ppro
xim
atel
y 35
-40
Ko
re
an
o
wn
ed
v
es
se
ls,
repr
esen
ting
abou
t 30
boa
t ow
ning
fa
mili
es.
Alm
ost
all Ko
rean
ves
sels
do
ck a
t Ke
wal
o Ba
sin.
Am
ong
the
Kore
an l
ongl
iner
s, t
here
are
str
ong
fact
ions
with
in t
he g
roup
. W
hen
at
sea
, K
ore
an
v
ess
el
ow
ne
rs
com
mu
nic
ate
bu
t to
a l
imit
ed
ext
en
t.
Man
y K
ore
an
ve
ssel
ow
ners
tal
k of
the
lack
of
solid
arity
am
ong
long
line
vess
el o
wne
rs.
Ther
e ar
e tw
o Ko
rean
sup
ply
stor
eow
ners
.
A
form
al
Ko
rea
n
Lo
ng
lin
e Ass
ocia
tion
(KLA
) ex
ists
, ca
tering
to
app
roxi
mat
ely
50 p
erce
nt o
f th
e K
ore
an
fi
she
rme
n.
Th
e
KLA
prov
ides
writt
en p
ublic
atio
ns a
nd
tran
slat
ions
of
impo
rtan
t ev
ents
su
rrou
ndin
g th
e lo
nglin
e in
dust
ry.
Mem
ber
s w
ith
in s
ub
gro
up
s do
soci
aliz
e, h
owev
er t
here
is
virt
ually
no o
verla
p be
twee
n su
bgro
ups.
DY
NA
MIC
S A
MO
NG
HA
WA
II’S
LO
NG
LIN
E V
ES
SE
L O
WN
ER
SD
YN
AM
ICS
AM
ON
G H
AW
AII
’S L
ON
GL
INE
VE
SS
EL
OW
NE
RS
With
in t
he t
hree
eth
nic
divi
sion
s of
ca
ptai
n/ow
ners
the
re a
re d
istin
ct
diff
eren
ces
in i
nter
actio
n.
Ther
e ar
e 32
Vie
tnam
ese
boat
s, o
wne
d by
app
roxi
mat
ely
26 i
ndiv
idua
ls.
All
vess
els
dock
at
Pier
17,
spa
ce
perm
ittin
g. T
he V
ietn
ames
e ow
ners
an
d ca
ptai
ns r
ely
on a
gre
at d
eal o
f so
lidar
ity
wit
hin
thei
r ne
twor
k.
Ther
e ar
e tw
o Vi
etna
mes
e su
pply
st
ore
owne
rs,
and
the
Viet
nam
ese
purc
hase
fro
m t
hese
ind
ivid
uals
ba
sed
on a
vaila
bilit
y of
pro
duct
s.
Vie
tnam
ese
com
mun
icat
e ab
out
fishi
ng w
hen
at s
ea,
and
busi
ness
an
d pl
easu
re w
hile
in
port
. A
n in
form
al V
ietn
ames
e Lo
ng
lin
e As
soci
atio
n do
es e
xist
, al
thou
gh i
t w
as m
ore
activ
e in
the
pas
t. M
ost
info
rmat
ion
is p
asse
d on
ver
bally
, th
roug
h co
mm
unity
lea
ders
. Th
ere
are
fe
w
div
isio
ns
a
mo
ng
Vie
tnam
ese
vess
el o
wne
rs,
and
over
all
they
exh
ibit
a co
nsid
erab
lede
gree
of un
ity.
ME
TH
OD
SM
ET
HO
DS
We
u
tili
ze
sem
i-st
ruct
ure
d in
terv
iew
s w
ith l
ongl
ine
indu
stry
p
art
icip
an
ts;
the
re
is
no
ques
tionn
aire
, ju
st a
set
of
topi
cs
to c
over
at
som
e po
int
durin
g th
e in
terv
iew
.
Inte
rvie
ws
are
co
nduc
ted
in s
mal
l gr
oups
or
indi
vidu
ally
at
dive
rse
times
and
lo
cati
ons,
inc
ludin
g on
boa
rd
vess
els,
in
resp
onde
nts’
hom
es,
at s
uppl
y bu
sine
sses
, or
with
in
the
pier
or
surr
ound
ing
area
.
Res
pond
ents
in
clud
e H
awai
i lo
nglin
e ve
ssel
ow
ners
, ca
ptai
ns,
crew
, an
d su
ppor
t bu
sine
sses
.
We
use
quot
a sa
mpl
ing
base
d on
th
e re
spon
dent
’s
role
w
ithin
H
awai
i's
long
line
indu
stry
, pi
er
loca
tion,
an
d et
hnic
ity.
The
sam
ple
size
is
adap
tive
base
d on
in
form
atio
n ga
ined
an
d tim
e av
aila
ble.
AC
TIV
ITIE
S T
O D
AT
EA
CT
IVIT
IES
TO
DA
TE
•Hire
d fo
ur in
terp
rete
rs/
com
mun
ity
liais
ons
to a
ssis
tw
ith t
he in
terv
iew
s.
•Ap
prov
al f
rom
the
Uni
vers
ity’s
Co
mm
ittee
on
Hum
an S
tudi
es
obta
ined
for
the
res
earc
h.
•Q
ualit
ativ
e (t
ext)
and
qua
ntita
tive
data
bas
es u
tiliz
ing
SPSS
hav
e be
en
deve
lope
d.
•Pa
per
acce
pted
for
pre
sent
atio
n at
4th
Wor
ldFi
sher
ies
Cong
ress
.
•In
terv
iew
s w
ith o
ver
180
long
line
indu
stry
par
ticip
ants
.
How
ever
, th
ese
tend
enci
es a
re n
ot
nece
ssar
ily d
eter
min
ed (
alth
ough
la
bele
d) b
y et
hnic
ity.
For
exam
ple,
if
a Ko
rean
boa
t ow
ner
spen
ds t
ime
soci
ali
zin
g
wit
h
cre
w,
all
ow
s so
cial
izat
ion
with
loc
al F
ilipi
nos,
and
is
frie
ndly
in
the
wor
k en
viro
nmen
t,
this
boa
t is
not
“Ko
rean
sty
le”
but
“Loc
al s
tyle
.”
Due
to
the
tran
sit
visa
res
tric
tions
ke
epin
g cr
ew m
embe
rs w
ithin
the
ir pi
er a
rea,
a l
ocal
com
mun
ity
of
Filip
inos
has
em
erge
d w
ithin
the
pie
r ar
ea t
o se
ll, t
rade
, an
d so
cial
ize.
C
rew
mem
bers
hav
e co
nsid
erab
ly
diff
eren
t re
latio
nshi
ps w
ith a
loc
al
com
mu
nit
y o
f F
ilip
ino
s, o
fte
n de
term
ined
by
the
rule
s an
d st
yle
of
man
agem
ent
impo
sed
by o
wne
rs.
Man
y lo
cal
Filip
inos
are
rel
ated
to
long
line
crew
and
the
refo
re f
requ
ent
part
icul
ar p
orts
, of
ten
acco
mpa
nied
by
loc
al f
rien
ds,
furt
her
exte
ndin
g th
e ne
twor
k av
aila
ble
to l
ongl
ine
crew
. Th
e co
nfig
urat
ion
and
loca
tion
of e
ach
pier
als
o af
fect
s th
e na
ture
of
day
-to-
day
life
and
com
mun
ity
am
on
g
the
c
rew
m
em
be
rs.
Th
e m
ajori
ty o
f lo
ng
line
crew
m
embe
rs,
abou
t 75
%,
are
Filip
ino.
Fi
lipin
o cr
ew c
omm
it to
a o
ne-y
ear
cont
ract
, w
orki
ng a
nd l
ivin
g on
the
ve
ssel
whi
le t
heir
fam
ilies
rem
ain
in
the
Phili
ppin
es.
With
the
hel
p of
on
e of
the
fou
r m
anni
ng a
genc
ies,
cr
ew m
embe
rs a
re r
ecru
ited
and
brou
ght
to H
awai
i ut
ilizi
ng t
rans
it vi
sas.
The
se v
isas
res
tric
t cr
ew
from
lea
ving
the
ir “
hom
e” p
ier,
m
akin
g th
em d
esira
ble
wor
kers
as
they
ten
d to
the
ves
sel
in p
ort.
The
maj
ority
of
crew
hav
e w
orke
d in
a n
umbe
r of
com
mer
cial
fis
herie
s o
uts
ide
th
e P
hil
ipp
ine
s, a
nd
stro
ngly
pre
fer
tuna
to
swor
dfis
h lo
nglin
ing.
Hal
f of
the
Fili
pino
cre
w
have
for
mal
tra
inin
g an
d ed
ucat
ion
in a
mar
ine
fiel
d, b
ut w
ith
the
inte
nt t
o w
ork
on a
car
go v
esse
l, w
hich
the
maj
ority
wou
ld s
tron
gly
pref
er t
o lo
nglin
e. T
he F
ilipi
no c
rew
a
re
sub
ject
to
im
mig
rati
on
regu
latio
ns a
nd e
nfor
cem
ent
that
sp
orad
ical
ly d
eny
entr
y in
to t
he
U.S
, of
ten
leav
ing
them
wor
ried
ab
ou
t th
eir
futu
re i
n H
aw
aii.
Filip
ino
crew
wor
king
in
Haw
aii's
lo
nglin
e fle
et a
re n
ot n
eces
sari
ly
face
d w
ith s
imila
r liv
ing,
wor
king
, an
d pe
rson
al s
ituat
ions
in
Haw
aii.
Vess
els
oper
ated
by
Viet
nam
ese,
K
orea
ns,
and
Cau
casi
ans
hav
e d
isti
nct
ly d
iffe
rent
met
hod
s of
op
erat
ion,
and
cre
w m
embe
rs h
ave
pre
fere
nce
s re
ga
rdin
g w
hic
h ve
ssel
s th
ey f
ind
mos
t ap
peal
ing.
HA
WA
II’S
LO
NG
LIN
E C
RE
WH
AW
AII
’S L
ON
GL
INE
CR
EW
With
in t
he p
ier
area
, sp
ecifi
c ru
les
for
the
crew
’s b
ehav
ior
durin
g an
d af
ter
wor
k ar
e de
term
ined
by
the
vess
el o
wne
r. W
hat
the
crew
cal
l “V
ietn
ames
e St
yle”
, “K
orea
n St
yle”
, or
“Lo
cal
Styl
e” i
mpl
y di
ffer
ent
met
hods
of
oper
atio
n, w
ith l
ocal
st
yle
oft
en
mo
st p
refe
rab
le.
Com
posi
tion
of S
ampl
e To
Dat
e
9%3%
19%
63%
6%
Kore
an O
wne
rs/C
apta
ins
Cauc
asia
n O
wne
rs/C
apta
ins
Viet
nam
ese
Ow
ners
/Cap
tain
sFi
lipin
o Cr
ewLo
cal/O
ther
cre
w
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S C
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
OF
H
AW
AI
I’
S
OF
H
AW
AI
I’
S
LO
NG
LIN
E
FL
EE
T
LO
NG
LIN
E
FL
EE
T
Man
y in
terv
iew
s re
mai
n t
o be
cond
ucte
d an
d fu
ll an
alys
is h
as n
ot
ev
en
b
eg
un
, so
re
sult
s a
re
prel
imin
ary.
As
of M
arch
, 20
04 w
e ha
ve i
nter
view
ed 1
83 i
ndiv
idua
ls
invo
lved
wit
h H
awai
i's l
ongl
ine
indu
stry
, re
flect
ing
abou
t 60
% o
f H
awai
i-bas
ed l
on
glin
e ve
ssel
s.
Thes
e 18
3 pa
rtic
ipan
ts i
nclu
de 5
8 ve
sse
l o
wn
ers
an
d c
ap
tain
s,
repr
esen
ting
appr
oxim
atel
y 60
% o
f H
aw
aii'
s lo
ng
lin
e ow
ner
s an
d ca
ptai
ns,
alo
ng w
ith
125
crew
, re
pres
enti
ng s
light
ly m
ore
than
3
0%
o
f H
aw
aii
b
ase
d cr
ew
.
The
grou
p of
ves
sel
owne
rs a
nd
oper
ator
s is
com
pose
d pr
imar
ily o
f V
ietn
am
es
e,
Ko
rea
n,
an
d C
auca
sian
U.S
. ci
tize
ns (
roug
hly
one-
third
of
each
).
With
in t
he P
ort
of H
onol
ulu
th
ere
are
dis
tinct
et
hnic
con
cent
ratio
ns.
At
Pier
17,
th
e m
ajor
ity o
f ve
ssel
s ar
e ow
ned
by V
ietn
ames
e-bo
rn U
.S.
citiz
ens;
an
d ar
e m
anne
d pr
edom
inat
ely
by
Filip
ino
labo
rers
. At
Kew
alo
Basi
n th
e m
ajor
ity o
f ve
ssel
s ar
e ow
ned
by
Ko
rean
-bo
rn U
.S.
citi
zen
s.
Appr
oxim
atel
y ha
lf of
the
ves
sels
ar
e m
anne
d by
Fili
pino
cre
w,
whi
le
half
are
man
ned
pre
dom
inat
ely
by
Mic
rone
sian
cre
w.
Fin
ally
, at
Pie
r 35
-37,
the
maj
ority
of
vess
els
are
Cauc
asia
n ow
ned.
Cr
ew o
n th
ese
ve
ss
els
in
clu
de
F
ilip
ino
, M
icro
nes
ian
, an
d l
oca
l la
bo
r.
NO
AA F
ishe
ries
need
s to
be
awar
e of
the
eff
ect
of i
ts p
olic
ies
on c
rew
a
va
ila
bil
ity.
A
mo
ng
K
ore
an
, Vi
etna
mes
e, a
nd C
auca
sian
boa
ts,
findi
ng r
elia
ble
crew
is
a do
min
ant
conc
ern.
Kor
ean
vess
els
furt
her
repo
rt c
onsi
dera
ble
prob
lem
s in
fin
ding
cap
tain
s, a
s m
any
capt
ains
ar
e gr
owin
g ol
der.
Fin
ding
loc
al
crew
is
repo
rted
ly n
ot e
asy,
and
m
ost
vess
els
opt
to s
uppl
emen
t Fi
lipin
o cr
ew w
ith M
icro
nes
ian
labo
rers
. Lo
cal o
r M
icro
nesi
an c
rew
ar
e p
aid
a p
erce
nta
ge
of
the
earn
ings
rat
her
than
a s
et s
alar
y,
and
vess
el o
wne
rs o
ften
exp
lain
th
ey a
re u
nab
le t
o c
over
tri
p ex
pens
es w
hen
utili
zing
loc
al c
rew
. V
esse
l ow
ners
con
tinu
e to
see
k ne
w o
ppor
tuni
ties
for
expa
ndin
g th
e p
oo
l o
f a
vail
ab
le la
bo
r.
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
The
Mag
nuso
n St
even
s Ac
t an
d th
e N
atio
nal
En
viro
nmen
tal
Polic
y Ac
t re
quire
eva
luat
ions
of
the
im
pa
cts
o
n
fish
ing
part
icip
ants
and
co
mm
uniti
es
wh
en
fi
she
ry r
eg
ula
tio
ns,
fe
de
ral
pro
jec
ts
an
d en
viro
nmen
tal
regu
latio
ns a
re
pro
po
se
d.
In
Ha
wa
ii,
man
agem
ent
of t
he e
thni
cally
di
vers
e an
d tr
ansi
tory
lon
glin
e in
dust
ry h
as o
ccur
red
with
litt
le
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
soc
io-c
ultu
ral
impa
cts.
The
EIS
on
pela
gic
fish
ery
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
for
exam
ple,
cite
d a
stud
y of
lai
d-o
ff s
ug
ar c
ane
wo
rker
s to
de
scrib
e th
e ty
pes
of i
mpa
cts
that
cou
ld b
e ex
peri
ence
d by
in
dust
ry p
artic
ipan
ts.
This
lac
k o
f b
ase
lin
e
info
rma
tio
n p
rom
pte
d P
FRP
to f
und
an
ongo
ing
proj
ect
to c
ompi
le a
so
cio-
cult
ura
l pr
ofile
of
the
indu
stry
to
aid
deci
sion
mak
ers
in
the
ir p
oli
cy d
eci
sio
ns.
The
long
line
indu
stry
in
Haw
aii
is d
ynam
ic,
wit
h ve
ssel
s an
d pe
rson
nel
ente
ring
and
leav
ing
the
fishe
ry f
rom
oth
er r
egio
ns.
We
are
cond
uctin
g in
terv
iew
s w
ith l
ongl
ine
capt
ains
, ow
ners
, cr
ew,
fam
ily m
embe
rs,
and
loca
l fis
hing
sup
ply
busi
ness
es.
In
terv
iew
ee
s
pro
vid
e in
form
ati
on
a
bo
ut
the
ir
back
grou
nd,
how
the
y ca
me
to
be i
nvol
ved
in t
he f
ishe
ry,
the
natu
re o
f th
eir
job,
wha
t th
ey
like
mos
t an
d le
ast
abou
t th
eir
wo
rk,
pe
rce
pti
on
s o
f th
e in
dust
ry,
and
thei
r co
mm
unity
. Th
e in
terv
iew
ees’
know
ledg
e re
gard
ing
fish
ing
regu
lati
ons
and
man
agem
ent
and
thei
r a
de
qu
ac
y
is
ex
plo
red
. In
form
atio
n is
als
o c
olle
cted
on
inte
rvie
wee
s’so
cial
net
wor
ks,
part
icul
arly
reg
ardi
ng s
ocia
l and
com
mun
ity t
ies.
OB
JEC
TIV
ES
OB
JEC
TIV
ES
•Co
mpi
le a
com
preh
ensi
ve s
ocia
l an
d cu
ltura
l pro
file
of t
he H
awai
i lo
nglin
ein
dust
ry.
•Pr
ovid
e so
cial
and
cul
tura
l in
form
atio
n to
dec
isio
n-m
aker
s on
re
gula
tory
impa
cts
and
impl
emen
tatio
n st
rate
gies
for
the
H
awai
i lon
glin
efis
hery
.
