Pike

PT-152/1

Head Injury Biomechanics Volume 1 - The Skull

Head Injury Biomechanics Volume 1 - The Skull Edited by Jeffrey A. Pike Head Injury

Biomechanics Volume 1 The Skull

Progress In Technology serIesProgress In Technology serIes

Tens of thousands die from brain injuries annually, with approximately half of all Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) being transportation-related. TBI is a critical and ever-evolving safety topic, with equally important components of injury prevention, consequences, and treatment. This comprehensive resource presents information beneficial to transportation industry professionals as well as those in the medical, law enforcement, and insurance professions.

This book is part of a 3-volume set that presents a comprehensive look at recent head injury research. Editor Jeffrey A. Pike has selected the most relevant technical papers spanning the past two decades as well as several older papers that provide an essential historical perspective. Each volume in the series also includes a table of references arranged by topic

and a new chapter that provides background on anatomy, injury, and injury mechanism topics.

This volume, Volume 1, focuses on head impact injuries and features 13 technical papers. These publications are primarily related to head impact and the resulting injury to the outside of the head – the skin, the bones of the skull, and sensory organs.

Volume 2 features 13 technical papers that are primarily related to injuries to the brain, its surrounding membranes, and its blood supply.

Volume 3 includes 14 papers regarding testing and the application of protective strategies to various injury scenarios, such as passenger vehicles, sports, and blast injuries, or to a particular demographic group, such as children or seniors.

About the EditorJeffrey A. Pike is president, Biomechanics Consulting, Inc., which provides research, education, and forensic biomechanics consulting services. His previous experience includes Senior Technical Specialist, Ford Motor Company and Adjunct Professor, Wayne State University, Biomedical Engineering Department. He is a consultant to various agencies, including the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), National Academy of Sciences, NHTSA, and state and local governments. His current projects include consulting on a CDC/NIOSH contract to develop restraint systems for providers of in-ambulance care. Mr. Pike welcomes reader feedback and may be contacted at: jp@bciconsult.com.

Edited by Jeffrey A. Pike

P110903

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Table of Contents

Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………………………ix

Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………………xi

Blunt Head Trauma ………………………………………………………………………………… 1

List of Papers Volume I (The Skull)

Cormier J., Manoogian S., Bisplinghoff J., Biomechanical Response of the Human Face and Corresponding Biofidelity of the FOCUS Headform, SAE Paper 2010-01-1317, SAE International, 2010. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19

Craig M.J., Viano D.C., Bir C.A., Jaw Loading Response of Current ATDs, SAE Paper 2009-01-0388, SAE International, 2009. …………………………………………………………………………… 37

Duma S., Jernigan M., Herring I., Eye Injury and Orbital Fracture Patterns in Frontal Automobile Crashes, SAE Paper 2003-01-0511, SAE International, 2003. ……………………………………… 51

Greenberg S.W., Gonzalez D., Gurdjian E.S., Thomas L.M., Changes in Physical Properties of Bone Between the In Vivo, Freshly Dead, and Embalmed Conditions, Paper 680783, Proc. 12 Stapp Car Crash Conf., 1968. …………………………………………………………………………………… 61

Hopper R.H., McElhaney J.H., Myers B.S., Mandibular and Basilar Skull Fracture Tolerance, SAE Paper 942213, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1994. …………………………………………… 71

Huelke DF, Smock WS, Fuller PM, Nichols GR, Basilar Skull Fractures Produced by Facial Impacts - Case Histories and a Review of the Literature, SAE Paper 881711, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1988. …………………………………………………………………………………… 81

Melvin J.W., Little W.C., Smrcka J., Zhu Y., Salloum M.J., A Biomechanical Face for the Hybrid III Dummy, SAE Paper 952715, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1995. …………………………… 91

Rouhana S.W., Webb S.R., Dunn V.C., Investigation into the Noise Associated with Airbag Deployment: Part II - Injury Risk Study Using a Mathematical Model of the Human Ear, Paper 983162, Proc. 42 Stapp Car Crash Conf., 1998. ……………………………………………… 105

Schneider D.C., Nahum A.M., Impact Studies of Facial Bones and Skull, Paper 720965, Proc. Stapp Car Crash Conf., 1972. ………………………………………………………………… 127

Scullion P., Nix L., Morgan R.M., Nagabhushana V., Digges K.H., Cing-Dao Kan, Injury Mechanism of the Head and Face of Children in Side Impacts, Paper 2009-01-1434, SAE International, 2009. ………………………………………………………………………………… 145

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Strachan D.S., The Anatomy and Physiology of the Head and Neck. In: Huelke DF, Strachan DS, Grabb WC, Evans FG, States JD, Burdi AR, Frey CF, Votaw CL, Patrick LM, Mertz HJ, Human Anatomy, Impact Injuries, and Human Tolerances, Paper 700195, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1970. …………………………………………………………………………………… 155

Wonnacott M., Withnall C., Development of an Articulating Mandible Headform Having Force Sensing Temporomandibular Joints, Paper 2010-01-0136, SAE International, 2010. …………… 167

Ziejewski M., Karami G., Orrison W.W., Hanson E.H., Dynamic Response of Head Under Vehicle Crash Loading, Paper 09-0432, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), NHTSA, Washington DC, 2009. ……………………………… 177

References …………………………………………………………………………………………… 187

References by Topic ……………………………………………………………………………… 201

About the Editor …………………………………………………………………………………… 203