Health Behavior After Mid Term

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Health behavior

HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY


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Overview

Definition & types of Health behavior

Diet

Exercise

Compliance

Patient/doctor Relation


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Key Definitions: Health Behavior

Any activity undertaken by an individual, regardless ofactual or perceived health status, for the purpose ofpromoting, protecting or maintaining health status.

A. Preventative Any medically recommended action, voluntarily taken by

the person who believes themselves to be healthy, thattends to prevent disease or disability and/ or detectdisease in an asymptomatic way

i. Primary: reduction or elimination of risk factors

ii. Secondary: asymptomatic detection of a disease in itsearly stages


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Medical Prevention

Examples

Immunization against:

- tetanus

- typhoid fever

- etc.

Consuming foods that

contain A, C, and D

vitamins to preventpellagra, scurvy, and

rickets

Non-medical PreventionExamples

Eating healthy- eating breakfast

-eating regularly etc.

Weight managementPhysical activity

Not smoking

Wearing seat belts

Obeying traffic lawsSafe sex activities

Safety regulations at work


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Key Definitions

B) Protective Actions that people engage in to protect, promote, or

maintain health, whether these actions are medicallyapproved or not

E.g. praying, taking laxatives, cold

showers, hot baths, taking mega-doses ofvitamins, wearing copper bracelets, eating

garlic, hitting yourself on the head with abaseball bat


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Key DefinitionsC) Illness behaviour

Actions by persons who are uncertain about

whether they are well, who are troubled or puzzled

by bodily sensations or feelings they believe aresigns or symptoms of illness, who want to clarify

the meaning of these experiences and thus

determine whether they are well, and who want to

know what to do if they are not

help seeking behavior, responses to bodily signs

E.g. seeking opinion from someone who is perceived tohaving expertise, seeing a naturopath, taking bloodpressure at drug store, seeing a physician etc.


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Key Definitions

D) Sick-role

Actions undertaken by people who have

been designated as being sick, either byothers or by themselves

E.g. returning for medical

appointments, bed rest, going tophysiotherapy/rehab also can

include prayer and visiting shrines


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Sick Role Mechanic,1968

Certain people respond to stressful life events

by entering sick role

Societal expectations about how you should

behave when sick-stay home, see doctor, act

grumpy, be moody, rest, stay in bed, etc


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Who uses the Sick Role

People under extreme stress

People, who are not well adjusted When people encounter challenge in life

Secondary Rewards of sick pay, sick

days, sympathy, being cared for

Neurotic personalities or low self-esteem

may become ill due to social & cognitive

aspects of societys sick role


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Key Definitions

E) Societal health behavior What society does for the collectivity

E.g. health education, food

safety, licensing of

professional providers,

monitor the environment


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Personal Health Behaviors

Link between Personality and Health

Certain types due to biology &

socialization likely engage in riskybehaviors-smoke, drink, skydiving etc

These people are prone to disease and

premature mortality


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Self-Healing Personalities Zealous: active, busy,

confident, productive,

hardworking, highlyextroverted

Relaxed: calm, jocular,droll, active, alert,

involved, responsive NO TWO PEOPLE

ARE ALIKE


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Nonverbal Cues of Personality

Self Healing Calm-even speech

Even hand gestures

away from body Open, relaxed body

Mutual gaze

Smooth movements

Charismatic &

optimistic

Disease Prone

Uneven speech

Loud, explosive voice

Sighs, stutters, ums

Clenched fist, teeth

Closed body posture Fidgets shifts tapping

Shifty-eyed,downcast

Facial grimace Vocal gesture

impatience

Over controlled calm

unexpressiveness


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Healthy Exercise 3 hours per week (across 3 5 sessions)

Warm-up

Stretching and flexibility exercise Strength and endurance exercise

Aerobics Rhythmic exercise of large muscle groups

Raise heart rate to moderately high level

Cool down

Heart rate formula is: minimum rate is 160 minus yourage. Maximum rate is 200 minus your age.


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Why is exercise healthy? Three psychosocial benefits are:

Feel less stressed and anxious

Better work performance and attitudes

More positive self-concept Physiological benefits

Increased production of endorphins

Improved agility

Improved bone density

Improved strength and flexibility

Additional benefits of exercise are that it helps weightmanagement. It helps prevent heart disease andsome cancers. It boost the immune system.


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Cardiovascular Benefits of

Exercise Lowers -

systolic and diastolic blood pressure

heart rate and thereby helps protect the heartagainst heart rhythm disturbances

LDL-cholesterol and raises HDL-cholesterol

(the good cholesterol)The blood pressure benefits of exercise are

best achieved by moderate rather than high

intensity exercise.


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Potential Risks of Exercise

Accidents

Injuries

Heart exhaustion and heat stroke

May become addictive

Precipitate a heart attack

If using steroids to enhance exercise,number of adverse effects of steroids.

Adverse effects of steroids include liver

and kidney tumours, heart attacks, and

stroke.


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Who is more likely to exercise? Men

Whites more than Hispanics and Blacks

Young more than old

Well educated or higher SES groups

Previous exercise history

Non-smoker


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Who becomes overweight?About 40% become overweight

In women, Blacks and Hispanics more

likely to be overweight than Whites.

Genetics and familial influences

Prevalence increases with age


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Why do people gain weight? Biological factors

Lower metabolic rate

Malfunctioning endocrine glands

Heredity

Set-point theory

Your body tries to maintain set weightThermostat-like mechanism

Hypothalamus involved

May relate to no. and size of fat cells


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Psychosocial Factors Eat more when stressed

Alcohol adds calories to diet andreduces disposal of fat

Watching television may reduce

metabolic weight rates below normalresting rates


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Health Hazard Weight Level Small risk 10% over ideal weight

Moderate risk 20% over ideal weight Greatly increased risk 50% over ideal

Distribution of weight more hazardous

if concentrated around the abdomen


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Healthy Eating Eating nutritionally balanced meals

Poor nutritional balance has been

implicated as factor in many diseases:Colon, stomach, pancreatic, prostate, and

breast cancer.

Hypertension (salt and high body weight)

Hypercholesterolemia (saturated fats)

Diabetes (body weight, sugar, fats)


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Type T Theory Farley,

1990 Thrill seeking Trait

Psychobiologicalneed forstimulation due toan internal arousaldeficit

Need to bechanneled intosafe heartpounding activities


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Communication & Compliance

Good health is dependent on:

Whether we decide to seek professional medical

help for our illness symptoms

How we communicate our symptoms to health

professionals


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DoctorPatient Communication During GP consultations:

Over 60% of all psychosocial or psychiatric

problems are missed

Over 50% of a patients symptoms fail to be

identified

Around 50% of all consultations end in patientdoctor disagreement about symptoms


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Consultation Guidelines(Pendleton et al., 1984)

Reason for patients attendance needs to be defined

Consider problems other than those mentioned bypatient

Choose appropriate action for each problem

Achieve shared understanding of problem with

patient Involve patient in management of problem

Use time and resources effectively

Try and ensure achievement of future goals


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Patient Compliance

Patient satisfaction and compliance derives

from:

The doctor appearing friendly

The doctor appearing to understand the patients

concerns

The patients expectations of success

The doctor being a good communicator

The doctor providing full and clear information


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Leys Model of Compliance


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A few notes on lifestyle

Health lifestyles are collective patterns of health-related

behavior based on choices from options available to

people according to their life chances.

Bourdieu (1984) believed that although individuals

choose their lifestyles, they do not do so with complete

free will.

A part of lifestyle is formed by the habitus.
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Notion of a Habitus

Social structures and conditions engender enduring

personal orientations that are more or less routine, andwhen these orientations are acted upon, they tend to

reproduce the structures from which they are derived.(Gochman, 1997, p. 258)


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Bordieu found class differences in lifestyle mostly

surrounding sport and food preferences.

Bordieus lesson: routines of individuals areinfluenced by structures of their social world andthat the practice of these routines perpetuates the

structures

Class culture Food habits

Bottom Line?Strong influence of structure (i.e. life chances) on thehabitus mind-set from which lifestyle choices arederived (Gochman, 1997). Lifestyles are systematicproducts of habitus and become socially qualified.


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Self-Efficacy impact on

Health

Peoples beliefs about their capacity to exercise

control over events that affect their lives. (Bandura,

1989, p. 1175) role in behavior & lifestyle choiceswhich ultimately influence health (e.g. smoking,

drinking, risk taking etc.)

Plays role in

Health belief Model-function of threat & coping

appraisal

Protection Motivation Theory

Theory of Planned Behavior


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Metropolitan Height & Weight

Tables Women

Small frame54

ideal weight is 114-127 lbs.

Medium frame54ideal weight is 124-

138 lbs.

Men

Small frame6

ideal weight is 149-160lbs

Medium frame6ideal weight is 157-170

lbs

Documents

Health Behavior After Mid Term