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Health Hazards inHealth Hazards inHighway ConstructionHighway Construction
Kimberley J. Nipko, MPH
Safety & Health Compliance Officer
OSHA--Madison, WI
608-441-5388 ext.123
www.osha.gov
Amorphous– NOT CrystallineCrystalline
– Beach SandBeach Sand
Crystalline– Heat and/or pressure converts amorphousHeat and/or pressure converts amorphous
– Dangerous to the human bodyDangerous to the human body
– Found in construction materials (e.g. brick, Found in construction materials (e.g. brick, rock, concrete, masonry block, etc.)rock, concrete, masonry block, etc.)
TYPES OF SILICATYPES OF SILICA
CRYSTALLINE SILICACRYSTALLINE SILICA
3 Types
Where is it found?Naturally Occurring Crystalline Mineral in Earth’s Crust
quartz
tridymite
cristobalite
SilicosisBronchitisTuberculosisAssociation with Lung Cancer
– IARC Classification April 1997IARC Classification April 1997– Class 1: Carcinogenic to HumansClass 1: Carcinogenic to Humans
HEALTH EFFECTSHEALTH EFFECTS
Chronic– 10 or More Years of Exposure10 or More Years of Exposure– Low Exposure ConcentrationsLow Exposure Concentrations
Accelerated– 5 to 10 Years After Exposure5 to 10 Years After Exposure– High Exposure ConcentrationsHigh Exposure Concentrations
Acute– A Few Weeks to 4 or 5 Years After A Few Weeks to 4 or 5 Years After
ExposureExposure– Highest Exposure ConcentrationsHighest Exposure Concentrations
SILICOSISSILICOSIS
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
Difficulty in BreathingCoughInfections Causing
– FeverFever
– Weight LossWeight Loss
– Night SweatsNight Sweats
Particle Size Percentage of Free Silica Length of Exposure Individual Susceptibility Cigarette Smoking Dose-Response Relationship
CONTRIBUTING CONTRIBUTING FACTORSFACTORS
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Approximately 4.9 million actively working construction workers
700,000 potentially exposed to silicaApproximately 250-300 deaths each year from
silicosisSilicosis is 100 percent preventable
Chipping, Hammering, Drilling of Rock
Crushing, Loading, Hauling, and Dumping of Rock
Abrasive Blasting With Silica SandAbrasive Blasting of Concrete
CONSTRUCTION JOBSCONSTRUCTION JOBSAT RISKAT RISK
Local Silica Inspection SchedulingLocal Silica Inspection SchedulingMostly OSHA “drive-by”observations
A few telephone or written complaints
Jackhammer (Dry) ExampleJackhammer (Dry) Example7.6% silica1 mg/m3 PEL 0.9 mg/M3 (454 mins)0.85 mg/M3 8 hour
TWA 8 hour severity
85% of PELVERY CLOSE TO PEL
Jackhammering on bridge over I-88, DeKalb, IL
Adjacent jackhammer and sweeping may increase exposure
Jackhammer (Wet) ExampleJackhammer (Wet) Example
10% silica0.83 mg/m3 PEL 1.8 mg/M3 (370 min)1.4 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity
165% of PELEXCEEDED PEL
Inside Chicago building, employee at left sprayed with hose
2nd sample 110% of PEL
Concrete Cutting (Dry) ExampleConcrete Cutting (Dry) Example
12% silica0.7 mg/M3 PEL16.3 mg/M3 (39 min)0.75 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity
105% of PELEXCEEDED PEL
Gas saw dry cuts hole in concrete sewer
2300% of PEL for 39 minute sample time
Concrete Cutting (Wet) ExampleConcrete Cutting (Wet) Example
9.4% silica0.9 mg/M3 PEL 0.4 mg/M3 (340 min)0.3 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity
37% of PELDID NOT EXCEED
PEL
Wet saw2nd sample 45% of PEL
Concrete Cutting SummaryConcrete Cutting SummaryWet CuttingNine air samplesAll were wet sawing
concrete slabs0 - 44% of PEL WET SAMPLES
ALL BELOW PEL USE WET SAW
Dry CuttingEight air samplesFour > PELHighest was 345% of
PELDO NOT DRY CUT
Lateral Drilling ExampleLateral Drilling Example7.5% silica1.1 mg/M3 PEL3.1 mg/M3 (420 min)2.7 mg/M3 8 hr
TWA8 hour severity
257% of PELEXCEEDED PEL
Lateral drilling multiple holes in pavement for reinforcing bars
Lateral Drilling SummaryLateral Drilling SummaryNine air samplesFour samples > PEL101%, 104%, 251%, 257% of PELGOOD CHANCE OF EXCEEDING PELHalf mask adequate in these samplesControls: water not used, can it be used?
Vermeer SawVermeer Saw
Used to cut large sections of pavement out of highway
reduces need to jackhammer /clean up debris
Vermeer Saw ExampleVermeer Saw Example
5.5% silica1.3 mg/m3 PEL 9.6 mg/M3 (80 min)1.6 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity
120% of PELPEL EXCEEDED Some water is
sprayed from side mount tanks
Shoveling Concrete SummaryShoveling Concrete Summary
Four samplesNo overexposures4%, 8%, 25%, 60%
of PELPEL NOT
EXCEEDED Adjacent operations may increase dust exposure (60% seems high for shoveling)
Heavy Construction SilicaHeavy Construction SilicaDust SummaryDust Summary
Operation # Likely Exp Likely Resp Noise Jackhammer dry 19 > PEL half mask 102-103 Jackhammer wet 5 >PEL half mask Concrete saw dry 8 > PEL half mask Concrete saw wet 9 < PEL -- Lateral drill 9 > PEL half mask 97-104 Vermeer saw 3 ? > PEL ? 96 Bobcat concrete2 < PEL -- Shovel concrete 4 < PEL
# - number of samples takenDeterminations are based on limited numbers of samplesand represent available info as of 3/2000.
Sandblasting ExampleSandblasting Example3.8% silica1.7 mg/M3 PEL 18 mg/M3 (385 min)14 mg/M3 8 hr TWA 8 hour severity
812% of PELGREATLY
EXCEEDED PEL
Sandblasting rebar in highway
Supplied Air Respirator used
Abrasive Blasting ConcreteAbrasive Blasting Concrete4% silica1.7 mg/M3 PEL 2.7 mg/M3 (340
min) 1.9 mg/M3 8 hr
TWA 8 hour severity
116% of PELEXCEEDED PEL
Black Beauty used to blast newly cut grooves in roadway
Crossover/Special OperationsCrossover/Special OperationsSilica Dust SummarySilica Dust Summary
Operation # Likely Exp Likely Resp Noise Sandblaster 7 >> PEL blast resp 96-104 Sandblast potman 1 > PEL half mask 91 Abrasive blaster 7 > PEL blast resp Abrasive potman 5 < PEL -- Sweep 5 can > PEL half mask Ceiling seam grind 1 > PEL half mask Grind floor w/ vent 1 > PEL half mask Tunnel (no silica) 4 < PEL --
# - number of samples takenDeterminations are based on limited numbers of samples
and represent available info as of 3/2000.
Citation SummaryCitation Summary
1.Overexposure/engineering controls
2. Correct respirator/resp. program
3. Silica hazard training
4. Hearing conservation program/protection
5. Silica safety program
6. Lead exposure (tuckpointing, blasting)
CURRENT EXPOSURE CURRENT EXPOSURE LIMITSLIMITS
OSHA (PEL) NIOSH (REL) ACGIH (TLV)
250 mppcf
%silica + 5
10 mg/m3
% silica + 2
or
0.05 mg/m3 Quartz: 0.05 mg/m3
Cristobalite: 0.05 mg/m3
Tridymite: 0.05 mg/m3
RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL)LEVEL (REL)
REL = O.O5 mg/m3
3/4 TEASPOON OF SILICA IN THE VOLUME OF A FOOTBALL FIELD (64,000 yds3)
is 0.057 mg/m3
PREVENTION PREVENTION METHODSMETHODS
Engineering Controls Work Practice Controls Personal Protective Equipment
ENGINEERING CONTROLSENGINEERING CONTROLS
SUBSTITUTION VENTILATIONW
ET WO
RKH
OU
SEK
EEPIN
G ISOLATION
DUSTCONTROL
WORK PRACTICE WORK PRACTICE CONTROLSCONTROLS
Restricted Work Areas
Worker PlacementMedical SurveillanceHygiene PracticesTraining
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCEMEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
PhysicalSpirometry
(PFT)Chest X-Rays
– ““B” ReaderB” Reader
– FrequencyFrequency
RESPIRATORY RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAMPROTECTION PROGRAM
Medical EvaluationFit Test ProceduresTrainingStorage and CleaningHazard AssessmentWritten Program
RESPIRATORY RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAMPROTECTION PROGRAM
Employer Responsibility
Determination of Wearer’s Exposure to Hazards
Fit Testing Before Use
Random Inspection
Training
Medical Surveillance
RESPIRATORY RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAMPROTECTION PROGRAM
Employee Responsibility
Fit check the respirator
Proper use of respirator
Guard against respirator damage Report respirator malfunctions
TYPES OF RESPIRATORSTYPES OF RESPIRATORS
Abrasive Blasting
Type CE Positive Pressure Blast HoodAPF= 25 - 2,000
Memorandum to Regional Offices May 2, 1996
Currently being enforced across the United States
OSHA’S SPECIALOSHA’S SPECIALEMPHASIS PROGRAM EMPHASIS PROGRAM
(SEP)(SEP)
OSHA’S SPECIALOSHA’S SPECIALEMPHASIS PROGRAM EMPHASIS PROGRAM
(SEP)(SEP)There is No Silica StandardIf Contractor is Making Effort, No
InspectionIf Not, Inspection and Can Fine for
PEL Violation or Respiratory Protection
Elements of an Effective, On-Elements of an Effective, On-going Control Program for going Control Program for
Crystalline SilicaCrystalline SilicaPersonal air monitoringMedical surveillanceTrainingAvailability of
monitoring/surveillance data to workers
Respiratory protection programHygiene facilities/clothing
change areas
Elements of a Control Elements of a Control ProgramProgram(cont’d)(cont’d)
RecordkeepingExposures below PEL or
abatement program with interim protection
HousekeepingIn construction: a Safety &
Health programRegulated areas
ConclusionsConclusions
Dry operations: High likelihood of silica dust overexposure
Wet operations: Low potential for silica dust overexposure
Exposures may be multiplied by factors such as interior workplace and corner location.
Lead Exposure in Roadway Lead Exposure in Roadway ConstructionConstruction
Torch cutting on bridge structures that are finished with lead containing paint
Scraping or abrasive blasting to remove lead paint on bridges
Chronic Health HazardsChronic Health HazardsAnemia 50 - 80ug/dlNeurological 40 - 60ug/dlSlowed nerve 30 - 40ug/dl conduction in
peripheral nervesBlood pressure increases
Kidney damage 100ug/dlColic 60ug/dl
Acute Health HazardsAcute Health Hazards
Reproductive HazardsReproductive Hazards
Acute and chronic– Depressed sperm count in males and spontaneous Depressed sperm count in males and spontaneous
abortion in womenabortion in women 40 - 50ug/dl40 - 50ug/dl
– Effects on a fetusEffects on a fetus 10 - 15ug/dl (Maternal)10 - 15ug/dl (Maternal)• Low birth weightLow birth weight• Premature birthPremature birth• Impaired mental developmentImpaired mental development
Compliance ProgramCompliance ProgramPrior to the start of each jobCompliance plan shall include:
– Description of each activity• Equipment used, material involved, controls in place, crew size,
employee job– Specific means to achieve compliance
• Engineering controls– Technology considered in meeting the PEL– Air monitoring which documents the source of lead
emissions– Schedule for implementation
• Copies of purchase orders for equipment, construction contracts– Work practice program
• PPE, hygiene facilities, housekeeping– Administrative control schedule
• Job Rotation– Multi-contractor sites
Compliance ProgramCompliance Program
Frequent and regular inspection of the job site, materials, and equipment by a competent person
Shall be revised and updated every 6 months to reflect the current status of the program
TrainingTrainingAnnual training for each employee
subject to lead exposure at or above the AL on any day
Training content– Content of the standardContent of the standard– Nature of operationsNature of operations– RespiratorsRespirators– Medical surveillance programMedical surveillance program– Engineering controlsEngineering controls– Compliance planCompliance plan– Chelating agentsChelating agents– Access to recordsAccess to records
Noise/ HearingNoise/ HearingConservation Program (HCP)Conservation Program (HCP)
Effective HCP under 1926.52– Monitoring of employee noise exposures. Monitoring of employee noise exposures. – The institution of engineering, work practice, The institution of engineering, work practice,
and administrative controls for excessive noise.and administrative controls for excessive noise.
– The provision of each overexposed employee The provision of each overexposed employee with an individually fitted hearing protector with an individually fitted hearing protector with an adequate noise reduction rating. with an adequate noise reduction rating.
– Employee training and education regarding Employee training and education regarding noise hazards and protection measures. noise hazards and protection measures.
Issuing Noise CitationsIssuing Noise Citations
Issuing citations– 1926.52(a) - Overexposure1926.52(a) - Overexposure
– 1926.52(b) - Feasible administrative and 1926.52(b) - Feasible administrative and engineering controlsengineering controls
– 1926.101(a) - PPE (ear protective devices)1926.101(a) - PPE (ear protective devices)
– 1926.52(d)(1) - Hearing conservation program1926.52(d)(1) - Hearing conservation program
Occupational ExposureOccupational Exposureto Asphaltto Asphalt
Paving asphalts, roofing asphalts, asphalt-based paints– Performance specifications-not chemical Performance specifications-not chemical
composition-direct the type of asphalt produced.composition-direct the type of asphalt produced.
Acute toxic effects of asphalt fume exposures include eye, nose and throat irritation
Occupational ExposureOccupational Exposureto Asphaltto Asphalt
Insufficient evidence for an association between lung cancer & exposure to asphalt fumes during paving.– Low concentrations of PAHs (polycyclic Low concentrations of PAHs (polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons) at low temperatures.aromatic hydrocarbons) at low temperatures.• Temperature of hot-mix asphalt (asphalt cement + mineral Temperature of hot-mix asphalt (asphalt cement + mineral
aggregate) as applied to the roadway is generally between aggregate) as applied to the roadway is generally between 235 and 325 235 and 325 F.F.
– Confounding variablesConfounding variables• Smoking, silica, diesel exhaustSmoking, silica, diesel exhaust
Occupational ExposureOccupational Exposureto Asphaltto Asphalt
Recommended guidelines to reduce exposure:– Prevent dermal exposurePrevent dermal exposure– Keep application temperature of heated asphalt as Keep application temperature of heated asphalt as
low as possible.low as possible.– Use engineering and work practice controls and Use engineering and work practice controls and
personal protective equipment at all work sites.personal protective equipment at all work sites. CDC-NIOSH December 2000 Hazard Review (1-
800-35-NIOSH) to receive a copy.
Heat StressHeat Stress Too much heat can make you tired, hurt your job
performance, and increase your chance of injury. You can get skin rash. You can also get: – Dehydration- When your body loses water, you can't cool off fast
enough. You feel thirsty and weak.
– Cramps- You can get muscle cramps from the heat even after you leave work.
– Heat exhaustion- You feel tired, nauseous, headachy, and giddy (dizzy and silly). Your skin is damp and looks muddy or flushed. You may faint.
– Heat stroke- You may have hot dry skin and a high temperature, or you may feel confused. You may have convulsions or become unconscious. Heat stroke can kill you unless you get emergency medical help.
Heat StressHeat Stress Drink a lot of cool water all day— before you feel
thirsty. Every 15 minutes, you may need a cup of water (5 to 7 ounces).
Keep taking rest breaks. Rest in a cool, shady spot. Use fans.
Wear light-colored clothing, made of cotton.
Do the heaviest work in the coolest time of the day.
Work in the shade.
For heavy work in hot areas, take turns with other workers, so some can rest.
Heat StressHeat Stress If you travel to a warm area for a new job, you need
time for your body to get used to the heat. Be extra careful the first 2 weeks on the job.
If you work in protective clothing, you need more rest breaks. You may also need to check your temperature and heart rate.
If you think someone has heat stroke, CALL emergency services (or 911). And move your co-worker to the shade, wipe his/her skin with cool water, and loosen his/her clothes. Use a piece of cardboard or other material to fan your co-worker.