Health Impacts of Fine Particles in Health Impacts of Fine Particles in Ambient AirAmbient Air ofof BeijingBeijing

Tong Zhu, Jie Ding, Ming Hu, Yun WangSchool of Environmental Sciences, Peking University

Zongchan Zhou, Xinbiao Guo, Xiaochuan PanSchool of Public Health, Peking University

Supported by Biomed-X center, Peking University

1999 The Merge of Peking University Beijing Medical University

Peking University

Priority: Environment and Health

2000 Biomed-X Center

Project: Health Impact of Fine Particles in Beijing Ambient Air

College(Center) for Environmental SciencesEnvironmental Chemistry (Aerosol)Environmental Management

Environmental Economics

School for Public HealthToxicologyEpidemiology

Cancer Research InstituteGenetic StudyCarcinogenic Study

Source

Concentration

Exposure

Dose

Effects

Health Risk Assessment

Health Risk Management

Objective:

Using toxicological and epidemiological methods: to study the toxic and carcinogenic effects of fine particles in Beijing ambient air to establish dose-response relationship

Based on the sources, physical characters, chemical compositions, and exposure level:

to asses the health risk of fine particles in Beijing ambient air

to provide scientific data for the pollution control policy.

Questions addressed:

  Sources, physical characteristics, chemical componentsToxic and carcinogenic effectsHealth effects vs physical characteristics

chemical components Exposure levelSynergic effects: with O3, SO2, CO, NOx, VOCLow concentration and long term exposureDose-response relationshipHealth risk assessmentHealth risk and economic costControl policy

Questions:

1. Mass or number concentrations ？

2. Physical or chemical, or both ？

3. Carcinogenic

4. Synergetic effects

5. Ultrafine particles

Epidemiological StudyEpidemiological StudyMortality

acute effectschronic effects

MorbidityHospital admission and emergency department

visits for respiratory diseasesHospital admission for cardiovascular diseasesLung function and respiratory symptomsLong-term PM exposure and respiratory symptomsStudies on individual cardiovascular outcomes

  Toxicological StudyToxicological StudyCytotoxicity- and genotoxicity Inflammation

Cell damage mechanism: oxidationBiomarkerLung cancer

2001.3 PM2.52002.3 PM2.5 (during dust storm)2002.7, 2002.10, 2003.1 PM2.5

ShapeElementsIonPAHs

1 ． Analyzing chemical compounds in fine particles of Beijing ambient air

Mass concentration of PM2.5, 2002-2003, Beijing

Shape and element Shape and element composition of fine particlescomposition of fine particles

Using SEM-EDS (energy dispersive X-ray analysis system) 的 HITACHI S-2700

0 5 10 15 20

0

50

100

150

200 a

Al

MgSi

K

Fe

Inte

nsi

ty

Energy (KeV)

0 5 10 15 20-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

b

S

Ca

Inte

nsi

ty

Energy (KeV)

0 5 10 15 20

0

50

100

150

200 cCa

Inte

nsi

ty

Energy (KeV)

0 5 10 15 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120 dFe

Inte

nsity

Energy (KeV)

Fraction of particles containing certain elements during dust storm season, 2002, Beijing

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of particles PM2.5 March 20, 2002

690 700 710 720 730 740

29000

30000

31000

32000

33000

34000

35000

36000

13.5

Atomic%: 3.4

2p1/2

: 725.48eV

2p3/2

: 711.98eV 2p1/2

2p3/2

Inte

nsi

ty (

CP

S)

Binding Energy (eV)

Fe

335 340 345 350 355 360

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000

Atomic%: 2.0

3.5

2p1/2

:350.98eV

2p3/2

:347.38eV

2p1/2

2p3/2

Inte

nsi

ty (

CP

S)

Binding Energy (eV)

Ca

385 390 395 400 405 4109500

10000

10500

11000

11500

1s (2): 407.48Atomic% (2): 0.5

1s (2)

Atomic% (1): 1.11s (1): 400.58eV

1s(1)

Inte

nsi

ty (

CP

S)

Binding Energy (eV)

N

155 160 165 170 175 180

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000 S2p:168.9eVAtomic%: 2.0

2p

Inte

nsity

(C

PS

)

Binding Energy (eV)

  O1s Si2p Al2p Fe2p3/2 Ca2p3/2 Na1s K2p3/2 N1s (1) N1s (2) S2pBE (eV) 531.7 102.8 74.5 712.0 347.4 1071. 8 293.4 400.6 407.5 168.9Atomic% 69.4 14.6 5.6 3.4 2.0 1.0 0.4 1.1 0.5 2.0

Element concentrations of particle surface

Ion concentrations of PM2.5, March 2002

ΣPAHs in PM2.5 、 PM10, 2002-2003 Beijing

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

PM10 32.5 12.9 52.7 219.9

PM2.5 30.6 6.7 45.6 192.2

National Standard of BaP: 10ng/m3

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

PM10 2.3 0.8 7.7 24.6

PM2.5 1.6 0.7 6.8 24.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

315

月日

317

月日

319

月日

321

月日

323

月日

325

月日

327

月日

329

月日

410

月日

416

月日

810

月日

812

月日

814

月日

816

月日

818

月日

821

月日

823

月日

10

17

月日

10

21

月日

10

23

月日

10

25

月日

20

03年

112

月日

114

月日

116

月日

118

月日

120

月日

日期

BaP(n

g/m

3)

PM10PM2. 5

BaP in PM2.5 、 PM10, 2002-2003 Beijing

2. Preliminary study on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of fine particles in Beijing

2001.3 、 2001.12Organic and Inorganic extracts of PM10 and PM2.5

Cytotoxicity of Balb/c 3T3 (MTT)Genotoxicity of Balb/c 3T3

micronucleus formation DNA strand breaks

Intra-cell communication

2002.3 PM10 and PM2.5 during dust storm seasonInflammation response of alveolar macrophages

Cytotoxicity of PM10 EOC on

Balb/c 3T3 Cell

Cytotoxicity of PM2.5 EOC on

Balb/c 3T3 Cell

0 1 2 3 4 5

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65Effect of PM

2.5's EOC on micronuclei of Balb/c 3T3 cell

y=22.85714+7.45714Xr=0.99372

Fre

quen

cy o

f Mic

ronu

clea

ted

cells

(¡ë)

dose(m3/ml)

Impact of PM EOC on Balb/c 3T3 micronucleus formation

0 1 2 3 4 5

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Fre

qu

en

cy o

f M

icro

nu

cle

ate

d c

ells

(¡ë

)

Effect of PM2.5

's EOC on micronuclei of Balb/c 3T3 cell

y=2048+11.94Xr=0.9799

dose(m3/ml)

PM2.5 PM10

正常双核细胞 1 micronucleus 2 micronucleus 3 micronucleus

cytochalasin B-blocked method

Impacts of PM25 PM10 EOC on DNA

strand breaks of Balb/c 3Tsingle cell electrophoresis assay

increased the frequency of comet cells and distances of migration of nuclear DNA

Alveolar Macrophagesafter treated with dust particles

Alveolar Macrophages

Cytotoxicity of PM10 dust particle to alveolar macrophages （ MTT ）

PM10 （ μg/ml) ODVitality of

cell （ % ）

0 0.26±0.033 100

50 0.252±0.034 97

100 0.239±0.033 92

150 0.229±0.033 88

200 0.2115±0.029 81

300 0.161 68

300μg/ml 组细胞存活率明显降低（ <80% ），说明颗粒物在此浓度以上对肺泡巨噬细胞有明显的细胞毒性。

Impairment of phagocyte of alveolar macrophages by PM10 of dust storm

吞噬胶珠细胞的百分比（ %）

平均每个细胞吞噬的胶珠数

Comparison

84±7 1.839±0.355

100μg/ml 30±7 0.444±0.085

与对照组相比， 100μg/ml PM10 颗粒组吞噬胶珠细胞的百分比以及平均每个细胞吞噬的胶珠数均减少，说明 PM10 颗粒对肺泡巨噬细胞的吞噬功能产生了抑制作用。

图 3 沙 尘 暴 P M 2 . 5 、 P M 1 0 对 巨 噬 细 胞 分 泌 I L - 8 的 影 响

# ## ## #

# ## # * *

# #

*# # # #

# #

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

0 2 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 L P S

颗 粒 物 浓 度 （ u g / m l ）

IL-8

浓度（

pg / m

l）

P M 2 . 5

P M 1 0

4图 沙 尘 暴 P M 2 . 5 、 P M 1 0 对 巨 噬 细 胞 分 泌 T N F - a 的 影 响

* ** *

* ** *

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

0 2 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 L P S

颗 粒 物 浓 度 （ u g / m l ）

TNF-a

（pg

/ ml

）

P M 2 . 5

P M 1 0

1. Chemical composition:1 ） Extremely high PM2.5 mass concentration during dust storm (~7

mg m-3)2 ） Strongly seasonal variation of chemical composition • Winter: high concentrations of BaP • Spring: crustal elements (Si, Al) during spring dust storm,

relatively low PAH

2. Toxicity:1) Toxicity of PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijing mainly contributed by orga

nic compounds2) Extracts of organic compounds of PM10 and PM2.5 in Beijing have

cytotoxicy and genotoxicity on Balb/c 3T3 Cell 3) PM10 and PM2.5 during spring dust storm in Beijing induced a dos

e-related impairment of phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages, and dose-dependent increases in secretions of NO, IL-8 and TNF- from alveolar macrophages.

Summary

3. Future plan:

1 ） Toxicity of fine particles of different seasons (heating, dust storm, photochemical smog ）

2 ） Toxicity -chemicals

3 ） Epidemiology-exposure (biomarker)

4 ） Cancinogenic study on lung cancer.