Health Indicators and how Health Indicators and how they affect Death Rates in they affect Death Rates in Developing vs. Developed Developing vs. Developed

CountriesCountries

Malini SenMalini SenCori WilliamsCori Williams

Monica NeumanMonica NeumanJaron AbelsohnJaron Abelsohn

Research QuestionResearch Question

How are health system indicators in How are health system indicators in developed and developing countries related developed and developing countries related

to death rates? to death rates?

Sources: World Health Organization World Health Sources: World Health Organization World Health Atlas. Countries were found based on the Human Atlas. Countries were found based on the Human Development Index Development Index

HypothesisHypothesis

We believe that the developed countries will We believe that the developed countries will have lower death rates than developing have lower death rates than developing

countries because developed countries will countries because developed countries will have health systems that are much more have health systems that are much more

capable of dealing with health issues capable of dealing with health issues

VariablesVariables Independent: Independent:

– Number of physicians per 10,000 populationNumber of physicians per 10,000 population– Number of nurses and midwifes per 10,000Number of nurses and midwifes per 10,000– Number of hospital beds per 10,000Number of hospital beds per 10,000– Number of total health workers per 10,000Number of total health workers per 10,000– Per capita total expenditure on health services (int’l dollar Per capita total expenditure on health services (int’l dollar

rate)rate)– General government expenditures on health servicesGeneral government expenditures on health services– Total expenditures on health services as percentage of Total expenditures on health services as percentage of

GDPGDP

Dependent: Dependent: Death RatesDeath Rates

Independent Summary StatisticsIndependent Summary StatisticsDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPED COUNTRIES MeanMean MedianMedian ModeMode Stand DevStand Dev MinMin MaxMax NN

# of Physicians per 10,000# of Physicians per 10,000 28.728.7 28.528.5 3434 10.6310.63 1010 6262 55

# Health Workers per 10,000# Health Workers per 10,000 112.5112.5 107107 107107 47.1647.16 5252 254254 55

Nurses and Midwifes to Physicans RatioNurses and Midwifes to Physicans Ratio 3.233.23 33 33 1.551.55 11 77 55

# of Hospital Beds per 10,000# of Hospital Beds per 10,000 54.0754.07 47.547.5 6161 25.1825.18 2222 147147 55

Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate)Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate) 2200.52200.5 21932193 N/AN/A 988.49988.49 552552 52745274 55

Government Expenditure as % of Total ExpendituresGovernment Expenditure as % of Total Expenditures 13.3313.33 13.513.5 1111 4.314.31 55 2323 55

Total Expenditure as % of GDPTotal Expenditure as % of GDP 8.238.23 99 99 2.532.53 33 1515 55

Nurses and Midwifes per 10,000Nurses and Midwifes per 10,000 83.883.8 7474 6262 44.7244.72 3131 222222 55

DEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIES MeanMean MedianMedian ModeMode Stand DevStand Dev MinMin MaxMax NN

# of Physicians per 10,000# of Physicians per 10,000 0.76670.7667 11 11 0.8580.858 00 33 55

# Health Workers per 10,000# Health Workers per 10,000 55 33 33 3.9373.937 11 1414 55

Nurses and Midwifes to Physicans RatioNurses and Midwifes to Physicans Ratio 55 33 33 3.943.94 11 1414 55

# of Hospital Beds per 10,000# of Hospital Beds per 10,000 1616 N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A 55

Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate)Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate) 61.8761.87 3838 44.544.5 1980.81980.8 195195 18561856 55

Government Expenditure as % of Total ExpendituresGovernment Expenditure as % of Total Expenditures 9.579.57 9.59.5 1111 3.833.83 22 2020 55

Total Expenditure as % of GDPTotal Expenditure as % of GDP 5.55.5 55 55 2.092.09 22 1111 55

Nurses and Midwifes per 10,000Nurses and Midwifes per 10,000 4.494.49 33 33 3.63.6 11 1212 55

Dependent Summary Statistics: Dependent Summary Statistics: Death RateDeath Rate

DEVELOPED COUNTRY: Death DEVELOPED COUNTRY: Death RateRate   

     

MeanMean 77.66777.667

Standard ErrorStandard Error 2.49342.4934

MedianMedian 75.575.5

ModeMode 7272

Standard DeviationStandard Deviation 13.65713.657

Sample VarianceSample Variance 186.51186.51

KurtosisKurtosis -0.156-0.156

SkewnessSkewness 0.68280.6828

RangeRange 5151

MinimumMinimum 5858

MaximumMaximum 109109

SumSum 23302330

CountCount 3030

Confidence Level(95.0%)Confidence Level(95.0%) 5.09955.0995

DEVELOPING COUNTRY: Death DEVELOPING COUNTRY: Death RateRate   

     

MeanMean 430.13430.13

Standard ErrorStandard Error 22.41322.413

MedianMedian 429429

ModeMode 427427

Standard DeviationStandard Deviation 122.76122.76

Sample VarianceSample Variance 1507015070

KurtosisKurtosis 1.28751.2875

SkewnessSkewness 0.7320.732

RangeRange 552552

MinimumMinimum 199199

MaximumMaximum 751751

SumSum 1290412904

CountCount 3030

Confidence Level(95.0%)Confidence Level(95.0%) 45.83945.839

Developed Country RegressionDeveloped Country RegressionRegression StatisticsRegression Statistics   

Multiple RMultiple R 0.480550.48055

R SquareR Square 0.2309280.230928

Adjusted R SquareAdjusted R Square 0.1421890.142189

Standard ErrorStandard Error 0.0007240.000724

ObservationsObservations 3030

F-valueF-value 2.602332.60233

Significance FSignificance F 0.07340.0734

   CoeffCoeff t-Statt-Stat P-valueP-value

InterceptIntercept 0.002230.00223 4.95164.9516 3.82E-053.82E-05

# Physicians per 10,000 pop# Physicians per 10,000 pop -1.38E-05-1.38E-05 -0.994-0.994 0.3293740.329374

# Health Workers per 10,000 pop# Health Workers per 10,000 pop -2.55E-06-2.55E-06 -0.766-0.766 0.4505560.450556

Per Capita ExpenditurePer Capita Expenditure 4.43E-074.43E-07 2.7582.758 0.0105020.010502

Histogram

0

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14

-0.00132722 -0.000269268 0.000788684

Bin

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Developing Country RegressionDeveloping Country Regression

Regression StatisticsRegression Statistics

Multiple RMultiple R 0.2225215410.222521541

R SquareR Square 0.0495158360.049515836

Adjusted R SquareAdjusted R Square -0.060155413-0.060155413

Standard ErrorStandard Error 0.0008048220.000804822

ObservationsObservations 3030

F-valueF-value 0.451490.45149

Significance FSignificance F 0.71840.7184

   Coeff.Coeff. t-Statt-Stat P-valueP-value

InterceptIntercept 0.002710.00271 8.84048.8404 2.6E-092.6E-09

# Physicians per 10,000 pop# Physicians per 10,000 pop 0.000150.00015 0.76770.7677 0.449590.44959

# Health Workers per 10,000 pop# Health Workers per 10,000 pop -1E-05-1E-05 -0.335-0.335 0.74030.7403

Per Capita ExpenditurePer Capita Expenditure -4E-06-4E-06 -1.077-1.077 0.291320.29132

Histogram

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-0.001292095 0.000179143 0.001650381

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Park test for HeteroskedasticityPark test for HeteroskedasticityDeveloping Data: Heteroskedasticity

-0.0015

-0.001

-0.0005

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0.003

0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035

Predicted Y

Developed Data Heteroskedasticity

-0.0015

-0.001

-0.0005

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045

Predicted Y

Per Capita Health Expenditures were found to be significantly different from 0, because of this we have heteroskedasticity.

ConclusionConclusion

We support our hypothesis that We support our hypothesis that developed developed countries will have lower death rates than countries will have lower death rates than developing countries developing countries

Because of the problems with the statistics Because of the problems with the statistics for developing countries, we realize that for developing countries, we realize that there are other factors that we have to there are other factors that we have to consider that have an affect on death rates consider that have an affect on death rates in a developing country.in a developing country.

Thank you!