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Health Management and DiseaseMr. PaceHealth Management & DiseaseAt the completion of this unit students will be able toList signs of healthy and sick animalsCategorize disease by their causeIdentify common diseases and medical treatments for small animalsIdentify common diseases and medical treatments for large animalsList preventative measures that should be taken to prevent the spread of disease at home and in the vet clinicIdentify animal parasites, their transmission, and treatmentRecite the recommended vaccine schedules for animalsAdminister intramuscular and subcutaneous injectionsPrepare a client education pamphlet for a new pet ownerHealthy AnimalsWhat do you mean, Hes as healthy as a horse?

Healthy AnimalsDisease

Anything LESS than complete health

Disturbance of normal functions of the bodyHealthy AnimalsClinical Signs: (observable)Bright EyesSocializing with other animals and people as usualShiny CoatHealthy WeightNormal body functions (Urination, defecation, etc.)Sick AnimalsClinical Signs: (observable)Weight LossReduced PerformanceVomitingDiarrheaDull eyes/dropped earsDull coatCauses of DiseasePhysiologicalOrgans/glands dont function properlyDiabetesPancreas doesnt produce insulin to regulate blood sugarHyper/HypothyroidismThyroid doesnt produce thyroxin to regulate metabolism

Causes of DiseaseNutritionalCaused by inadequate nutritionRicketsCaused by insufficient iron, causes bones to weakenCauses of DiseaseMorphologicalPhysical DefectCaused by accident or negligenceCuts and BruisesScrapesScratchesBroken BonesCauses of DiseasePathogenicVirus, Bacteria, Protozoa, FungusMost diseases in this category are contagiousCauses of DiseaseParasiticCaused by parasites (internal or external)Causes of DiseaseGenetic DiseaseInherited traitPassed from one generation to anotherCould be caused by genetic mutationCanine DiseasesBordatella (Kennel Cough)Causes: VirusTransmission: Airborne (similar to a cold in humans)Symptoms: CoughingTreatment: Antibiotics help with symptoms, but doesnt kill the virus

Canine DiseasesParvovirusCause: Virus affecting mostly puppiesTransmission: Contact, especially with body secretions of a sick puppy. Virus can live for years.Symptoms: Vomiting, bloody diarrheaTreatment: Antibiotics, IV Fluids to prevent dehydration. Many puppies die

Feline/Canine DiseasesRabiesCauses: VirusTransmission: Through the salvia of an infected animal. (Salivary glands receive high concentrations of the virus)Symptoms: Foaming at mouth, aggression, and disorientationTreatment: None, Fatal

Feline DiseasesFeline Leukemia (FeLV)Causes: VirusTransmission: Sharing food/water bowls, bite wounds, mutual grooming. (Virus is shed in high quantities through saliva)Symptoms: enlarged lymph nodes, poor coat, fever, progressive overall decline of health due to low immunityTreatment: None, fatal

Feline DiseasesFeline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)Causes: VirusTransmission: Inhaling or ingesting the virus (food/water bowls, contact, bite wounds, etc)Symptoms: Fluid filled abdomenTreatment: None, FatalFeline DiseasesFeline Infectious Peritonitis

Feline DiseasesFeline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)Causes: VirusTransmission: Bite WoundsSymptoms: Immune deficiency and overall sicklinessTreatment: none, fatal

*Known as the AIDS of catsAvian DiseaseMareks DiseaseCauses: VirusTransmission: Direct, indirect contact between birds, airbornSymptoms: weight loss, leg or wing paralyses and deathTreatment: No TreatmentPocket Pet DiseasesWet Tail (diarrhea)Causes: Virus (intestinal)Transmission: Direct contact (food bowls, cages, feces, etc)Symptoms: Loss appetite, diarrhea, dehydrationTreatment: Antibiotics

Reptile DiseasesShell Rot (Turtles)Cause: Fungal or Bacterial infection in shellTransmission: Cuts, scrapes, or cracks in shell, discharge or foul shellSymptoms: Pitting, soft spots, fluid under shell, discharge or foul smellTreatment: Swab infected area w/ diluted Providone-iodine solution, scrape away infected portions of shell w/ a blunt tool, swab again, treat w/ antibioticsReptile DiseasesShell Rot

Aquatic DiseaseWhirling DiseaseCause: Micro ParasiteTransmission: ParasiteSymptoms: Effects nerves and cartilage damage, chasing after their tailTreatment: No Treatment*Prevention; dont transfer fish from one body of water to anotherhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5a0GrrymNo

Rabbit DiseasesPasteurella (Snuffles)Cause: BacteriaTransmission: Direct or indirect contactSymptoms: Sneezing and Eye DischargeTreatment: None

Equine DiseaseEquine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Swamp FeverCause: VirusTransmission: Through blood, saliva, milk, and body secretionsSymptoms: High Fever, weakness, anemiaTreatment: no treatments, or widely used vaccines* Coggins Test is required for horses to cross state linesEquine DiseasesTetanusCause: BacteriaTransmission: Contact with bacteria; most commonly through a woundSymptoms: 1st: Colic and Stiffness 2nd: Spastic activity in large musclesTreatment: Antibiotics and flushing of wound site

Equine DiseaseWest Nile VirusCause: VirusTransmission: Vector Symptoms: fever, weakness, aimless wandering, paralysis of hind legsTreatment: No direct treatment for WNV treat clinical signs; 40% Mortality

Equine DiseaseStrangles (Equine Distemper)Cause: BacteriaTransmission: ContactSymptoms: fever, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodesTreatment: Antibiotics

Bovine DiseaseMad Cow DiseaseCause: PrionTransmission: A contaminated feedSymptoms: delirious, lethargy, confusionTreatment: No known treatment

Bovine DiseasesCoccidiosisCause: ParasiteTransmission: ContactSymptoms: diarrhea, bloody stool, dehydration, weaknessTreatment: anticoccidial drugs

Bovine DiseasesMastisisCause: Bacterial InfectionTransmission: ContactSymptoms: Inflammation of the udderTreatment: Antibiotics

Bovine DiseasesPink EyeCause: BacteriaTransmission: An eye irritation; contactSymptoms: red eyelids, frequent blinking, inflammationTreatment: An eye injection

Bovine DiseaseCoronavirusCause: VirusTransmission: ContactSymptoms: diarrhea, dehydration and nasal dischargeTreatment: treat clinical signs

Bovine DiseasePneumoniaCause: viral and bacterialTransmission: contactSymptoms: fever, nasal and eye discharge, stiff gait, soft coughingTreatment: treat clinical signs, antibiotics

Sheep/Goat DiseasesBlue Tongue (Sore Muzzle)Cause: VirusTransmission: ?? Mosquitos??Symptoms: weakens sheep resistance to other diseases, Secondary infections such as pneumonia, lose appetite, sluggish, feverTreatment: No treatments, prevented by vaccinations

Preventing DiseaseAt home or on the farm

Cleanliness and SanitationIsolate new animalsProvide adequate nutrition and shelterBe wise and educated in your breeding programsPreventing DiseaseSanitation Solutions/Equipment to use at HOMELymeHot Soap and WaterBleach, Lysol

Preventing DiseaseAt the Vet ClinicIsolate/quarantine very sick animalsSanitize instruments and exam tablesEducate owners of contagious animals about how to prevent/minimize spread of disease

Preventing DiseaseSanitation Equipment and Solutions to use at the vet clinicNolvasanIodineAutoclaveCold Pack

ParasitesParasiteAny organism that lives on/in another organismCauses the host harmParasites will die without a hostParasitesInternal ParasitesLive INSIDE of a host organism

ParasitesRound WormLooks like spaghettiFound in the intestines

ParasitesTape WormLong and Flat in the intestinesBreak off in segments and look like rice in the stool

ParasitesHook WormSmall, hooked shapeAttach to the wall of the intestine

ParasitesHeart WormFound in the circulatory systemEventually block heart valves

ParasitesExternal ParasitesLive OUTSIDE of a host organism

ParasitesFleasCause external itchingNot found in Utah!They dont survive the winters hereCan infect houses, live in couches, etc

ParasitesFliesProblem in the late summer and early fallFlies are attracted to animalsFlies are annoying, but the biggest problem is that they transmit disease

ParasitesMaggotsFly LarvaeThis parasite stats as an external parasite and then moves inside!

ParasitesMitesLive on surface of skinCommonly found in the ear canal

ParasitesTicksAttach to body and suck bloodCan transmit Lyme Disease

ParasitesHow are parasites transmitted?Ingesting infected fecesFrom mother to fetusMosquitos (heartworm)Eating flesh of infected animalie: cat eating mouseParasitesHow are parasites transmitted?

ParasitesPreventing Parasites in Dogs:Internal:Best all around treatment = Heartworm Preventative because it also kills other digestive system worms like roundworms, tapeworm, etc

External:Fleas? (not in Utah)TicksMosquitos

ParasitesPreventing Parasites in Cats:Internal:Give de-worming tabletCats who eat mice are especially prone to worms

External:Fleas?? (not in Utah)Mites

ParasitesPreventing Parasites in Horses:Internal:Give an oral de-wormer at least twice per year

External:FliesTicks

ParasitesPreventing Parasites in Cattle:Internal:Roundworms

External:FliesLiceMites

ParasitesPreventing Parasites in Sheep/GoatsInternal:Roundworms

External:FliesMites

Vaccine SchedulesVaccineSubstance that contains live or dead organisms that is injected into an animal to make it immune to a specific disease

Vaccine Schedules2 types of vaccinesLive Modified VirusInject small amount of live disease causing bacteria or virusProvides best immunityKilled VirusInject small amount of the killed bacteria or virusNeeds to be boosted periodicallyVaccine Schedule

Giving Vaccines2 Methods of Administering.Injection: Usually subcutaneousIntranasal: Absorbed in nasal cavity

Giving VaccinesCat/Kitten VaccinesPCR-C FELV2 boosters, then yearlyFIP2 boosters, then yearlyFIV2 boosters, then yearlyRabiesGiven at 4 months, boosted at 1 year, then every 3 yearsGiving VaccinesDog/Puppy VaccinesDHBPP CCV2-3 boosters 1 month apartCCV (Coronavirus is only for puppies)DHBPPYearly adult dog vaccineD- Distemper H- Hepatitis B- Bordetella P- Para influenza P- Parvovirus RabiesGiven at 4 months, boosted at 1 year, then every 3 yearsGiving VaccinesHorse Vaccines5 Way - Tetanus toxoid, EEE, WEE, influenze, rhinopneumonitis

2 boosters starting at 4-5 months old, then yearlyWest Nile Virus yearlyGiving VaccinesCattle Vaccines5 Way or 4 Way

2 boosters, then yearly

Giving VaccinesSheep and Goat Vaccines??2 boosters then yearly