Hearing Impairement and Speech Difficulty

8/2/2019 Hearing Impairement and Speech Difficulty

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HEARING IMPAIRMENT &SPEECH DIFFICULITY

I listen with my eyes


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We should differentiate firstly

between hard of hearing and

deafness:

*Deafness: means an extreme inability to

discriminate conversational speech through

the ear.

Usually, a person is considered deafwhen

sound must reach at least 90 decibels (5 to

10 times louder than normal speech).

*Hard of Hearing: it is a lesser degree of

hearing.

*Those who are deaf from birth or a very

early age often are also nonspeaking.

*most of hearing impairments occur as

result ofaging process.

LITERATURE REVIEW


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B) Problem: The main difficulty in this impairmentis with hearing and sharing auditoryinformation.

*Alternative

Tools:-colors.-signs.-lights.-transparency.-vibrations.

-acoustics.-visual kinetic.-mirrors in strategiclocations.-Telecommunicationdevices for thedeaf(TDD).

A) Categorization: Types of hearing impairments:1- Deafness.2- Hard of hearing.

C) Alternative: Alternative tools and mechanism.

*Scenarios:

-indoor (homes,publicbuildings).

-outdoor.

*Alternative

Languages:

-sign language.

-lip-reading.

vision

tactility

ANALYZING STRATEGY

Physicalability

smelling


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Categories of hearing disabilities

First: Classification depending on the age at which thedisability occurred :

1. Pre lingual Deafness

And refers to the cases of deafness occurring at birth or at an earlier stage of thedevelopment of speech and language in children, and believes that the age of 3years is the separation age.

2. Post lingual Deafness

And refers to the cases of deafness which occurs after a child acquiredthe skill of speech and language.


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Second, classification according to the Hearing:

1. Conductive Hearing loss:

And refers to the hearing disability resulting from the defect in the outerear or middle ear so as to prevent the arrival of the sound waves normally tothe inner ear, and therefore the patient finds it difficult to hear lowersounds, while facing less difficulty in hearing the higher sounds and, ingeneral, the loss of audio output does not exceed 60 dB.

2.Sensor neural Hearing loss:

And refers to the hearing disability caused by a defect in the inner ear or auditorynerve, the disorder is located in the auditory nerve is not transferred tothe brain completely. And loss of audio sensory nervous not only affects the abilityto hear sounds and even to understand, too, in most cases the

patient suffers from the inability to hear high tones. And benefit the patient fromthe speakers or amplification are few.

3. Mixed Hearing loss:

This type combines audio connectivity between disability and hearing

disability a sense of nervousness


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General Features of Hearing:

(1)difficulty in understanding instructions and the request to repeat it.

(2)errors in pronunciation.

(3)rotate the head to a specific destination when you listen to a discussion.

(4)lack of consistency in tone of voice.

(5)the tendency to talk loudly.

(6)placing the hand on one ear to improve hearing.

(7)gaze in the face of the speaker and follow the movement of the lips.

(8)prefer signals during the talk.

(9)the emergence of Sididip discharge from the ear or redness in the pinna.

(10)pressure on the ear of the child or the complaint of tinnitus (ringing)

in the ear.


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* Reasons for before birth like genetic and non-geneticreasons such as mother infection of German measles, especiallyduring the first three months of pregnancy or taking certainmedications during pregnancy.

* Reasons such as birth hypoxiaand head injuries.

* Reasons after birth, such as meningitis, cerebral, orany disease of childhood to measles virus or mumps, injuries

and incidents experienced by the ear.

What are the causes of hearing impairment?


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communication

1. Oral Communication

The communication in this way to educate children with impaired hearingor deaf using speech as is the case for those who do not sufferfrom hearing impairment, has started the way of verbal gaining more

attention as a means of communication in deaf education of the disabled in themiddle of the nineteenth century.

i. Auditory Training

It means the education of deaf children with disabilities to make the most ofthe audio remains available to him, and audio training includes the trainingof the child to sense, and awareness of different sounds in theenvironment and distinguish speech sounds.


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ii. Speech Reading

Reference is made to read the speech sometimes read lips Lip

Reading and is intended to teach children with hearingdisabilities on the use of his visual movement of the lipsand exits of sounds, as well as remainsof hearing to understand speech communicated to him.

2. Manual Communication

According to the manual method to contact to the use of hands inthe expression instead of verbal speech, and the manual

method divide to total signal and alphanumeric fingersand often made up on the manual method of communication in signlanguage.


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Alphanumeric FingersTotal Signal

SIGN LANGUAGE


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Deafness In Jordan

There are only two centers for speech and hearing loss in Jordan. One is situatedin Amman which serves all civilian patients in Amman and South of Jordan (Karak,Ma'an, Tafelah). Also, the equipment in this center are old and over utilized andreplacement of these equipment is badly needed. All hearing assessment andspeech rehabilitation cases from south and middle of Jordan are referred to thiscenter.

The other center is situated in Amera Basma Hospital in Irbid which serves allcivilian patients in north of Jordan. Also, there is high burden on this center andreplacement of the equipment is needed. As far as prevention is concerned, thereare no nationally representative accurate data on the magnitude and causes ofdeafness and there is no strategy or action plan.


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Priority areasMore training of staff

Determining the prevalence and identify the major causes of disabling hearingimpairment or deafness

Determining the frequency and distribution of all levels of disabling hearing impairmentand its causes in different demographic regions and districts

Developing an action plan for the prevention of deafness and hearing impairment.

Performance indicators- Reliable data on deafness and hearing impairment in Jordan

- Development of strategies.


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DEAF SPACE theory:

Olof Hansen-First deaf architect

We look for one communication system that worksfor both the deaf and hearing. We focus more onseeing and be seen.

He addressed main issues, and putted guidelines to

achieve them:

-communication

-learning

-safety

Dawes house/first deaf -friendlyhouse.

Designed by Olof

Hansen.

Deaf people inhabit a rich sensory world wherevision and touch are a primary means ofspatial awareness and orientation.


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The Deaf Space Guidelines is a catalogue of distinct Deaf Space architecturaldesign elements that address five major intersections between deaf experienceand the built environment:

1) space and proximity: to maintain clear visual communication individuals standat a distance where they can see facial expression and the full dimension of thesigner. As conversation groups grow in number, the space between individualsincreases to allow visual connection for all participants.

DEAF SPACE PRINCIPLES:

Primary walks and paths should be a

minimum of eight feet wide(2.5m). This is

true for corridors and hallways as well as

outdoor pathways
http://www.dangermondarchitects.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/21.jpghttp://www.dangermondarchitects.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/21.jpghttp://www.dangermondarchitects.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/language-and-mobility1a.jpg


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An overarching spatial condition ofopennessa smooth

flow of space from public to shared to private spaces

shall envelop the building to provide the visual access

necessary to understand and navigate through the

building.

For the hearing, physical enclosure is

associated with a sense ofsecurity. But for the

deaf, open spaces that allows for visual control

over the surrounding area brings a sense of

security and wellbeing.
http://www.dangermondarchitects.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/spatial-awarenes-well-being1.jpg


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2) sensory reach: Deaf people read the activities in their surroundings that maynot be immediately apparent to many hearing people through an acute sensitivityof visual and tactile cues such as the movement of shadows, vibrations.This aspects must be considered to facilitate spatial awareness and facilitateorientation and way finding.

3) mobility and proximity: While walking together in conversation signers tend tomaintain a wide distance between each other for clear visual communication. Thesigners will shift their gaze between the conversation and their surroundingsscanning for hazards and to maintain proper direction. If one senses a hazardthey alert their companion, adjust and continue the conversation without

interruption.


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4) light and color: Poor lighting conditions such as glare, shadow patterns, andbacklighting interrupt visual communication and are major contributors to eyefatigue that can lead to a loss of concentration as well as physical exhaustion.Color can be used to contrast and to highlight sign language and facilitate visualway finding.



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Sliding Entrance Doorsallow individuals having a signed conversationwhile entering the building to continue their conversation un-interrupted asthey enter

Wash Surfaces With LightWindows placed adjacent to perpendicular wallsurfaces tend to diffuse natural light and reduce glare for lighting attuned todeaf eyes.

Stair ConfigurationsByoffsetting runs of switchbackstairs occupants have visual

access to individualsapproaching from the otherdirection.

DEAF SPACE PRINCIPLES


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5) acoustics: this principle is important for hard of hearing people, spaces shouldbe designed to reduce reverberation and other sources of background noisebecause they use assistive devices such as hearing aids or cochlear implants to

enhance sound.

Shaping Space/Controlling AcousticsRooms can be shaped to reduce theecho effects of reflected sound that interfere with assistive hearing devices.

Controlling Background NoiseMechanical systems, traffic and activities in

adjacent rooms produce noise that can be sensed and should be controlled.

Shielding Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)Electrical and mechanicalequipment that produces EMI should shielded as to not disrupt hearing devices.

http://www.dangermondarchitects.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/382-reduce-unwanted-neighboring-vibration.jpg


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In short, for deaf people consider these

points:

Use ofpartial walls - less than floor-to-ceiling height;

Placement ofwindows - locate them so they produce diffused light, not

glaring light;

Use ofbuilding materials such as clouded glass instead of brick, concrete,

or drywall, to create privacy and still feel open; Wooden floors - so banging can be felt from other rooms;

Select colors on floors as not to confuse a Deaf person's wide vision range;

Use curved corners instead of right-angled walls or sharp turns;

Create an open Kitchen to be visually accessible to adjacent rooms;

Position light switches outside bathroom and bedrooms;

Implement circular areas to see each other comfortably;

Create wide, non-white sidewalks outdoors to accommodate people

walking and signing to each other, and avoid glare of sunlight.


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CASE STUDIES


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INDOOR

Housing : VALLEY STREET RESIDENCE


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Housing : VALLEY STREET RESIDENCE

The redesign developed anuninhabited attic space to add threenew bedrooms, a bathroom, lengthystorage wall, skylights and stair tothe first floor.Fully detached house the entire northside of the house was opened withthe addition of new windows andskylights to enhance natural day

lighting on all four sides of thehouse.


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Visual Connection, throughplacing furniture, partitions andstaircases carefully in plan.


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Vibration, building surfaces can be

designed to propagate vibrations to allowoccupants to detect the approach of avisitor.


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Mirrors instrategiclocations, tomaintain visualconnection.


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Major Parts:*Entrance.*daily spaces.*circulation.

Open plan house,with least partitions.

Strong visual contact fromspace to space.

Wooden floors so banging can be feltfrom other rooms

Create an open Kitchen to bevisually accessible to adjacent

rooms


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Light colors, to increase light reflection &decrease eye strain.


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SOME INDOOR SOLUTIONS:

1. Visual Alarms:


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2. Visual Alert For Telephone And Doorbell:


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3. Camera For Doorbell:


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DORMITORIES: NEW STUDENT RESIDENCE forCALIFORNIA SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF

Designing with deep understanding of the unique ways in which Deaf people interact

with the built environment.Optimizing the arrangement of spaces, visual access, natural/artificial lightingconditions and the use of color to enhance way finding and provide an overallsense of well-being for the Deaf students and faculty.

Indirect light, to prevent glare.


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Central main axis, tomaximize visual connection,also to prevent deepunlighted spaces.

The dwelling units and servant spaces willbe organized around a communal

kitchen and dining room, living area.


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MIXED USE: DEAF HOPE ORGANIZATION building

DEAF HOPE is a nonprofit organizationestablished by and for Deaf women in

2003 to end domestic and socialviolence against Deaf women andchildren.They built a new community specificallyfor Deaf survivors and will be a spacethat reaffirms the identity of a Deaf

person.

Clear circulation axis, withoutdoor gathering spaces.


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Placement of windowslocate them so they produce

diffused light, not glaring light

Create wide, shaded, non-whitesidewalks outdoors to accommodatepeople walking and signing to each other,

and avoid glare of sunlight.


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The residential and administrative areas will be separated byand organized around a series of outdoor courtyards thatprovide a safe outdoor setting.

The building will be designed to foster interaction and a sense ofcommunity within an architecture that reflects Deaf cultural and cognitive

sensibilities.


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When deaf people congregate the group customarily workstogether to rearrange furnishings into a conversation circleto allow clear sightlines so everyone can participate in thevisual conversation.


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PUBLIC CENTER: SAN DIEGO SUPERCOMPUTER CENTER


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LEARNING CENTER: The Sorenson Language and Communication Center (SLCC)


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Meeting Spaces Deaf meeting

rooms such as class rooms andconference rooms require moresquare feet per person toaccommodate the horseshoe

seating arrangement that offersoptimal visual access.

Informal Seating Elements a cluster oflandscape elements in a circulararrangement of different heights offers avariety of places for individuals to relax andconverse where their signing space is

easily viewed from a variety of angles.


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Circular meeting spaces so their signing space is easilyviewed from a variety of angles.


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Soft IntersectionsCircular corner walls at hallwayintersections with windows orcurved surfaces allow occupants to

sense the approach of others

Conversation Circle The size and shape of a group of


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Conversation Circle The size and shape of a group ofindividuals having a visual conversation changes toallow for clear conversation.


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Creating richenvironment whichencourage the visual

connection.


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Note: do not forget to show

the video about SLCC.


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Room Room by Takeshi Hosaka

It is two stories with box shapeconstruction with many small openingsonly 200 mm squares randomly installedon the walls, floors and the roof.
http://www.dezeen.com/?p=158723


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Almost a hundred small squarewindows scattered across the walls,ceilings and roof of a house in Tokyoallow its occupants, a deaf couple andtheir children, to sign to each otherthrough the walls even when thechildren are playing outdoors.

The house consists of two smallrooms at the first floor, one big roomin the second floor and the roof.


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From here, a ladder leads upthough a skylight hatch to aterrace on the roof.

practicalopenings for

communicationsbetween the firstand the secondfloors.

Children sometimes calltheir parents attention

by dropping a smallminicar.


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Elevation with the

small windows thatenters light, air andmakes it easy for signlanguage.

Roof Plan with thesmall windows thatenters light, air andallow access to theroof by the hatch.


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1st Floor with open plan design,kitchen and living room; for easiercommunication.

2nd Floor with open plan design one big room; for easier


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2 Floor with open plan design, one big room; for easiercommunication.

For signlanguagecommunication

Sections with open plan design to show the way they


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Sections with open plan design, to show the way theycommunicate through the small openings.

w.c w.ckitchen kitchen

Livingroom

Bed

room

Bed

room

WORKING BUILDING:


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Use of partial wallsless than floor-to-ceilingheight

Open plan working place

Transparence windowsfor maximum visualcommunication.

Use of building materials such asl d d l i t d f b i k t


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Translucent glass alsofor entering the light.

Visual connection fromlevel to level.

clouded glass instead of brick, concrete, ordrywall, to create privacy and still feel open


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OUTDOOR

Openness


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Openness is a metaphor for no barriers

When passing a pathway all corners should be clear, signage system

used should be visually clear as well.We should also consider landscape design at edges where visual

connection shouldn't be interrupted , studying form of branching,height and also leaves or flowers glare.

Openness

The public areas should feel comfortable for everyone where we


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The public areas should feel comfortable for everyone. where we

can see one another from a distance but also have a private

conversation.


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Way finding systems

Variations in color, texture, design motif,

and numbering systems can help break

down large structures into comprehensible

parts, providing coded systems that help the

viewer understand where they are within a

larger whole.

Tiles with sign language features as part of the floor design

Signage could include images of sign language

COLORS:


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Colors to share specificinformation.
http://www.dangermondarchitects.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/intersections-24.jpg


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Use glass exterior surfaces for visual

interaction with the environment

Provide glass walls at entry points of

public and shared spaces to create

more inviting entries.

Use mirrors or glass at corners to enablevisual access around corners

Corners
http://www.dangermondarchitects.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/intersections-24.jpg


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Corners

SIGNAGE SYSTEM:


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District Markers

Visual Icons that announce arrival to each

district along the corridor.

Markers act as orienting and way-finding

elements within the streetscape

Markers are color-coded to differentiate

districts

WALK WAYS DESIGN:


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Flat wide paths, to preventhazards.

Eye contact is important

Pathway flow should coursesmoothly without abrupttransitions and sudden angles.

WALK WAYS DESIGN:


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Shaded walk ways, to preventglare which interrupts visualcommunication through sign

language .

St t A d P th Li ht


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Streets And Pathways Light

Outdoor night lighting is very important for safety and a feeling of

well-being. Light sources should be diffused or shielded so that thelight source is not directly visible, to avoid glare. It is desirable tolight buildings, surfaces, and objects as well as pathways.

Composition


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The center is a Circle [or Square] an open area with a mobile

celebrating the Deaf Experience, signifying freedom from

oppression.

Composition


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ASSISTANTTECHNOILOGIES

Hearing devices


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Beethoven hearing

devices

Web cameras Music device fordeaf peoples


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deaf peoples

Vibration rings

Used when two deafpeople at distance fromeach other needs tostart a sign languageconversation.

Vibrator pad Fire alarm lightingsystem


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system

Putting it underthe cushion

New apple applicationfor deaf people


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for deaf people,

This application makescommunication possible throughusing mobiles or i-pads.


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Communicaid

Communicaid: a three piece deaf communication system thatassists people with deafness to communicate in different situations


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This piece is meant for indoor use to communicate soundsand words. The station receives sounds or words anddisplays them on a translucent cylinder. For instance

words are displayed as text, a bell icon appears for thedoorbell, and a red baby icon appears for a crying baby.The display screen is cylindrical so that the messages canbe seen from any side.

1. VisualSound

Station :

2 Visual


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2. VisualSound

Glasses :

These are meant for outdoor use such aswhen driving or out jogging. The glassesare really kind of a headband that sitsabove the eyes and has a series of LED

light indicators. If a distinctive suddensound like a car horn or a person yellingoccurs, the LED lights indicate the directionof the sound source. Giving the user visualcues to sounds they might not normally beaware of.

3 Mobile This device is designed to help alleviate some of the


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3. MobileCommunicator:

g pchallenges when communicating face to face. TheMobile Communicator looks and functions the same as asmart phone with a sliding keyboard. With the ability to

make calls, send email, etc. The screen is curved toallow views from opposite sides.

Using voice to text

technology, the personwith deafness can readwhat another person issaying on their half ofthe screen. They canthen type back a

message that willappear on the otherside of the screen thatis viewable to the otherperson.

Tactile Bracelet Gives Stylish Alerts for Deaf


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The Aria is able to identify sixdifferent sounds in and around thehome: telephone, doorbell,smoke alarm, baby monitor,alarm clock, and emergencyvehicle sirens.

When the device senses one ofthese sounds, it activates littlerubber feelers that tickle thewearers wrist. This alerts the

wearer to look at the Aria to

discover which event is takingplace. One of the six distinctshapes will be lit to direct thewearer to the appropriate item

l


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conclusion

Deaf people inhabit a highly visual world; they have a

visual and spatial language and a visually-centered way

of orienting within the world around them. It should

follow, then, that the environment they build be

completely responsive to and expressive of deaf ways of

being.

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Hearing Impairement and Speech Difficulty