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Heart Failure in Pregnancy. Council on Women’s Health Philippine Heart Association. Introduction. About 2% of pregnancies involve maternal cardiovascular disease Increased risk to both mother and fetus - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Heart Failure in Pregnancy
Council on Women’s HealthPhilippine Heart Association
Introduction About 2% of pregnancies involve maternal cardiovascular
disease Increased risk to both mother and fetus Cardiac disease may sometimes be manifested for the 1st
time in pregnancy because of the hemodynamic changes Signs and symptoms of a normal pregnancy may mimic the
presence of cardiac disease
Case Presentation AB a 22 year old married, bank teller Visited for the first time an obstetrician 5 months PTC she had a positive pregnancy test Felt perfectly well prior to consult Few days ago started to have shortness of breath on
climbing 2 flights of stairs, easy fatigability on walking 2 blocks and had palpitations
Pertinent PE BP- 100/60 CR- 89/min RR- 21 cycles/min Heart-AB at 5th ICS LMCL, regular rhythm, loud S1, Grade
3/6 mid-diastolic rumbling murmur at the apex Referred by the obstetrician to a cardiologist
Questions Does AB have heart disease? Is she experiencing heart failure symptoms? What are the hemodynamic changes occurring in her? What are the differential diagnoses? How should you go about managing her? Medical? Surgical?
Timing? Can she tolerate the pregnancy? What is the safest mode of delivery?
Question: Does AB have heart disease?
Question:Is she experiencing heart failure symptoms?
Pregnancy Clinical features mimicking heart disease:
Dyspnea- due to hyperventilation, elevated diaphragm
Pedal edemaCardiac impulse diffuse and shifted laterally from
elevated diaphragmJugular veins may be distended and JVP raisedSystolic ejection murmurs in LPSB in 96% of
pregnant women
Question: How should we go about evaluating AB?
Evaluation of Heart Failure in Pregnancy 1. Detailed Hx and PE to determine FC 2. 12 lead ECG 3. Chest Xray - Optional 4. 2D Echo Doppler 5. Plasma B Type natriuretic peptide 6. Blood works-CBC,electrolytes, renal and thyroid function 7. TEE (seldom) 8. Fetal echocardiography
Differential Diagnoses of Heart Failure in Pregnancy
PneumoniaPulmonary embolismAmniotic fluid embolismRenal failure with volume overloadAcute lung injury
High risk pregnancies
Pulmonary hypertensionDilated cardiomyopathy, EF≤40%Symptomatic obstructive lesions -AS,MS,PS,CoA
Marfan syndrome with aortic root ≥40mmCyanotic lesionsMechanical prosthetic valves
Question: What is the risk of AB? Can
she tolerate her pregnancy?
Risk Scores 0 - 5% risk (low) 1 - 27% risk (interm) >1 - 75% (high)
Cardiac Diseases in Pregnancy Risk Score
1. A prior cardiac event ( arrhythmia,stroke,TIA,HF)
2.Baseline NYHA FC≥II or cyanosis(saturation≤ 90%
3. Systemic ventricular systolic dysfunction
4. Left heart obstruction - MVA ≤ 2 cm - aortic valve area≤ 1.5 cm - peak flow gradient ≥ 30mm Hg
ManagementMedical NYHA Class I or II -Limit strenuous exercise -Provide adequate rest -Supplemental iron and vitamins -Low salt diet -Regular cardiac and obstetric evaluation
NYHA III and IV -May need hospitalization for close monitoring
Management
Percutaneous valvotomy?
Timing?
ManagementSurgicalCardiac surgery seldom necessary and should be
avoided if possible Higher risk of fetal malformations and lossMay induce premature laborOptimal time- 20-28 wk gestationExtracorporeal circulation- normothermicHigher pump flow rate, higher pressure with a mean
of 60 mmHgAdvise short bypass time
Management
Anticoagulation?WarfarinUnfractionated HeparinLow Molecular Weight Heparin
What is Warfarin Embryopathy?
Used in 1st trimester- teratogenic in 15-25% of cases
1. nasal cartilage hypoplasia 2. stippling of bones 3. IUGR 4. brachydactyl
SBE Prophylaxis?
Antibiotic – a) 2 gm ampicillin IV plus 1.5 mg/Kg gentamicin IV prior to procedure, followed by one more dose of ampicillin 8 hours later
If with allergy from ampicillin, 1 gm vancomycin may be used.
What is the Safest Mode of Delivery?
Vaginal delivery is feasible and preferableCS is for an obstetric indicationException are anticoagulated patientsCS may be indicated in 1. Marfan syndrome, 2. severe pulmonary HPN 3. severe obstructive lesions eg AS
First stage- Cardiac output increased by 15%. Each uterine contraction releases 500 ml of blood leading to increases in CO and BP, later reflex bradycardia.
Second stage- Increase in intra-abdominal pressure(valsalva) causes decrease in venous return and CO
Third stage- Blood loss during delivery. Vaginal- 400 ml CS- 800 ml
- these lead to reduced blood volume and CO
Physiologic Changes during Labor and Puerperium
Hemodynamic Changes after Delivery
Abrupt increase in venous return because of autotransfusion from the uterus. Baby no longer compress the uterus.
Autotransfusion of blood continues 24-72 hrs after delivery. Pulmonary edema may occur.
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