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Heart RateHeart Rate You can measure it by taking your pulse (1 pulse= 1
heartbeat) Measure YOUR resting heart rate by counting pulse for
15 sec Multiply this by 4 to calc beats/minute Run in place for 30 seconds!! Do it! Sit down and determine your bpm again and compare
Why does it increase???
AthletesAthletes
Weightlifter 65bpmFootball player 55bpmSwimmer 40bpmMarathon Runner 40bpm
Why so low?
ADP, ATP and ADP, ATP and Cellular Cellular
RespirationRespiration
Where do organisms get Where do organisms get energy?energy?
Stored in food we eat in unit of caloriescalorie= amount of energy needed to raise
temp of 1g water by 1°CCalorie= 1000 calories
1 g protein=4Cal1 g fat= 9 Cal
What Is ATP?What Is ATP?
Energy used by all CellsEnergy used by all Cells
AAdenosine denosine TTriripphosphatehosphate
Organic molecule containing Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bondshigh-energy Phosphate bonds
Chemical Structure of Chemical Structure of ATPATP
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar
Adenine Base
What Does ATP Do for What Does ATP Do for You?You?
It supplies YOU withIt supplies YOU with ENERGY!ENERGY!
How Do We Get Energy How Do We Get Energy From ATP?From ATP?
By breaking By breaking the high- the high- energy energy bonds bonds between between the the last two last two phosphates phosphates in ATPin ATP
ADP ADP ATP ATP
This low energy ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) needs a 3rd phosphate to make ATP
Phosphorylation Requires energy
http://biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html
When is ATP Made in When is ATP Made in the Body?the Body?
During a During a Process Process called called Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration that takes that takes place in both place in both Plants & Plants & AnimalsAnimals
Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +
energy energy
YIELDSYIELDS
Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +
energy energy
YIELDSYIELDS
1
1) Glucose will be broken down repeatedly, forming CO2
Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +
energy energy
YIELDSYIELDS
2
2) Hydrogen gets transferred to oxygen via NAD (hydrogen holder) forming H2O
3
3)
NAD
Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +
energy energy
YIELDSYIELDS
4
4) Breaking apart this one glucose can give 36 ATP
*40% of energy released is used to make ATP, 60% escapes as heat
What happens when you What happens when you workout?….workout?….
– Breaking down sugars you ate– Breathing more (O2)
– Exhaling more (CO2)
– Sweating more (H2O)
– Get hot!
CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O2 2 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + 0 +
energy energy
What Carries the What Carries the Electrons?Electrons?
NADNAD++ and FAD and FAD++ are are coenzymescoenzymes
NADHNADH and and FADHFADH22 serves as serves as carriers for H+ carriers for H+ ions and ions and electronselectrons
Mitochondria StructureMitochondria Structure
Folds increase S.A. for reaxns
What are the Stages of What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?
Glycolysis (cytoplasm)Glycolysis (cytoplasm)The Krebs Cycle (mitochondria The Krebs Cycle (mitochondria
matrix)matrix)The Electron Transport Chain (inner The Electron Transport Chain (inner
mitochondrial membrane)mitochondrial membrane)
Diagram of the Diagram of the ProcessProcess
Glycolysis: Sugar splittingGlycolysis: Sugar splitting
GLUCOSE C-C-C-C-C-C
2 PYRUVATE C-C-C + C-C-C
4 ATP
2 NADH
2 ATP invested
NET GAIN of 2 ATP
Glycolysis SummaryGlycolysis Summary
Anaerobic (doesn’t use oxygen)Happens in cytoplasm of cellGlucose splits into two pyruvate
moleculesProduces 2 NADH and 4 ATP (net 2ATP)Occurs very quickly
2 ATP
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
2 Pyruvate C-C-C + C-C-C
2Acetyl CoA C-C + C-C
C + C + C + C
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH24 CO2
KREBSCYCLE
2 CO22 NADH
Krebs Cycle SummaryKrebs Cycle Summary
Aerobic Respiration (requires O2)Occurs in mitochondria matrix
(necessary enzymes there)
Pyruvate (3C) Acetyl CoA (2C) CO2
Glucose gets completely broken down
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
ATP
Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain Occurs Across Occurs Across Inner Inner
Mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial membrane (cristae)(cristae)
NADH and FADHNADH and FADH22 pass e- down pass e- down chain of coenzymes in chain of coenzymes in membranemembrane
(like hot potato)(like hot potato)
ETC continuedETC continuedAs e- travel, energy is released that As e- travel, energy is released that
pushes H+ across membrane pushes H+ across membrane H+ build up, and cross back through H+ build up, and cross back through
ATP synthase pumpATP synthase pump
H+ unite with O2 as it comes out pump to form H2O (THIS IS WHY WE BREATHE!!
32 ATP produced32 ATP produced
32 ATP
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
The TotalsThe TotalsTogether glycolysis, Krebs and ETC
produce per glucose molecule
36% of glucose energy is used to make ATP, 64% gets released as heat
Is this efficient?
36 ATP
Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration
GlycolysisIf O2 present Krebs ETC (aerobic)
If O2 is NOT present FERMENTATION– Lactic acid (muscles, cause fatigue)– Alcoholic (breads, yeast, beer) CO2 is
produced
2 ATP
Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic RespirationGLUCOSE
2 PYRUVATE
2 ATP
2 NADH
If O2 available
Aerobic Resp in mitochondria
-------------------------
Lactic Acid (muscles)
Alcohol (yeasts)
FERMENTATION
Lactic AcidLactic Acid O2 conditions like in heavy exercise (animals)
Muscle cells swap to anaerobic resp until O2
becomes available (reversible)Lactic acid builds up, cause muscle fatigue
Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic FermentationPyruvates convert into ethanol and
CO2
Occurs in yeastsYeast produce CO2
bubbles
Beer alcohol and CO2 bubbles you see