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Heavy Flavor Upgrades for STAR and PHENIX

Jim ThomasLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Characterization of the QGP with Heavy QuarksPhysikzentrum Bad Honnef

June 25-28, 2008

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Heavy Flavor Energy Loss

Surprising results - - challenge our understanding of the energy loss mechanism - force us to RE-think about the collisional energy loss - Requires direct measurements of C- and B-hadrons.

1) Non-photonicelectrons decayedfrom - charm andbeauty hadrons

2) At pT ≥ 6 GeV/c,

RAA(n.e.) ~ RAA(h±)

contradicts naïve pQCD predictions

STAR PRL, 98, 192301 (2007)

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STAR Solenoidal field

Large Solid Angle TrackingTPC’s, Si-Vertex Tracking

RICH, EM Cal, TOF

Measurements of Hadronic observables using a large acceptance spectrometer

PHENIXAxial Field

High Resolution & Rates2 Central Arms, 2 Forward Arms TEC, RICH, EM Cal, Si, TOF, -ID

Leptons, Photons, and Hadrons in selected solid angles (especially muons)

Heavy Flavor Upgrades for STAR and PHENIX

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Detector Upgrades

• Each detector discovers a different part of the Elephant’s story

• The detector upgrades are designed to complete the coverage of the physics program

– and open new vistas

– the charm and beauty sector … dE/dx, flow, coalescence, NCQ scaling

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STAR Upgrades

• Full Barrel MRPC TOF

• DAQ Upgrade (order of magnitude increase in rate)

• High precision Heavy Flavor Tracker near the vertex

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The TOF Upgrade

• Multiplate RPC technology

• Beautiful electron ID

• 85 ps timing resolution after slewing corrections

• Each tray has 72 channels

• 90 full trays this year, with new electronics

• Funded by the DOE & CNSF

• Construction and install in 2008, and 2009

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Multi-Gap Resistive Plate Chamber TOF

State-of-art MRPC: -0.9 < < 0.9, 0 < < 2, r = 220cm 6 gaps, 3x6cm2 pad;

23K channels, 120 modules

Most significant collab. to date between USA & China in HEP detector research

1 tray in runs 2-75 trays in run 8

~75% in run 9100% in run 10

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Improving the “Time” in Time-of-Flight

Run8: 76M pp events TOF+TPX

• 2001: No timing devices (except Time Projection Chamber)

• 2002:

BBC (~1ns), ZDC (200ps)

• 2002-2008:

TOF tray+VPD (<100ps)

• 2008 TOF t: 81ps

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TPC FEE and DAQ Upgrade – DAQ 1000

• Faster, smaller, better … ( 10x )

• Current TPC FEE and DAQ limited to 100 Hz

• Replace TPC FEE with next generation CERN based chips … 1 kHz readout

• Make the FEE smaller to provide space for a forward tracking upgrade

• Further improvements by only archiving “associated” clusters – build on L3 algorithms … 5 kHz !

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• Four steps to an order of magnitude increase in data acquisition rates

• TPC FEE (BNL&LBL)

• TPC RDO (BNL)

• DAQ Transmitter (CERN)

• DAQ Receiver (CERN)

Dual CERN D-RORC with fibers on the board

Mezzanine DDL

Single D-RORC with 1 fiber mezzanine

ALICE FEE & DAQ

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The Heavy Flavor Tracker

4 layers of Si at mid rapidity, 2 PXL + 1 IST + 1 SSD (existing)

• A new detector

– 18 m silicon pixelsto yield 6 m space point resolution

– 436 M pixels

• Direct Topological reconstruction of Charm

– Detect charm decays with small c, including D0 K

• New physics

– Charm collectivity and flow to test thermalization at RHIC

– Charm Energy Loss to test pQCD in a hot and dense medium at RHIC

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Concept of HFT Layers

Graded Resolution from the Outside – In Resolution()

TPC pointing at the SSD ( 23 cm radius) ~ 1 mm

SSD pointing at IST ( 14 cm radius) ~ 400 m

IST pointing at Pixel-2 ( 8 cm radius) ~ 400 m

Pixel-2 pointing at Pixel-1 (2.5 cm radius) ~ 70 m

pixel-1 pointing at the vertex ~ 40 m

Purpose of intermediate layers to get increasing resolution power with increasing hit-densities, so the high resolution hits in the inner pixel’s can be found, assigned and displaced vertices determined.

SSDSSD

ISTIST

PIXELPIXEL

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Inner layer

Outer layer

End view

ALICE style carbon support beams (green)

2.5 cm radius

8 cm radius

Since modified to increase Sensor Clearances

‘D-Tube Duct and Support

The Pixel Detector surrounds the vertex with Si

A thin detector using 50 m Si to finesse the limitations imposed by MCS

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D0 Reconstruction Efficiency

- Central Au+Au collisions: top 10%events. - The thin detector allows measurements down to pT ~ 0.5 GeV/c.

- Essential and unique!

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Charm Hadron v2

- 200 GeV Au+Au minimum biased collisions (500M events). - Charm collectivity drag/diffusion constants medium properties!

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Even the c

Simulations of the most challenging 3-body decays are encouragingso far

This capability, which will be provided uniquely at RHIC by the HFT, is crucial for determining whether the baryon/meson anomaly extends toheavy quark hadrons

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A more complete view of the STAR Upgrade plan

Run08 Run10Run09 Run12Run11 Run13 Run15Run14

FMS complete:d+Au and p+pdata from Run 8

DAQ1000 completeImmediate improvementof 300% in sampled luminosity for rare probes(e.g. jets in p+p)

Increase in Au+Au luminosity to50 x 1027 cm-2 sec-1

U+U available from EBISDOE investment ~ $7M

HFT partial implementation

HFT completefull topological PID forc, b mesonsDOE investment : upperlimit of range ~ $14.7M

Planned LHC1st heavy ion run

DOE investment ~ $400k

DOE investment ~ $1900k

TOF complete:

PID information for > 95% of kaons

and protons in the STAR acceptance

Clean e± ID down to 0.2 GeV/c

DOE investment ~ $4900k

Chinese investment ~ $2700k

FGT complete:

Accurate charge sign determination

for W’s, DOE investment ~ $1900k

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PHENIX Upgrade Plan

– An aerogel and time-of-flight system to provide complete /K/p separation for momenta up to 10~GeV/c.

– A hadron-blind detector to detect and track electrons near the vertex

– A vertex detector to detect displaced vertices from the decay of mesons containing charm or bottom quarks.

– A muon trigger upgrade to preserve sensitivity at the highest projected RHIC luminosities.

– A forward calorimeter to provide photon+jet studies over a wide kinematic range.

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PHENIX Central Arm Upgrades

• Enhanced Particle ID– TRD (east) – Aerogel/TOF (west)

• Vertex Spectrometer– flexible magnetic field– VTX: silicon barrel vertex tracker– HBD and/or TPC

High pT phenomena: , K, p separation to 10 GeV/c

charm/beauty: TRD e/ above 5 GeV/c

charm/beauty: displaced vertex

e+e- continuum: Dalitz rejection

HBD/TPC

VTXHBD/TPCVTX

TRD

Aerogel/TOF

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Pixel barrel (50 m x 425 m)Strip barrels (80 m x 3 cm)Endcap (extension) (50 m x 2 mm)

1 - 2% X0 per layerbarrel resolution < 50 m endcap resolution < 150 m

Silicon Vertex Tracker (VTX)

VTX barrel ||<1.2

Pixel Detectors at R ~ 2.5 & 5 cm Strip Detectors at R ~ 10 & 14 cm Endcap 1.2<||<2.7

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Forward Upgrade Components

• Endcap Vertex Tracker – silicon pixel detectors

• Nosecone EM Calorimeter– W-silicon (20-50 X/X0)

– shower max

– tail catcherCerenkov

NoseconeCalorimeter

U-Tracker

Muon fromhadron decays

Muon from W

TailCatcher

D-Tracker

Silicon endcap

• Muon trigger– U-tracker (MuTr or new)

– D-tracker (timing with RPC’s)

– Cerenkov

charm/beauty & jets: displaced vertex

-jet,W,c: calorimeter

W and quarkonium: improved -trigger rejection

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Nose-Cone Calorimeter

• Replace existing PHENIX “nose-cones” (hadronic absorbers for muon arms) with Si-W calorimeter (Tungsten with Si readout)

• Major increase in acceptance forphoton+jet studies

• Prototype silicon wafer – 3 different versions of

“stri-pixel” detectors for the preshower and shower max layers

• Extended physics reach – q/q polarizations via

spin dependent W-production

– Small x-physics in d-A

– Extended A-A program

– high pT phenomena: 0 and -jet

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2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Aerogel

TOF-W

HBD

VTX-barrel

VTX-endcap

NCC

MuTrigger

DAQ

R&D Phase Construction Phase Ready for Data

PHENIX Upgrades Schedule

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Summary

• The scientific program at RHIC is rich and diverse– Rare probes and high pt phenomena are a rich source of new

discoveries

– Strangeness, Charm, and Beauty are likely to yield even more new discoveries

– We have promising spin program that is making critical and unique measurements

• The scientific program at RHIC will keep getting better– The performance of the accelerator is improving each due to a

carefully planned set of upgrades.

– STAR will explore charm, beauty, and higher pt spectra at ever increasing data acquisition rates.

– PHENIX will add sophisticated PID and tracking near the vertex.

• These upgrades will yield exciting new physics results

The Future is Very Bright