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EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Heavy metal pollution assessment within EMEP
Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E, CCC, CEIP and CCE
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Scope of EMEP activities on HMs in 2012
• Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (CCC)
• Collection and processing of heavy metal emissions data (CEIP)
• Operational modelling of heavy metal transboundary pollution (MSC-E)
• Research and development:
� Further development of GLEMOS multi-scale modelling system (MSC-E)
� National/local scale pollution assessment – Case studies(MSC-E, CCC, TFMM, Parties)
• Assessment of long-term changes of heavy metal transboundary pollution (1990-2010)
• Co-operation with national experts, international organizations and programmes
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
• Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (CCC)
• Collection and processing of heavy metal emissions data (CEIP)
• Operational modelling of heavy metal transboundary pollution (MSC-E)
• Research and development:
� Further development of GLEMOS multi-scale modelling system (MSC-E)
� National/local scale pollution assessment – Case studies(MSC-E, CCC, TFMM, Parties)
• Assessment of long-term changes of heavy metal transboundary pollution (1990-2010)
• Co-operation with national experts, international organizations and programmes
Scope of EMEP activities on HMs in 2012
• Assessment of long-term changes of heavy metal transboundary pollution (1990-2010)
• Assessment of long-term changes of heavy metal transboundary pollution (1990-2010)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
MSC-E publications on heavy metals
Peer-reviewed publications:
• Travnikov O. (2012) Atmospheric transport of mercury. In: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury (Eds. Liu, Cai and O’driscoll), John Wiley & Sons, pp. 331-366
• Goodsite M.E., Outridge P.M., Christensen J.H., Dastoor A., Muir D., Travnikov O., Wilson S. (2012) How well do environmental archives (sediments, peat, ice) in the Arctic reproduce mercury deposition rates and trends depicted by atmospheric models? Science of Total Environment, submitted.
• Hettelingh J.-P., Slootweg J., Posch M., Reinds G.J., de Vries W., Denier van der Gon H., Ilyin I., Travnikov O., Schütze G. (2012) Critical loads of cadmium, lead and mercury and their exceedances in Europe. In: Critical loads for nitrogen, acidity and metals for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Eds. De Vries and Hettelingh), Springer, in prep.
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Main directions of development:
• Improvement of pollutant specific modules(Hg chemistry, wind re-suspension etc.)
• Elaboration of oceanic module for Hg multi-media modelling
• Development of chemical reactants (SO2, OH, O3, etc.) and aerosol modules
• Development and testing of the nesting procedure for multi-scale simulations
Further development of GLEMOSGlobal EMEP Multi-media Modelling System (GLEMOS)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Main directions of development:
• Improvement of pollutant specific modules (Hg chemistry, wind re-suspension etc.)
• Elaboration of oceanic module for Hg multi-media modelling
• Development of chemical reactants (SO2, OH, O3, etc.) and aerosol modules
• Development and testing of the nesting procedure for multi-scale simulations
Global (1°×1°)
Further development of GLEMOSGlobal EMEP Multi-media Modelling System (GLEMOS)
Regional (0.25°×0.25°)
Local (0.05°×0.05°)
Benefits:
• Consistent geometries of inner and outer domains (projection, grids, vertical layers etc.)
• The same model code for different scales
• Possibility to use the same meteorological driver
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Pollution assessment with high resolution: EMEP case studies
Assessment results for Czech Republic:
• Evaluation of Cd pollution levels with high
spatial resolution (5×5 km2)
• Source apportionment and transboundary
fluxes between regions of the country
• Analysis of the key source categories of Cd
pollution in the country
• Assessment of Cd deposition from individual
large point sources
Countries involved:
Country Czech Rep. Croatia Netherlands
Pollutants Cd Pb Pb, Cd, Hg
Status complete in progress in progress
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Czech Republic: Input data
Emissions data:
• Cd anthropogenic emissions with high
spatial resolution (5×5 km2)
• Gridded data on source categories
• Information on large point sources
Monitoring data:
• Cd measurements from extensive
national monitoring network (72 sites)
• Aerosol measurements (PM2.5, PM10)
• Deatailed meteorological observations
• Cd measurements in soil
National data from Czech Republic (CHMI)
Cd emissions in Czech Rep (5×5 km2)
National monitoring network (72 sites)
Other sites
Priority sites
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
8%
28%
56%
3%
5%
Moravskoslezsky region
Jihocesky region
28% 6%
16%
6%44%
Hlavni_mesto_Praha
62%
2%
6%
4%26%
24%
5%
5%2%
64%
Kralovehradecky region
16%
6%
4%1%
73%
Karlovarsky region
Jihomoravsky region
18%
12%35%
8%27%
Zlinsky region
12%
18%
56%
4%
10%
Vysocina region
29%
7%18%
6%
40%
Stredocesky region
60%
2%
5%
5%
28%
Plzensky region
26%
8%
7%
2%
57%
Pardubicky region
60%
2%7%
9%
22%Olomoucky region
18%
7%35%
12%
28%
Ustecky region
66%
1%2%
3%
28%
Liberecky region
28%
4%
3%1%
64%
Ustecky region
66%
1%2%
3%
28%
Public energy production
8%
28%
56%
3%
5%
Moravskoslezsky region
Iron and steelproduction
Public energy productionIron and steel productionCombustion (iron and steel)Non-LPS technol. sources
Other
Czech Republic: Key source categoriesCd deposition in Czech Republic from national sources
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Arcelor-Mittal Ostrava Steel PlantEmission: 859 kg/y (26%)
Prunéřov II Power StationEmission: 207 t/y (6%)
Contribution (%)
Contribution of large point sources to Cd deposition
Czech Republic: Large point sources
Note: Contribution of single LPS can exceed 10-20% of Cd total anthropogenic deposition over large areas of the country
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Evaluation of pollution abatement under the Protocol on HMs
Main topics of the assessment:
• Emission changes of HMs in the EMEP countries
• Monitoring of HM pollution within EMEP
• Long-term trends of HM deposition (1990-2010)
• Changes in transboundary fluxes over 20 years
• Key source categories of heavy metal pollution
Objective:
• Support of revision of the 1998 Protocol on Heavy Metals
Contributing institutions:
MSC-E, CCC, CEIP, CCE
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Heavy metal emission changes
Statistics of emissions reporting
Num
ber
of P
artie
s
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Reporting year
Reporting of HM emissions:
• Number of Parties reported emission data increased from 30 to 46
• Gridded emission data are reported only by 28 Parties
0
10
20
30
40
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Tot
al P
b em
issi
on, k
t a-1
Non-party estimates
Official data
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Tot
al H
g em
issi
on, k
t a-1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Tot
al C
d em
issi
on, k
t a-1
Changes of HM emissions in the EMEP countries over 1990-2010
Cd HgPb 90% decrease 65% decrease 60% decrease
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Monitoring of HMs within EMEP
0
0.5
1
1.5
2CZ01R
CZ03R
DE01R
DE02R
DE03R
GB91R
SK04R
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
ng
Cd
/m3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2CZ01R
CZ03R
DE01R
DE02R
DE03R
GB91R
SK04R
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
ng
Cd
/m3
0
10
20
30
40
50CZ03R
DE01R
DE03R
DK03R
DK31R
GB91R
NL09R
SK04R
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
ng
Pb
/m3
0
10
20
30
40
50CZ03R
DE01R
DE03R
DK03R
DK31R
GB91R
NL09R
SK04R
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
ng
Pb
/m3
Measured changes of Pb and Cd air concentration (1990-2010)
Pb Cd
Location of EMEP sites
EMEP monitoring network for HM:
• Number of monitoring sites increased from 44 in 1990 to 66 in 2010
• Data quality is controlled by regular laboratory intercomparisons
• Significant territories in Eastern and Southern Europe remain uncovered
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Model assessment of long-term trends
Model applications:
• Simulation of continuous trends of HM pollution (1990-2010)
• Assessment of country-to-country transboundary fluxes
• Analysis of key sources categoriescontribution to HM deposition
• Evaluation of model results against EMEP measurements
Modelled wet deposition of Pb
1990
2000
2010
0.1 1 10
0.1
1
10Pb, wet dep.
Mod
el, k
g/km
2 /y
Observed, kg/km2/y
1 10 1001
10
100
Cd, wet dep.
Mod
el, g
/km
2 /y
Observed, g/km2/y
0.5 1 10 500.5
1
10
50
Hg, wet dep.
Mod
el, g
/m2 /y
Observed, g/km2/y
Pb wet dep. Cd wet dep. Hg wet dep.
Modelling results vs. observations (1990-2010)
Bias = -14% Bias = -48% Bias = 3%
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Dep
ositi
on r
educ
tion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Dep
ositi
on r
educ
tion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Dep
ositi
on r
educ
tion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Dep
ositi
on r
educ
tion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Dep
ositi
on r
educ
tion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Dep
ositi
on r
educ
tion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Dep
ositi
on r
educ
tion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Dep
ositi
on r
educ
tion.
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Dep
ositi
on r
educ
tion.
Deposition flux
50% variation
90% variation
Long-tern trends of HM pollution
Reduction of heavy metal deposition in EMEP countries (1990-2010)
EMEP measurements
Pb Cd
Hg
75% reduction 50% reduction
30% reduction
HM in mosses (WGE)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Lead: Has the problem been solved?
Exceedance of critical loadsof Pb in 2010
1990 2010
Deposition of Pb in EMEP countries (75% reduction)
Road transport, 76%
Metal production,9 %
Public electricity & heat
production, 4%
Non-industrial combustion, 3%
Stationary combustion in industry, 4%
Other, 4%
Stationary combustion in industry, 29%
Metal production,
26%
Public electricity & heat
production,14%
Non-industrial combustion, 12%
Other, 8%
Road transport,11%
Key source categories contributing to Pb deposition
20101990
Road transport,76%
Road transport,11%
Human health and the
environment continue to be at
risk in many EMEP countries
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Deposition
Exceedance of critical loadsof Cd in 2010
1990 2010
Deposition of Cd in EMEP countries (50% reduction)
Cadmium: Pollution ‘hot spots’
Cd deposition in Central Europe
CzechRepublic
Poland
Germany
Austria
Slovakia
Dep
osi
tio
n fl
ux
DistanceGrid cell
Critical loads
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Mercury is a global pollutant
Exceedance of critical loadsof Hg in 2010
Hg global deposition (2010)
1990 2010
Deposition of Hg in EMEP countries (30% reduction)
Changes of Hg deposition in EMEP countries
0
3
6
9
12
15
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Mea
n de
posi
tion
flux,
g k
m-2
a-1
EMEP anthropogenic sources
Global anthropogenic,natural and legacy sources
60%
33%
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Transboundary pollution Contribution of foreign sources to Cd deposition in EMEP countries
0
25
50
75
100
La
tvia
Mon
tene
gro
Cyp
rus
Bel
aru
s
Ge
org
ia
The
_F
YR
_of
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ace
don
ia
De
nma
rk
Mon
aco
Alb
ani
a
Sw
ede
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Cro
atia
Cze
ch R
ep
ublic
No
rwa
y
Ne
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Au
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Arm
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Lith
uan
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and
Re
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Hu
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Slo
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Bu
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Ge
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Est
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Fin
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Sw
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Fra
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Aze
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jan
Ukr
aine
Ru
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n F
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ratio
n
Tu
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Rom
ani
a
Mal
ta
Po
rtug
al
Un
ited
Kin
gdo
m
Pol
an
d
Sp
ain
Con
trib
utio
n, %
1990
0
25
50
75
100
La
tvia
Mon
tene
gro
Cyp
rus
Bel
aru
s
Ge
org
ia
The
_F
YR
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De
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Mon
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Alb
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ede
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Cze
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ublic
No
rwa
y
Ne
the
rland
s
Au
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Arm
en
ia
Lith
uan
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Lux
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and
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&H
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vin
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Slo
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Icel
and
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Hu
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Gre
ece
Slo
vaki
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giu
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Bu
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Ge
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ny
Est
on
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Fin
lan
d
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Sw
itze
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Fra
nce
Aze
rbai
jan
Ukr
aine
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Tu
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Rom
ani
a
Mal
ta
Po
rtug
al
Un
ited
Kin
gdo
m
Pol
an
d
Sp
ain
Con
trib
utio
n, %
2010
0%
40%
80%
120%
160%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Em
issi
ons
red
uct
ion.
Netherlands
EMEP
Netherlands
Emission reduction
Netherlands
Belgium
UnitedKingdom
France
Germany
Other
1990
Netherlands
Belgium
UnitedKingdom
France
Germany
Other
2010
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Transboundary pollution Contribution of foreign sources to Cd deposition in EMEP countries
0
25
50
75
100
La
tvia
Mon
tene
gro
Cyp
rus
Bel
aru
s
Ge
org
ia
The
_F
YR
_of
_M
ace
don
ia
De
nma
rk
Mon
aco
Alb
ani
a
Sw
ede
n
Cro
atia
Cze
ch R
ep
ublic
No
rwa
y
Ne
the
rland
s
Au
stria
Arm
en
ia
Lith
uan
ia
Lux
em
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and
Bo
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&H
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vin
a
Slo
veni
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bia
Icel
and
Re
pub
lic o
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ldo
va
Hu
nga
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Gre
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Slo
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Est
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Fin
lan
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Sw
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Fra
nce
Aze
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Ukr
aine
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Tu
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Rom
ani
a
Mal
ta
Po
rtug
al
Un
ited
Kin
gdo
m
Pol
an
d
Sp
ain
Con
trib
utio
n, %
1990
0
25
50
75
100
La
tvia
Mon
tene
gro
Cyp
rus
Bel
aru
s
Ge
org
ia
The
_F
YR
_of
_M
ace
don
ia
De
nma
rk
Mon
aco
Alb
ani
a
Sw
ede
n
Cro
atia
Cze
ch R
ep
ublic
No
rwa
y
Ne
the
rland
s
Au
stria
Arm
en
ia
Lith
uan
ia
Lux
em
bou
rg
Irel
and
Bo
snia
&H
erz
ego
vin
a
Slo
veni
a
Ser
bia
Icel
and
Re
pub
lic o
f Mo
ldo
va
Hu
nga
ry
Gre
ece
Slo
vaki
a
Bel
giu
m
Bu
lga
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Ge
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ny
Est
on
ia
Fin
lan
d
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Sw
itze
rland
Fra
nce
Aze
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jan
Ukr
aine
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Tu
rkey
Rom
ani
a
Mal
ta
Po
rtug
al
Un
ited
Kin
gdo
m
Pol
an
d
Sp
ain
Con
trib
utio
n, %
2010
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Em
issi
ons
redu
ctio
n.
Slovakia
EMEP
Slovakia
Poland
Hungary
Romania
CzechRepublic
Other
Slovakia
Poland
Hungary
Romania
CzechRepublic
Other
1990 2010
Slovakia
Emission reduction
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Changes in key source categories
Contribution of source categories to HM deposition in EMEP countries
0 20 40 60 80
Metalproduction
Combustionin industry
Non-industrial
combustion
Energyproduction
Other
Cd deposition, t/y
Cadmium
0 10 20 30 40
Energyproduction
Combustionin industry
Metalproduction
Non-industrial
combustion
Wasteincineration
Other
Hg deposition, t/y
Mercury
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Roadtransport
Metalproduction
Combustionin industry
Energyproduction
Non-industrial
combustion
Other
Pb deposition, kt/y
1990
2010
Lead
18
Note: Reduction of HM pollution levels was accompanied by changes of the
key source categories of both emissions and deposition
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Changes in key source categories
The key source categories of HM pollution:
• Combustion in industry (1A2)
• Non-industrial combustion (1A4)
• Metal production (2C)
• Public electricity and heat production (1A1a)
Prevailing sectors of lead, cadmium and mercury deposition in 2010
Cadmium
1A2
2C
1A1a
1A4Other
Mercury
1A22C
1A1a
1A4
Other
Lead
1A2
1A4
1A1a
Other
2C
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
HM pollution in EECCA countries Pollution levels:
• Relatively low reduction of HM deposition in EECCA countries
• The largest decrease in the western part of the region
• The analysis is limited by the lack of national data
Data reporting in the EECCA countries:
• Only 5 of 12 EECCA countries report data on HM emissions
• Two countries report gridded emissions data
• No monitoring data are reported so far
1990 2010
Deposition of Cd in the EECCA countries
Completeness of emission reporting
0 20 40 60 80 100
Republic of MoldovaUkraine
ArmeniaBelarus
Russian FederationAzerbaijan
GeorgiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstan
TajikistanTurkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Completeness of data reporting, %
Parties to the ProtocolVoluntary contribution
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2012
Annual activities:
� Operational monitoring and modelling pollution levels in Europe
and evaluation of modelling results against measurements
(MSC-E, CCC)
Research and development:
� Further development of the GLEMOS modelling system (multi-
media for Hg, chemical reactants and aerosol modules) (MSC-E)
� Preparatory work and testing the model for HM operational
simulations in the lat-lon projection (MSC-E)
� Modelling study of Hg processes in the atmosphere in co-
operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project (MSC-E, Parties)
Co-operation:
� Case studies: Continue co-operation with national experts for
national/local scale HMs pollution assessment (MSC-E, TFMM,
Parties)
Future activitiesWorkplan elements on HMs for 2013
