US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center

HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis June 1980 Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. TP-75

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis

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6. AUTHOR(S) Vernon R. Bonner

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7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687

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12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at the Symposium on Surface-Water Impoundments, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2 June 1980. 14. ABSTRACT Over the last fifteen years, the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) has been developing, applying, and distributing computer programs dealing with various aspects of hydrologic engineering, including reservoir analysis. The Center has developed several models for the simulation of reservoir operation and has supported the development of a water quality model for reservoirs and rivers. This paper presents review of model development and an overview of the capabilities and type of applications for the most recent computer programs, "Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems" (HEC-5) and "Water Quality for river-Reservoir Systems" (WQRRS). Also, current research and development dealing with reservoir analysis are described. 15. SUBJECT TERMS reservoirs, mathematical models, reservoir operation, water quality, water resources

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HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis

June 1980 US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616 (530) 756-1104 (530) 756-8250 FAX www.hec.usace.army.mil TP-5

Papers in this series have resulted from technical activities of the Hydrologic Engineering Center. Versions of some of these have been published in technical journals or in conference proceedings. The purpose of this series is to make the information available for use in the Center's training program and for distribution with the Corps of Engineers. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

HEC ACTIVITIES IN RESERVOIR ANALYSIS

by

Vernon R. Bonner 2

INTRODUCTION

Over the last 15 years, The Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) has been developing, applying, and distributing computer programs deal- ing with various aspects of hydrologic engineering, including reservoir analysis. The Center has developed several models for the simulation of reservoir operation and has supported the development of a wate'r quality model. for reservoirs and rivers. This paper presents a review of model development and an overview of the capabili.ties and types of applications for the most recent computer programs, "Simulatlion of Flood Control and Conservation Systems" (HEC-5) and "Water Quality for River-Reservoir Systems" (WQRRS). Also, current research and develop- ment dealing with reservoir analysis are described.

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

The Hydrologic Engineering Center has been involved with the de- velopment, distribution and support of computer programs since its inception in 1964. Early programs were small, single-purpose routines like Gate Regulation Curve (I), Spillway Rating and Flood Routing (2), and Reservoir Yield (3). All three programs were released in 1966.

During the mid--sixties, the computer program, "Reservoir System Analysis for Conservation" (HEC-3) (4) was developed by Leo R. Beard. Program capabilities were expanded and by 1974, the fourth generation model was released with a full range of capabilities to simulate a reservoir system for typical conservation objectives of minimum flows, diversions and hydropower generation. During the early seventies, the HEC-3 program was applied to a number of reservoir studies at the Cen- ter. (5,6,7). The program is still actively used and at last count, 200 source decks had been distributed.

Although the HEC-3 program was adequate for conservation studies, there was a need for flood control simulation within the Corps. During the early seventies, Bill S. Eichert developed a model for flood con- trol simulation which was released in 1973 as HEC-5, "Reservoir System

'presented at the Symposium on Sur face-Water Impoundments ; June 2, 1980, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

'~~draulic Engineer, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, The Hydrologic Engineering Center, 609 Second Street, Davis, California 95616.

Operation f o r Flood Control ." (8) Af t e r i t s r e l e a s e , M r . E i c h e r t continued t o develop t h e model., adding conserva t ion c a p a b i . 1 i t i . e ~ t h a t were a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n HEC-3. By 1975, a new ve r s ion l abe l ed HEC,-5C was r e l ea sed wi th bo th f lood c o n t r o l and conserva t ion s imu la t ion capa- b i l i t i e s . The HEC-5C l a b e l was c a r r i e d by t h e program u n t i l a new re l ease was made i n June :1979. Now, HEC-5, "Simulation of Flood Con- +- L L ~ l dllu ...-A n--- bV113e~ -.--- Vat ion systems, " (9) i s our. primary r e s e r v o i r s i~i i 'a la t ioi i program. Since i t s June r e l e a s e , 59 copies of t h e new program have been d i s t r i b u t e d . P r i o r t o t h a t d a t e , t h e r e were 124 cop ie s of e a r l i e r . versions r e l ea sed .

Program development i n t h e water q u a l i t y a r e a centered on r e s e r - vo i r temperature models du r ing t h e s i x t i e s . I n 1969, t h e Center re leased a monthly r e s e r v o i r tempera ture s t r a t i f i c a t i o n model (10) t h a t s imulates temperature v a r i a t i o n s between h o r i z o n t a l s t r a t a w i t h i n a r e se rvo i r . During t h e e a r l y s e v e n t i e s , t h e need fo r more comprehensive qua l i t y a n a l y s i s l e d t o t h e development and a p p l i c a t i o n of s e v e r a l mathematical computer models. (11) The Center has adopted t h e eco log i - c a l model of D r s . Chen and Orlob and has supported t h e expansion of t h a t model w i th a r i v e r e c o l o g i c a l model, developed by M r . William Norton. Other mod i f i ca t ions were made, and i n 1974 t h e Center r e l e a s e d t h e program, "Water Quali t y f o r River - Reservoi r Sys tems . " (WQKRS) (1 2) The model was capable of ana lyz ing 18 d i f f e r e n t p h y s i c a l , chemical and b io log ica l water q u a l i t y parameters .

In 1975, t h e s t reamflow r o u t i n g c a p a b i l i t y was added t o WQRRS, and i n 1976 t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o ana lyze branched and loop s t ream systems was added. The c u r r e n t model w a s c r e a t e d i n 1978 when t h e p rep roces so r s were i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l modules of t h e program. Today t h e program i s d i s t r i b u t e d a s t h r e e s e p a r a t e b u t i n t e g r a b l e modules: t h e r e se rvo i r module, t h e s t r eam h y d r a u l i c s module, and t h e s t ream q u a l i t y module. The s t ream q u a l i t y module has no h y d r a u l i c computation capa- b i l i t y and r e q u i r e s t h e h y d r a u l i c d a t a f i l e generated by t h e h y d r a u l i c s module.

PROGRAM CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS

The e a r l y s t u d i e s w i t h HEC-5 were g e n e r a l l y f l ood c o n t r o l plan- ning s t u d i e s . The program f l o o d c o n t r o l ope ra t ion i s based on main- t a i n i n g nondamaging d i s c h a r g e s a t des igna ted downstream l o c a t i o n s w h i l e observing c o n s t r a i n t s on o u t l e t c a p a c i t y , r a t e of change on r e l e a s e s , and l i m i t s on t h e f u t u r e f o r e s i g h t of i n f low and in f low accuracy . Economic r o u t i n e s p rov ide f l o o d damage e s t ima te s fo r i n d i v i d u a l f l o o d s or expected annual damages based on m u l t i p l e f l ood a n a l y s i s . The expected v a l u e of damages i s used a s a b a s i s f o r e v a l u a t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e flood c o n t r o l p l ans . (13,14,15)

More r e c e n t l y , t h e conse rva t ion c a p a b i l i t i e s of HEC-5 a r e be ing appl ied t o r e s e r v o i r y i e l d de t e rmina t ion problems. The program can s imulate r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n s f o r minimum flow requi rements , d i v e r s i o n s and hydropower. Hydropower o p e r a t i o n can b e f o r i n d i v i d u a l s i t e s o r system power requi rements , and pump s t o r a g e ope ra t ion can a l s o be simu- l a t ed . Table 1 l is ts t h e systems s imula ted w i t h HEC-5 i n which t h e Center has had a major r o l e .

TABLE .I

SYSTEMS SIMLJLATED BY HEC-5

-- Number Number Time

River Basin Location Reservoirs Control Points Increment

-- --- (including re~)- (hrs) Trini ty Texas 15 2 8 24

Merrimack New England 5 11 3

Susquehanna Pennsylvania 34

Schuylkill Pennsylvania 1 2

Po tomac VA,MD,PA 2 6 39 2

Red River-North Minnesota 13 2,9 24 & 72,O

Feather California 3 4 2

Paj aro California 3 6 1 & 720

Grand (Neosho) Oklahoma 2 4 8 6 2

James Virginia 2 2

Red River Texas,Arkansas 14

Hudson N.Y. ,PA 3

Morova Yugoslavia 7

Little River Oklahoma 4

Marshall Fork Texas 1

Catskill. Aqueduct Hudson River 2

Sacramento River California 11

Shasta-Red Bluff California 2

Roaring Fork Colorado 1.

San Joaquin California 2 2

Salt River Basin Arizona 7

Savannah Pumped Storage Georgia 3

White River Pumped Storage Arkansas 3

A r e c e n t opera t ion s tudy (16) analyzed t h e impact of pump-back opera t ion on hydropower product ion and r e c r e a t i o n u s a b i l i t y of a r e se r - v o i r system on t h e Savannah River . The t o t a l energy requirements were spec i f i ed f o r t h e t h r e e tandem r e s e r v o i r system and t h e program a l l o - cated t h e energy requirements t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s based on balancing t h e r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e l e v e l s . The system a l l o c a t i o n r o u t i n e s l c ~ ~ C C D ~ X ~ S f G T the -..---L-- -t-- --1 -A"

. . pUulp-UaLk w a ~ r ~ ~ L L U t h e d~imst rea i i i iiiiiiii"u'rim f low

requirements.

The need f o r a water q u a l i t y eva lua t ion of e x i s t i n g and proposed p r o j e c t cond i t i ons on t h e T r i n i t y River i n Texas r equ i r ed t h e a n a l y s i s of bo th r e s e r v o i r and s t ream channel cond i t i ons . These requirements l e d t o l i n k i n g of t h e water q u a l i t y models descr ibed e a r l i e r . Ex i s t i ng and p r o j e c t cond i t i ons have a l s o been s imulated f o r o r by o t h e r Corps of- f i c e s a t t h e proposed Tocks I s l a n d Lake, Lake Koocanusa (Libby Dam), and Lincoln Lake us ing v a r i a t i o n s of t h e Chen-Orlob model. (11)

The WQRRS model r e f l e c t s an a t tempt by HEC t o provide a gene ra l i zed r ive r - r e se rvo i r water q u a l i t y model which i s cont inuous ly updated and maintained w i t h t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e concepts . The r e s e r v o i r module of t h e program i s a p p l i c a b l e t o a e r o b i c impoundments t h a t can b e represen- ted a s one-dimensional systems having h o r i z o n t a l isotherms. This approximation i s g e n e r a l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y i n medium t o moderately l a r g e l akes or r e s e r v o i r s w i t h long r e s i d e n c e t imes. The approximation may be less s a t i s f a c t o r y i n sha l low impoundments o r t hose having a r a p i d flow-through time. Systems t h a t have a r a p i d flow-through t ime a r e o f t e n f u l l y mixed and can b e t r e a t e d as s lowly moving s treams us ing t h e s t ream q u a l i t y module. The r e s e r v o i r model i s designed t o provide a d e t a i l e d p o r t r a y a l of t h e impor tan t processes t h a t determine t h e the r - mal and water q u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of l a k e s and r e s e r v o i r s . The interdependence of c o n s t i t u e n t s i s shown i n F igu re 1. ,

The s t ream hydrau l i c module provides s i x h y d r a u l i c computation opt ions . They a r e 1 ) s t eady g radua l ly v a r i e d f low (backwater) , 2) s o l u t i o n t o t h e f u l l S t . Venant equa t ions , 3) stage-f low r e l a t i o n - sh ip , 4) k inemat ic wave, 5) Muskingum, and 6) modified Pu l s .

I n t h e s t ream q u a l i t y module, t h e r a t e of t r a n s p o r t of q u a l i t y parameters can be r ep re sen ted f o r a e r o b i c s t reams. Peak p o l l u t a n t loads can be routed through s t e a d y o r unsteady f low c o n d i t i o n s us ing t h e r o u t i n g from t h e s t ream h y d r a u l i c module. I f a s t eady s t a t e s t ream water q u a l i t y a n a l y s i s i s d e s i r e d , i t can b e s imula ted by ho ld ing i n p u t s cons t an t f o r a few computation pe r iods . F i e l d v e r i f i c a t i o n of t he r i v e r water q u a l i t y module i s c u r r e n t l y underway f o r t h e Allegheny River.

CURRENT ACTIVITIES

Current r e s e r v o i r system a c t i v i t i e s a r e i n t h r e e f u n c t i o n a l a r e a s : hydropower, rea l - t ime f lood o p e r a t i o n s , and wa te r q u a l i t y a n a l y s i s . The hydropower a c t i v i t y i s suppor ted by Corps Research and Development funds as w e l l a s by t h e Department of Energy and t h e Corps Na t iona l Hydropower Study.

A Aeration G Growth B Bacferial Decay M Mortality C Chemical Equilibrium P Photosynthesis E Excreta R Respiration

S Settling H Harvesf

Figure 1. QUALITY AND ECOLOGIC RELATIONSHIPS

AT1 ex tens ive d a t a f i l e system has been developed by t h e Center f o r use i.n t h e inventory of some 7,000 dams a s a p a r t of t h e Nat iona l Hydro- e l e c t r i c Power Study. Computer sof tware has a l s o been w r i t t e n t o develop HEC-5 i n p u t d a t a automatical . ly from t h e f i l e system. With t h e developed sof tware , a g l o b a l r eques t o r s p e c i f i c s i te r e q u e s t can be made t o au toma t i ca l ly gene ra t e HEC-5 i n p n t and o p e r a t e t h e model t o determine dependabie capac i ty , f i r m annuai energy and average annual energy f o r any s t o r a g e p r o j e c t i n t h e f i l e s . The r e s u l t s a r e automat,- i c a l l y r e tu rned t o t h e f i l e s and used f o r economic a n a l y s i s .

The HEC-5 program i s a l s o being,used t o determine t h e p o t e n t i a l ga ins from r e a l l o c a t i o n of f l ood c o n t r o l s to rage . Using t h e program's y i e l d op t imiza t ion f e a t u r e , t h e p o t e n t i a l ga in i n f i r m and average annual energy i s be ing determined f o r a l l e x i s t i n g power p r o j e c t s wi th s i g n i f i c a n t f l ood c o n t r o l s t o r a g e . The program's f l ood damage r o u t i n e s w i l l provide e s t i m a t e s of t h e p o t e n t i a l c o s t from l o s s of f l ood c o n t r o l s to rage .

The rea l - t ime o p e r a t i o n work has focused on f lood f low f o r e c a s t s , improved l i n k a g e between f o r e c a s t model and ope ra t ion model, and im- proved i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e ope ra t ion model and t h e program use r . The concept of l i n k i n g a f o r e c a s t model w i t h HEC-5 and provid ing conve- n i e n t i n t e r a c t i v e ou tpu t d i s p l a y s of o p e r a t i o n r e s u l t s was demonstrated i n 1975 f o r t h e Merrimack River Basin. (17) Subsequent so f tware devel- opment has provided a new i n t e r a c t i v e output d i s p l a y package t h a t pro- v ides bo th g r a p h i c a l and t a b u l a r d i s p l a y s of s imu la t ion r e s u l t s . Included i n t h e package i s t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o c r e a t e and s t o r e menus t h a t can be u t i l i z e d f o r i npu t /ou tpu t r e q u e s t s t o t h e program and an automatic procedure t o g r a p h i c a l l y i n p u t hydrographs t o t h e model. The inpu t hydrographs can be f o r e c a s t e d inf lows or proposed r e s e r v o i r re- l e a s e schedules . With t h e new output r o u t i n e s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o quick- l y s imu la t e and d i s p l a y t h e ~ r o g r a m ' s f l ood ope ra t ion . The opera tor can d i s p l a y r e s u l t s , make d e c i s i o n s , and r e o p e r a t e t h e model w i t h t h e new inpu t (e .g . , r e l e a s e schedu le ) . The package was demonstrated a t t h e Nat iona l Workshop on Reservoi r System Operat ions a t Boulder, Colorado i n August 1979. (18)

Through t h e Los Angeles D i s t r i c t of t h e Corps of Engineers , t h e S a l t River P r o j e c t (SRP) of Phoenix, Arizona, heard about t h e new c a p a b i l i t i e s and r eques t ed a s s i s t a n c e i n apply ing t h e o p e r a t i o n model t o t h e i r system. E a r l i e r p lanning s t u d i e s had been performed us ing HEC-5; t h e r e f o r e , i t was easy t o develop t h e d a t a f i l e s f o r a " rea l - t i m e " ope ra t ion . I n mid-December 1979, a three-day t r a in ing lwork s e s s i o n was provided a t t h e Center t o demonstrate how t h e S a l t River System could be modeled and analyzed. The P r o j e c t s t a f f made arrange- ments w i th t h e Na t iona l Weather Se rv i ce t o o b t a i n t h e neces sa ry inf low f o r e c a s t s . They a l s o c o n t r a c t e d w i t h t h e computer s e r v i c e company where t h e so f tware was developed s o t h e r e would b e no d i f f i c u l t y i n t r a n s f e r r i n g t h e d a t a f i l e s and programs. By January they were opera- t i o n a l and began t e s t i n g t h e sof tware .

The January-February f l o o d season was a major t e s t f o r pro , jec t o p e r a t i o n s and t h e computer programs. M r . Thomas Sands, Senior Engineer w i t h SRP, f e e l s t h e program has become an impor tan t t o o l du r ing t imes

of critical reservoir operations. As reported in the March 20, 1980 edition of PULSE,* a record 35 computer simulations were made during the storms of February 13 and 22, 1980. The simulations were made not only to assist in reservoir release decisions, but also to provide downstream flow predictions for the bridges in Phoenix. SRP reports the program has extended their ability to analyze the effects of potential sterms.

The water quality calculations are being incorporated into the reservoir simulation model HEC-5. The objective is to prov:ide a computer program and methodology for total water management capabi.1i.t~ for complex systems of reservoirs. The model will evaluate flood con- trol, hydropower, water quality and other project purposes and deter- mine the "best" system regulation to meet all downstream water needs. The resultant model will also provide the first step toward a long- term water quality regulation for large multiple,-purpose Yeservoir systems.

The first phase, completed last year, linked water temperature algorithms to HEC-5. The model, called HEC-5Q, was applied to a single reservoir operation. The second phase is now expanding the model to simulate additional water quality parameters and operate with two parallel reservoirs and two tandem reservoirs. The contract also re- quires solving a test case and providing appropriate documentation. Next year, the third phase will provide the capability of simulating a comprehensive reservoir system. Example operations and appropriate documentation will also be required. If it appears feasible, the model will be modified to include real-time regulation capability.

CONCLUSIONS

The need for comprehensive models to analyze reservoir-river systems is evident. The program capabilities, wide distribution, and support of HEC-5 and WQRRS make them attractive tools for the analysis of reservoir systems. Past applications of the models to a variety of problems show their worth for planning studies. With the current model development, they may also be useful tools for application to operation problems on a "real-time" basis.

*PULSE is a weekly public affairs newsletter published by the Salt River Proj ect .

REFERENCES

1. The Hydrologic Engineering Center, "Gate Regulation Curve," Computer Program Documentation, February 1966.

2. The Hydro1ogi.c Engineering Center, "Spillway Rating and Flood n - - - ~ . : - - It n - n u u L A l l g , ~uinputer Program Documentation, October 1966.

3. The Hydrologic Engineering Center, "Reservoir Yield," Computer Program Documentation, August 1966.

4. The Hydrologic Engineering Center, "HEC-3 Reservoir System Analysis for Conservation," Users Manual, July 19'74.

5. Davis, C. Pat and Fredrich, A.J., "Development of System Operation Rules for an Existing System by Simulation," The Hydrologic Engineering Center Technical Paper No. 31, August 1971.

6. Beard, L.R., Weis, Arden, and Austin, T.A., "Alternative Approaches to Water Resource System Simulation," The Hydrologic Engineering Center Technical Paper No. 32, May 1972.

7. Fredrich, A.J., and Beard, Leo R., "System Simulation for Integra- ted Use of Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation," The Hydro- logic Engineering Center Technical Paper No. 33, October 1972.

8. The Hydrologic Engineering Center, "HEC-5 Reservoir System Opera- tion for Flood Control," Users Manual (out of print), May 1973.

9. The Hydrologic Engineering Center, "HEC-5 Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems," Users Manual, June 1979.

1.0. The Hydrologic Engineering Center, "Reservoir Temperature Stratification," Users Manual, January 1972.

11. Willey, R.G., "Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems," The Hydrologic Engineering Center Technical Paper No. 38, April 19'75.

12. The Hydrologic Eng.ineering Center, "Water Quality for River- Reservoir Systems," Draft Users Manual, October 1978.

13. Eichert, Bill S., "HEC-5C, A Simulation Model for System Formula- tion and Evaluation," The Hydrologic Engineering Center Technical Paper No. 41, March 1.974.

14. Eichert, B.S., "Hydrologic and Economic Simul.ation of Flood Control Aspects of Water Resources Systems," The Hydrologic Engineering Center Technical Paper No. 43, August 197.5.

15. Eichert, B.S., and Davis, D.W., "Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by Systems Analysis," The Hydrologic Engineering Center Technical Paper No. 44, March 1976.

REFERENCES (cont)

16. McMahon, G.F., Bonner, V.R., and Eichert, B.S., "Operational Simulation of a Reservoir System with Pumped Storage," ASCE Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division, Vol. 106, No. WR1, March 1980.

17. Eichert, B.S., Peters, J.C., and Pabst, A.F., "Techniques for Real-Time Operation of Flood Control Reservoirs in the Merrimack River Basin," The Hydrologic Engineering Center Technical Paper No. 45, November 1975.

18. Eichert, B.S., and Bonner, V.R., "HEC Contribution to Reservoir System Operation," The Hydrologic Engineering Center Technical Paper No. 63, August 1979.

Technical Paper Series TP-1 Use of Interrelated Records to Simulate Streamflow TP-2 Optimization Techniques for Hydrologic

Engineering TP-3 Methods of Determination of Safe Yield and

Compensation Water from Storage Reservoirs TP-4 Functional Evaluation of a Water Resources System TP-5 Streamflow Synthesis for Ungaged Rivers TP-6 Simulation of Daily Streamflow TP-7 Pilot Study for Storage Requirements for Low Flow

Augmentation TP-8 Worth of Streamflow Data for Project Design - A

Pilot Study TP-9 Economic Evaluation of Reservoir System

Accomplishments TP-10 Hydrologic Simulation in Water-Yield Analysis TP-11 Survey of Programs for Water Surface Profiles TP-12 Hypothetical Flood Computation for a Stream

System TP-13 Maximum Utilization of Scarce Data in Hydrologic

Design TP-14 Techniques for Evaluating Long-Tem Reservoir

Yields TP-15 Hydrostatistics - Principles of Application TP-16 A Hydrologic Water Resource System Modeling

Techniques TP-17 Hydrologic Engineering Techniques for Regional

Water Resources Planning TP-18 Estimating Monthly Streamflows Within a Region TP-19 Suspended Sediment Discharge in Streams TP-20 Computer Determination of Flow Through Bridges TP-21 An Approach to Reservoir Temperature Analysis TP-22 A Finite Difference Methods of Analyzing Liquid

Flow in Variably Saturated Porous Media TP-23 Uses of Simulation in River Basin Planning TP-24 Hydroelectric Power Analysis in Reservoir Systems TP-25 Status of Water Resource System Analysis TP-26 System Relationships for Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-27 System Analysis of the Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-28 Digital Simulation of an Existing Water Resources

System TP-29 Computer Application in Continuing Education TP-30 Drought Severity and Water Supply Dependability TP-31 Development of System Operation Rules for an

Existing System by Simulation TP-32 Alternative Approaches to Water Resources System

Simulation TP-33 System Simulation of Integrated Use of

Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation TP-34 Optimizing flood Control Allocation for a

Multipurpose Reservoir TP-35 Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff and River

Hydraulic Analysis TP-36 Evaluation of Drought Effects at Lake Atitlan TP-37 Downstream Effects of the Levee Overtopping at

Wilkes-Barre, PA, During Tropical Storm Agnes TP-38 Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems

TP-39 A Method for Analyzing Effects of Dam Failures in Design Studies

TP-40 Storm Drainage and Urban Region Flood Control Planning

TP-41 HEC-5C, A Simulation Model for System Formulation and Evaluation

TP-42 Optimal Sizing of Urban Flood Control Systems TP-43 Hydrologic and Economic Simulation of Flood

Control Aspects of Water Resources Systems TP-44 Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by System

Analysis TP-45 Techniques for Real-Time Operation of Flood

Control Reservoirs in the Merrimack River Basin TP-46 Spatial Data Analysis of Nonstructural Measures TP-47 Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial

Data Management Techniques TP-48 Direct Runoff Hydrograph Parameters Versus

Urbanization TP-49 Experience of HEC in Disseminating Information

on Hydrological Models TP-50 Effects of Dam Removal: An Approach to

Sedimentation TP-51 Design of Flood Control Improvements by Systems

Analysis: A Case Study TP-52 Potential Use of Digital Computer Ground Water

Models TP-53 Development of Generalized Free Surface Flow

Models Using Finite Element Techniques TP-54 Adjustment of Peak Discharge Rates for

Urbanization TP-55 The Development and Servicing of Spatial Data

Management Techniques in the Corps of Engineers TP-56 Experiences of the Hydrologic Engineering Center

in Maintaining Widely Used Hydrologic and Water Resource Computer Models

TP-57 Flood Damage Assessments Using Spatial Data Management Techniques

TP-58 A Model for Evaluating Runoff-Quality in Metropolitan Master Planning

TP-59 Testing of Several Runoff Models on an Urban Watershed

TP-60 Operational Simulation of a Reservoir System with Pumped Storage

TP-61 Technical Factors in Small Hydropower Planning TP-62 Flood Hydrograph and Peak Flow Frequency

Analysis TP-63 HEC Contribution to Reservoir System Operation TP-64 Determining Peak-Discharge Frequencies in an

Urbanizing Watershed: A Case Study TP-65 Feasibility Analysis in Small Hydropower Planning TP-66 Reservoir Storage Determination by Computer

Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems

TP-67 Hydrologic Land Use Classification Using LANDSAT

TP-68 Interactive Nonstructural Flood-Control Planning TP-69 Critical Water Surface by Minimum Specific

Energy Using the Parabolic Method

TP-70 Corps of Engineers Experience with Automatic Calibration of a Precipitation-Runoff Model

TP-71 Determination of Land Use from Satellite Imagery for Input to Hydrologic Models

TP-72 Application of the Finite Element Method to Vertically Stratified Hydrodynamic Flow and Water Quality

TP-73 Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM TP-74 Hydrographs by Single Linear Reservoir Model TP-75 HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis TP-76 Institutional Support of Water Resource Models TP-77 Investigation of Soil Conservation Service Urban

Hydrology Techniques TP-78 Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing

Hydroelectric Plants TP-79 Potential Energy and Capacity Gains from Flood

Control Storage Reallocation at Existing U.S. Hydropower Reservoirs

TP-80 Use of Non-Sequential Techniques in the Analysis of Power Potential at Storage Projects

TP-81 Data Management Systems of Water Resources Planning

TP-82 The New HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package TP-83 River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality

Modeling Capability TP-84 Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System

Model TP-85 Operation Policy Analysis: Sam Rayburn

Reservoir TP-86 Training the Practitioner: The Hydrologic

Engineering Center Program TP-87 Documentation Needs for Water Resources Models TP-88 Reservoir System Regulation for Water Quality

Control TP-89 A Software System to Aid in Making Real-Time

Water Control Decisions TP-90 Calibration, Verification and Application of a Two-

Dimensional Flow Model TP-91 HEC Software Development and Support TP-92 Hydrologic Engineering Center Planning Models TP-93 Flood Routing Through a Flat, Complex Flood

Plain Using a One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Computer Program

TP-94 Dredged-Material Disposal Management Model TP-95 Infiltration and Soil Moisture Redistribution in

HEC-1 TP-96 The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience in

Nonstructural Planning TP-97 Prediction of the Effects of a Flood Control Project

on a Meandering Stream TP-98 Evolution in Computer Programs Causes Evolution

in Training Needs: The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience

TP-99 Reservoir System Analysis for Water Quality TP-100 Probable Maximum Flood Estimation - Eastern

United States TP-101 Use of Computer Program HEC-5 for Water Supply

Analysis TP-102 Role of Calibration in the Application of HEC-6 TP-103 Engineering and Economic Considerations in

Formulating TP-104 Modeling Water Resources Systems for Water

Quality

TP-105 Use of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model to Quantify Aquatic Habitat

TP-106 Flood-Runoff Forecasting with HEC-1F TP-107 Dredged-Material Disposal System Capacity

Expansion TP-108 Role of Small Computers in Two-Dimensional

Flow Modeling TP-109 One-Dimensional Model for Mud Flows TP-110 Subdivision Froude Number TP-111 HEC-5Q: System Water Quality Modeling TP-112 New Developments in HEC Programs for Flood

Control TP-113 Modeling and Managing Water Resource Systems

for Water Quality TP-114 Accuracy of Computer Water Surface Profiles -

Executive Summary TP-115 Application of Spatial-Data Management

Techniques in Corps Planning TP-116 The HEC's Activities in Watershed Modeling TP-117 HEC-1 and HEC-2 Applications on the

Microcomputer TP-118 Real-Time Snow Simulation Model for the

Monongahela River Basin TP-119 Multi-Purpose, Multi-Reservoir Simulation on a PC TP-120 Technology Transfer of Corps' Hydrologic Models TP-121 Development, Calibration and Application of

Runoff Forecasting Models for the Allegheny River Basin

TP-122 The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gage Data

TP-123 Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Reservoir Analysis Model

TP-124 Review of U.S. Army corps of Engineering Involvement With Alluvial Fan Flooding Problems

TP-125 An Integrated Software Package for Flood Damage Analysis

TP-126 The Value and Depreciation of Existing Facilities: The Case of Reservoirs

TP-127 Floodplain-Management Plan Enumeration TP-128 Two-Dimensional Floodplain Modeling TP-129 Status and New Capabilities of Computer Program

HEC-6: "Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs"

TP-130 Estimating Sediment Delivery and Yield on Alluvial Fans

TP-131 Hydrologic Aspects of Flood Warning - Preparedness Programs

TP-132 Twenty-five Years of Developing, Distributing, and Supporting Hydrologic Engineering Computer Programs

TP-133 Predicting Deposition Patterns in Small Basins TP-134 Annual Extreme Lake Elevations by Total

Probability Theorem TP-135 A Muskingum-Cunge Channel Flow Routing

Method for Drainage Networks TP-136 Prescriptive Reservoir System Analysis Model -

Missouri River System Application TP-137 A Generalized Simulation Model for Reservoir

System Analysis TP-138 The HEC NexGen Software Development Project TP-139 Issues for Applications Developers TP-140 HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles Program TP-141 HEC Models for Urban Hydrologic Analysis

TP-142 Systems Analysis Applications at the Hydrologic Engineering Center

TP-143 Runoff Prediction Uncertainty for Ungauged Agricultural Watersheds

TP-144 Review of GIS Applications in Hydrologic Modeling

TP-145 Application of Rainfall-Runoff Simulation for Flood Forecasting

TP-146 Application of the HEC Prescriptive Reservoir Model in the Columbia River Systems

TP-147 HEC River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) TP-148 HEC-6: Reservoir Sediment Control Applications TP-149 The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS):

Design and Development Issues TP-150 The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System TP-151 Bridge Hydraulic Analysis with HEC-RAS TP-152 Use of Land Surface Erosion Techniques with

Stream Channel Sediment Models

TP-153 Risk-Based Analysis for Corps Flood Project Studies - A Status Report

TP-154 Modeling Water-Resource Systems for Water Quality Management

TP-155 Runoff simulation Using Radar Rainfall Data TP-156 Status of HEC Next Generation Software

Development TP-157 Unsteady Flow Model for Forecasting Missouri and

Mississippi Rivers TP-158 Corps Water Management System (CWMS) TP-159 Some History and Hydrology of the Panama Canal TP-160 Application of Risk-Based Analysis to Planning

Reservoir and Levee Flood Damage Reduction Systems

TP-161 Corps Water Management System - Capabilities and Implementation Status