Heim Quantum Theory for Space Propulsion Physics

8/13/2019 Heim Quantum Theory for Space Propulsion Physics

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Heim Quantum Theory for Space Propulsion Physics

Walter Drscher1, Jochem Huser 1,2

1Institut fr Grenzgebiete der Wissenschaft (IGW),

Leopold - Franzens Universitt Innsbruck, Maximilianstr. 8, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria2Faculty Karl-Scharfenberg, University of Applied Sciences, Salzgitter, Germany,

contact: e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. This paper describes a novel space propulsion technique, based on an extension of a unified field theory ina quantized, higher-dimensional space, developed by the late B. Heim (!""# in the $%s and &%s of the last century,termed Heim Quantum Theory (HQT#. 's a consequence of the unification, HQT predicts six fundamentalinteractions. The to additional interactions should enable a completely different type of propulsion, denoted

gravitophoton field propulsion. The fifth interaction, termedgravitophotonforce, ould accelerate a material bodywithout the need of propellant. )ravitophoton interaction is a gravitational li*e force, mediated by gravitophotonparticles that come in both types, attractive and repulsive. )ravitophoton particles are generated in pairs from thevacuum itself by the effect of vacuum polarization (virtual electrons#, under the presence of a very strong magneticfield (photons#. +ue to gravitophoton pair production, the total energy extracted from the vacuum is zero. 'ttractivegravitophotons interact ith matter, and thus can become real particles, exacting a force on a material body.epulsive gravitophotons have a much smaller cross section and do not interact ith matter. onsequently, the*inetic energy of the accelerated material body ould come from the vacuum, satisfying the second condition, i.e., alow energy budget for space propulsion. The name gravitophoton has been chosen because a transformation of

photons into gravitational energy should ta*e place. The third condition for advanced spaceflight, superluminalspeed, may be realized by transition into a parallel space, in hich covariant las of physics are valid, ith alimiting speed of light nc, here n is an integer and cis the vacuum speed of light. n order to achieve such a

transition, the sixth fundamental interaction ould be needed, termed vacuum field (or quintessence#, hich is aea*ly repulsive gravitational li*e force, mediated by the vacuum particle, being formed by the interaction ofrepulsive gravitophotons ith the gravitons of the spacecraft. The paper discusses the source of the to predictedinteractions, the concept of parallel space, and presents the physical model along ith an experimental setup tomeasure and estimate the gravitophoton force. /stimates for the magnitude of magnetic fields are presented, and triptimes for lunar and 0ars missions are given.

SPACETIME AND SPACE PROPULSION

1or effective and efficient lunar space transportation as ell as interplanetary or interstellar space flight a

revolution in space propulsion technology is needed. n this paper the physical principles for a novel propulsion

scheme are presented, obtained from an extension of HQT(Heim, !""#. 'ccording toHQT, the goals of 2'3'4sBreakthrough Propulsion Physics Program (BPPP) (Millis, 2004)may be satisfied. It should be expected that new

physics leads to completely new technology (Thiemann, 2002). The requirements ofBPPPfor revolutionary spacepropulsion are that no or a very limited amount of fuel is used, a low energy budgetis maintained, and (possibly)superluminal speed is reached. This immediately rules out any device flying today, or any concept that acceleratesa vehicle close to the speed of light. ' spacecraft moving only at a small fraction at the speed of light ould

require a tremendous energy input, rendering such an attempt impractical.

Physical Concepts of HQT

t is *non that the general theory of relativity (GR# in a 5-dimensional spacetime delivers one possible physical


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interaction, namely gravitation. 3inceNatureshos us that there exist additional interactions (/0, ea*, strong#,

and because both GR and the quantum principle are experimentally verified, it seems logical to extend the

geometrical principle to a discrete, higher-dimensional space. 1urthermore, the spontaneous order that has been

observed in the universe is opposite to the las of thermodynamics, predicting the increase of disorder or greater

entropy (3trogatz 6%%7#. /veryhere highly evolved structures can be seen, hich is an enigma for the science of

today. onsequently, the theory utilizes an entelechialdimension, x$, an aeonicdimension, x&(see glossary#, andcoordinates x", x8describing information, i.e., quantum mechanics, resulting in an 8-dimensional discrete spaceinhich a smallest elemental surface, the so-called metron, exists.

Poly-Metric and the Fundamental Physical Interactions in 8-D Quantized Heim Space

n ) the gravitational force is nothing but an effect of the geometric curvature of spacetime. The predictions of

) have been tested extensively. Therefore, there is some confidence that this concept can be extended to allphysical forces, and that the structure of the equations of GR is valid for all physical interactions in a higher-

dimensional space, termed theEinsteinian Geometrization Principle EGP!. There are the subspaces 7ith realcoordinates (x, x6, x7# that is 9 signature (arroll 6%%5#, Tith the : signature time coordinate (x5# , 36ith -

signature coordinates for organization of structures (x$, x, and 6 ith -signature coordinates for information (x",

x8#. n the folloing, aHeim spaceis a quantized space comprising elemental surfaces ith orientation (spin#, themetron, hose size is the ;lanc* length (apart from a factor# squared, comprising & or 8 dimensions. ' Heim space

may comprise several subspaces, each equipped ith its on special metric, hose signature is derived from thesignature of the individual subspaces. t should be remembered that theLorentzianmetric of 5has three spatial (9

signature# and one time-li*e coordinate (- signature# (arroll 6%%5#. Heim space H8, here the superscript denotesdimension, comprises four subspaces or partial structures that form semantic units. ombining these semantic

units by employing certain selection rules, a set of so called hermetry forms or partial metric tensors is obtained,

forming a poly-metric that represents all *non physical interactions. onsidering the space H8< 7T366,the theory predicts six fundamental interactions, instead of the four experimentally *non ones. These interactionsemerge in our spacetime and represent real physical fields carrying energy. 'ccording to the theory, atransformation of photons into gravitational energy (gravitophoton)should be possible. t is this conversion that is

used as the physical basis for the novelspace propulsion concept. This is a direct consequence of Heim space, and

the interpretation of a partial metric (hermetryform, see glossary# as a physical interaction or particle.

Six Fundamental Interactions in HQT

The two additional interactions predicted in HQT are identified as gravitophoton interaction, enabling theconversion of photons into a gravitational li*e field, represented by to hypothetical gravitophoton (attractive and

repulsive# particles and quintessence, a ea* repulsive gravitational li*e interaction (dark energy#. The

interpretation of the physical equations for the gravitophoton field leads to the conclusion that this field could beused to both acceleratea material body and to cause a transitionof a material body into some *ind of parallel

space, possibly alloing superluminal speed. 'ccording to Heim4s theory, gravitation, as e *no it, is comprised

of three interactions, namely by gravitons, gravitophotons (attractive and repulsive), and by the quintessence or

vacuum (repulsive) particle that is, there exist three quanta of gravitation. This means that the gravitationalconstant Gcontains contributions from all three fields. The quintessence interaction, hoever, is much smaller

than the first to contributions. 1urthermore, in GR the gravitational potential is associated with the metric

tensor, and thus has a direct physical meaning. n other ords, if theEGPis extended to the poly-metric in Heim

space H8, the existence of exactly six physical interactionsoccurs as a natural consequence.

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAVITOPHOTON FIELD PROPULSION

n GR the metric has the meaning as physical potential for gravitation. 's as mentioned before this vie is

extended to Heim space H8. =e no present the most general transformation that is responsible for all physical

interactions. 0ost important is the double transformation as described in /q. (#. ' curve in 5can be specified

by either artesian coordinates xm

or by curvilinear coordinates i. Hoever, since 5 is a subspace of Heim


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here the constant charge value2eas used. n add!t!"n, the #ater!al !n the t"ru$ $h"uld c"nta!n h%dr"&enatoms to get a value of2as small as possible, that is close to .

$. ,inearized metric of the photon expressed by vacuum polarization constant 3. =ith e=Ae here thevalue of3 is derived from vacuum polarization4 as shon in (Fandau, !!#, and a value r/smaller than theompton avelength of the electron as ell as using step 5., the linearized photon potential ta*es the form

h44ph=

1

40

1

me c2

eQ

R

vi

c

viT

cA

vk

c

vkT

c . (!#

&. 1ondition for vanishing photon potential. 1rom the nature of3, it is obvious that the first term in the abovepotential is generated from the vacuum, hile the second term comes from the tensor potential generated in the

coil. The total energy extracted from the vacuum is, hoever, alays zero. 'ccording to (Irauss, 6%%%# the

cosmological constant is $D%-%56m'. The third condition is, according to /q. (!#, to ma*e the photon potentialvanish, i.e., to trigger the conversion of a photon into negative and positive gravitophotons, hich requires that

3ta*es on a value 7that is

A= vkc

vkT

c, (%#

here the value of7depends on the velocities of the charges in the coil and the rotating torus. This conversionta*es place at a larger value of r, since the product on the H3 of /q. (%# is some % -. This means that theconversion of photons into gravitophotons begins to occur as soon as the condition h

44

ph0 is satisfied.

". 1onversion of photons into pairs of gravitophotons. ' conversion of photons into gravitophotons is possibleaccording to /qs. (#. The first equation describes the production of/8 gravitophoton particles from photons.This equation is obtained from Heim4s theory in 8+ space in combination ith considerations from number

theory, and predicts the conversion of photons into gravitophoton particles. The second equation is ta*en from(Fandau, !!#

wphrwph=Nwgpwphrwph=Awph .

(#

8. 1onversion amplitude. The physical meaning of /qs. (# is that an electromagnetic potential (photon#containing probability amplitude3wphcan be converted into a gravitophoton potential (pair of gravitophotons#ith associated probability amplitude /wgp. 1rom /qs. (# the folloing relation holds for gravitophoton

production, requiring the existence of a shielding potential

Nwgp=Aw

ph. (6#

The function '(r# can be calculated from Fandau4s (Fandau, !!# radiation correction ith numerical valuesfor ' ranging from %-7to %-5.

!. Three conditions for gravitophoton production. There are the folloing three conditions to be satisfied in orderto convert a photon into a pair of negative and positive gravitophotons, insuring that the total energy extractedform the vacuum in form of gravitophoton particles is zero.


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here the index p inp !nd!cate$ that "nl% 'r"t"n and neutr"n a$"r't!"n 'r"ce$$e$ are c"n$!dered. r"#

(*r$cher and au$er 2004)

p=32

3

Nwgpe

wph

2

Nwgpa4

mp c

2

03Z .

(

3ince the first equation in /qs. (# describes the conversion of photons into 26gravitophoton pairs, @gpneeds to

be replaced by /6


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phase to of the field propulsion, involving the repulsive quintessence particle. ' transition into a parallel space

leads to an increase in speed by a factor n, compared to our spacetime 5, /q. (8#. 1olloing the arguments byIrauss in 0illis (ed.# (!!!# (a signal is needed to tell spacetime to arp, but its speed itself cannot exceedc#, GR

clearly does not allo to travel faster than the speed of light in spacetime 5. nteraction of positive gravitophotonsith spacecraft gravitons is reducing its gravitational potential, O, hich either requires the mass of the spacecraft

to be reduced in 5, or the gravitational constant G to become smaller. 1or reduced mass, conservation of

momentum ould require a velocity c' > c in 5. +ue to quantum gravity theory, a quantized minimal area'=8(3G /c3 exists. Therefore any physical phenomenon requiring a gravitational constant G' K G or a

speed of light c' > cin 5has to be ruled out, violating the fact that P is the minimum surface. En the other hand,

because of positive gravitophoton action, )is actually reduced, and thus the concept ofparallel space(or paralleluniverse or multiverse# is introduced, denoted as 5(n# ith n*. 1or n


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the *inetic energy of the spacecraft remains unchanged upon reentry. 1rom the numbers provided, it is clear that

gravitophoton field propulsion, is far superior compared to chemical propulsion, or any other currently conceivedpropulsion system. 1or instance, an acceleration of g could be sustained during a lunar mission. 1or such amission only the acceleration phase is needed. ' launch from the surface of the earth is foreseen ith a spacecraft

of a mass of some .$ %$*g. =ith a magnetic induction of 6% T, compare Table (6#, a rotational speed of the

torus of vT< %7mNs, and a torus mass of 6%7*g, an acceleration larger than g is produced and thus the first

half of the distance, d0, to the moon is covered in some 6 hours, hich follos from #=(2$/g, resulting in a

total flight time of 5 hours. ':ars mission, under the same assumptions as a flight to the moon, ould need anacceleration phase of 55 hours. The final velocity ould be v$ gt $ .5!%&mNs&The total flight time to 0arsith acceleration and deceleration is 75 days. /ntering parallel space, a transition is possible at a speed of some

7%5mNs that ill be reached after approximately hour at a constant acceleration of g. n parallel space thevelocity increases to %.5 c, reducing total flight time to some 6.$ hours. 1or an interstellar mission see (+r>scherand Hauser, 6%%5#.

CONCLUSIONS

n this paper a novel to stage propulsion concept, termed field propulsion, as presented that does not require

fuel and has a lo energy budget. ' spacecraft might attain superluminal speed by entering parallel space. The

physics of field propulsion is based on an extension of the unified field theory by B. Heim, predicting to addi-tional, gravitational li*e fundamental interactions, indicated by their messenger particles, attractive or repulsive

gravitophotonsand the repulsive quintessence particle. The physical mechanism for generating these particles to-gether ith an experimental set-up as discussed. t as calculated that the gravitophoton force for a magnetic in-

duction of some 6% T should be able to launch a spacecraft of %$*g from the surface of the earth, resulting in aflight time of some 5 hours for a lunar mission. 'lso, the conditions for a spacecraft to transition into postulated

parallel space ere presented, alloing to reach higher velocities that may eventually become superluminal. 's to

the credibility ofHQT, it is most remar*able that most recent quantum gravity (ovelli, 6%%7Q 3molin, 6%%5# alsouses a bac*ground independent, non-perturbative formulation but currently is restricted to gravity in 5+ that is, noother forces are incorporated so far, hileHQTlives in a quantized 8+ space ith a poly-metric, unifying all fun-damental physics, but requiring to additional interactions, i.e., there are three quanta of gravitation.

NOMENCLATURE

value /"r the "n$et "/ c"nver$!"n "/ 'h"t"n$ !nt" &rav!t"'h"t"n$, $ee . (10) the $tren&th "/ the $h!eld!n& '"tent!al cau$ed % v!rtual electr"n$c 6.!!" !65 $8 %8 ms-, vacuum speed of lightd d!a#eter "/ the t"ru$ #d% d!a#eter "/ the at"# !n !t$ &r"und $tate #

-e < electron charge -.&%6 %-! &' &rav!t"'h"t"n /"rce, al$" ter#ed e!#-"rent /"rce, $ee . (16)) < )g 9 )gp 9 )q < &.&"7&!8 %-m7 *g- s-6,gravitational constant (computed# ith )g wgp < wph , factor introduced into /q. (5# to demonstrate that?gpis a purely gravitational force


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n < number of turns of magnetic coilnc < integer multiple of c4 valid in parallel space, see /q. (8#

@ < distance from center of magnetic coil to location of virtual electron in torus RmSQ < total electric charge of electrons moving in magnetic coilr2 < distance from nucleus to virtual electron in torus RmS

v < velocity vector of charges floing in the magnetic coil, some %7ms-for superconductorsvT < bul* velocity vector for rigid rotating ring (torus# (see 3ections. 7 and 5#, some %7ms-in circumferential

direction, modern flyheels can reach ,8%% ms-

wgp , wgpe , wgpa ,wgUq , wphUqp , wq < probability amplitudes (the square is the coupling coefficient# for,respectively, thegravitophoton force (fifth fundamental interaction#, the emission of a gravitophoton by anelectron wgpe=wgp, absorption of a gravitophotonby a proton or neutron, transformation of gravitophotonsand gravitons into the quintessence particle (rest mass of some %-77 e, corresponding to dar* energy#,transformation of photons into gravitophotons (see /q. (##, and quintessence particle (sixth fundamentalinteraction, corresponding to dar* energy#

J < atomic number

@ < coupling constant for the electromagnetic force or fine structure constant N7"

@gp < coupling constant for the gravitophoton force

-% < .".$ #.! .#!%-6 's-m-4 vacuum permittivity

0% < 51%-"2m-64 vacuum permeability

2 < metron area (minimal surface, according to Heim 7)hN8c7#, current value is &.$%-"%m6

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are most grateful to ;rof. ;. +r. +r. '. esch, director of )= at nnsbruc* Vniversity, for his con-

tinuous support in riting this paper. The second author as partly funded by 'rbeitsgruppe nnovative ;ro?e*te

(');#, 0inistry of 3cience and /ducation, Hanover, )ermany. The authors are grateful to oger W. Fenard, 3an-dia Faboratories for providing information on 3andia4s high performance magnets.

REFERENCES

arrol, 3. 0., Apacetime and Geometry, 'ddison =esley, 3an 1ransisco, 6%%5.+r>scher, =., . Hauser, X)uidelines for a 3pace ;ropulsion +evice Based on Heim4s Guantum Theory,Y 3B338))%*'C))4 3B3363A:E6A3E63AE4 5oint Propulsion 1onference D Exhibit, 1t. Fauderdale, 1F, uly 6%%5, 68

pp., (available at .cle.deNhpcc#.

Heim, B., Xorschlag eines =eges einer einheitlichen Beschreibung der /lementarteilchen,Y 2eitschrift fr/aturforschung4 '8a, !"", pp. 677-657.

Irauss, F., Quintessence, Basic Boo*s, 2e Zor*, 6%%%.Fandau, F., Fifschitz, /., ,ehrbuch der Theoretischen PhysiF4 -olume B-, '*ademischer erlag, Berlin, !!,

pp.5.

0illis, 0.). (ed.#, X2'3' Brea*through ;ropulsion ;hysics,Y orFshop Proceedings4 /3A361P*" *8)+(%.0illis, 0.)., X;rospects for Brea*through ;ropulsion from ;hysics,Y /3A3*T:*8))%*8"')+8, 0ay 6%%5,

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ovelli, ., XFoop Guantum )ravity,YPhysics orld, 2ovember 6%%7.3molin, F., X'toms of 3pace and Time,Y Acientific 3merican, anuary 6%%5.3trogatz, 3., AI/1, Hyperion Boo*s, 2e Zor*, 6%%7.Thiemann, T., XFectures on Foop Guantum )ravity,Y,ecture /otes Physics, &7C5-7$, 6%%7, httpCNNarWivCgr-

qcN%6%%!5 v, 6%%7.

Jee, '., Quantum ?ield Theory in a /utshell, ;rinceton Vniv. ;ress, ;rinceton, 6%%7.

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Heim Quantum Theory for Space Propulsion Physics