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Switzerland, 1737

Heinrich Berann panorama , 1935

Mountain Cartography

World mountain ranges

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Bernina Pass, Switzerland, 1875

BC: Canada’s most mountainous province ….. and the furthest away from Ottawa

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500 km

BC : 937,600 sq km Federal maps 1925-1995 Provincial 1980-1995 Since 1995, both Canada and BC / provinces focus on data providing over map production

Williston Lake (reservoir)

60°N

49°N

54°N PG

The glaciers and mountain regions of western Canada

Central Interior

North- East Peace

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Early mapping: Photo-topography, 1885-1945 A technique introduced from France by the surveyor-general (Edouard Deville). Surveyors would place the camera on a mountain peak, point the lens at the horizon and take panoramic shots of the surrounding peaks. Surveyors took photos in the short summer season, then would complete their calculations and mapping in their offices during the winter. This allowed larger areas to be surveyed more accurately, in less time, and at one-third the cost of conventional surveying. It later gave way to aerial photogrammetry.

A. O. Wheeler

1885, part of railway map, points show survey photos

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Mapping before aerial photography: Alpinist surveyors UNBC special collections 1906: Selkirk Range (A.O. Wheeler) contours 100’

Selkirk map, 1905

BC 1:20,000 DEM

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1987 TRIM

Data and DEM

Inter-Provincial Boundary Commission 1913-1921

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Robson Glacier 1911-2011 Byron Harmon

Robson Glacier, Rearguard Mountain and Berg Glacier / Lake – August 2011

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1923

1995?

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1985

2007

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1923 British Columbia-Alberta boundary commission map

1965-75: International Hydrological Decade: examples of glacier mountain cartography

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Swiss cartographers ‘imported’ to train Canadian cartographers on the ‘swiss’ method

Columbia Icefield, 1981 … contours, shading and rock hachures (using imported swiss cartographers)

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After 1995, the state/provinces map-making was left to the private sector

Gemtrek maps: http://www.gemtrek.com

Banff, Yoho and Kootenay National Parks

http://www.esricanada.com/english/9487.asp

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Panoramas: manual (1930-70s) and digital (1990-2000s) comparison

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Manual panorama maps - http://www.panorama-map.com

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3D digital perspectives using scanned maps

Perspectives are produced by GIS and visualization software. The user selects parameters such as viewing angle, vertical exaggeration and what may overlay the terrain, such as a 'draped' aerial photograph, scanned map or map layers.

Whistler – Brandywine Meadows (terrain + shaded relief)

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Whistler – Brandywine Meadows: http://earthdetails.com/

Four DEMs (North Vancouver): 1km (GTOPO30), SRTM (90m); CDED 1:250,000 (100m); CDED 1:50,000 (25m)

Pick your own map sheet in Lab 7 / assignment #2

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Summary of Mountain cartography methods: All relief methods used, but especially shaded relief and panoramas Some useful websites: http://shadedrelief.com http://www.reliefshading.com/examples/index.html Swisstopo: http://map.geodataviewer.admin.ch/geodatenviewer.php Norway statkart: http://www.norgeskart.no/#5/378604/7226208

Mountain areas in Canada (selected) NL: Torngats (Labrador) QC: Appalachians, Laurentians, Gatineaus NS: Cape Breton Highlands SK: Cypress Hills AB: Rockies BC: Rockies, Interior Coast, Insular Yukon: St. Elias Nunavut: Arctic Islands

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Orillia map sheet, Ontario 1:125,000

Shaded relief added: assists visualisation in hilly and mountain areas

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