Hello PennsylvaniaHello Pennsylvania

Geography FactsGeography Facts 46, 058.2 square miles46, 058.2 square miles

29 million acres29 million acres Highest PtHighest Pt

Mt. Davis, Somerset countyMt. Davis, Somerset county 3,213 ft3,213 ft

Lowest PtLowest Pt Delaware river (at sea level)Delaware river (at sea level)

GeographyGeography

LengthLength 180 miles180 miles Width Width

310 miles310 miles 3333rdrd in size in size

1/121/12thth of Alaska of Alaska 38 x R. I. 38 x R. I.

Cook ForestCook Forest

7,182 acre7,182 acre ““The Black Forest”The Black Forest” Old growth forestOld growth forest Towering white Towering white

pines and pines and hemlockshemlocks

Clarion riverClarion river

Cook ForestCook Forest

When the Europeans arrived in the area in the When the Europeans arrived in the area in the 1700s, the Seneca Nation of the Iroquois 1700s, the Seneca Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy used this area as hunting grounds.Confederacy used this area as hunting grounds.

In 1757, the Proprietary Council of Pennsylvania In 1757, the Proprietary Council of Pennsylvania sent Moravian missionary Christian Frederick sent Moravian missionary Christian Frederick Post to convince the Seneca to join the British Post to convince the Seneca to join the British in the French and Indian Warin the French and Indian War but the Seneca sided with the French. The English but the Seneca sided with the French. The English

won the war and eventually purchased the land from won the war and eventually purchased the land from the Iroquois the Iroquois

Allegheny National ForestAllegheny National Forest

Elk, Mckean, Forest, Elk, Mckean, Forest, and Warren Countiesand Warren Counties

513, 000 acres513, 000 acres RememberRemember

1 acre = .0015621 acre = .001562 Cook 11.22 square milesCook 11.22 square miles Allegheny 801.56 Allegheny 801.56

square milessquare miles = 1.77% of the total = 1.77% of the total

area of PAarea of PA Easy driveEasy drive

William PennWilliam Penn Owned it all ~ 300 yaOwned it all ~ 300 ya No commoner in history, before or since, No commoner in history, before or since,

personally possessed so much landpersonally possessed so much land Only saw tiny fraction of stateOnly saw tiny fraction of state

PopulationPopulation Only 4 other states have more peopleOnly 4 other states have more people 17761776

~ 300,000~ 300,000 20092009

~13 million~13 million Native – most likely to stayNative – most likely to stay 1/3 live in rural surroundings1/3 live in rural surroundings

Largest non-urban population in nationLargest non-urban population in nation

StudentsStudents 11stst to attend state supported free puplic to attend state supported free puplic

school systemschool system Not compulsoryNot compulsory

Until House sponsored Farr Bill in 1895Until House sponsored Farr Bill in 1895 2 million elementary and secondary 2 million elementary and secondary

school pupilsschool pupils More than height of baby boomersMore than height of baby boomers

More earn high school diplomas than More earn high school diplomas than national averagenational average

Record enrollments in PA’s 225 Record enrollments in PA’s 225 colleges/universitiescolleges/universities

~17 in close proximity~17 in close proximity

WorkforceWorkforce 5.5 million employed in commonwealth5.5 million employed in commonwealth

Many still work in manufacturing industryMany still work in manufacturing industry Recent years shifted towards high Recent years shifted towards high

technology, health care and tourismtechnology, health care and tourism Most employed less than 25 minutes Most employed less than 25 minutes

from homefrom home 33rdrd lowest automobile mileage in nation lowest automobile mileage in nation 6,900 miles a year put on odometers6,900 miles a year put on odometers

Wildlife of PAWildlife of PA

StreamsStreams Brook troutBrook trout Salmon Salmon Walleyed pikeWalleyed pike

Wildlife of PAWildlife of PA

Varied habitat Varied habitat WoodchuckWoodchuck WaterfowlWaterfowl RabbitRabbit FoxFox BobcatBobcat BeaverBeaver Red-winged blackbirdRed-winged blackbird Downy woodpeckerDowny woodpecker Hundreds of other birds and animal speciesHundreds of other birds and animal species

ElkElk

Largest mammalLargest mammal SizeSize

Calf – 35 lbsCalf – 35 lbs Cow – 500 lbsCow – 500 lbs

4.5 feet shoulder4.5 feet shoulder 6.3 feet from nose to tail6.3 feet from nose to tail

Bull – 700 lbs Bull – 700 lbs 5 feet shoulder5 feet shoulder 8 feet nose to tail8 feet nose to tail

ColorColor Deep copper/brown/light tanDeep copper/brown/light tan Rump patchRump patch

BeigeBeige Antlers (40 lbs)Antlers (40 lbs)

MalesMales Display dominanceDisplay dominance Grown annuallyGrown annually

Communication of ElkCommunication of Elk

Body PosturesBody Postures "head high threat" "head high threat" "head low threat" "head low threat"

Squeals/barks/buglesSqueals/barks/bugles BuglesBugles Warning, mating, submissive, contact Warning, mating, submissive, contact

ScentScent UrinationUrination for individual recognitionfor individual recognition for trackingfor tracking for alarmfor alarm Breeding (readiness, hold, and phermones)Breeding (readiness, hold, and phermones) health of the animalhealth of the animal Dominance Dominance

BreedingBreeding

SeasonSeason Mate in autumnMate in autumn Gestation Gestation

8 ½ months8 ½ months Birth mid May/early JuneBirth mid May/early June

““Rut”Rut” Cows and caves live in haremsCows and caves live in harems Bulls live in bachelor groups or near Bulls live in bachelor groups or near

haremsharems

HabitatHabitat

Coastal forest to alpine meadowsCoastal forest to alpine meadows Dry desert valleys to mountain rangesDry desert valleys to mountain ranges

Food & waterFood & water Grass/woody plants in winterGrass/woody plants in winter Grass/flowering plants in fall, spring, summerGrass/flowering plants in fall, spring, summer

ShelterShelter ProtectsProtects

Weather and predatorsWeather and predators SpaceSpace

100 square miles 100 square miles Predators Predators

Humans, bears, mountain lions, wolves, coyotesHumans, bears, mountain lions, wolves, coyotes

Habitat … Habitat …

Coexist with many animals seen in Coexist with many animals seen in deciduous and coniferous forestdeciduous and coniferous forest

Prior to 1800 throughout N.A, except Prior to 1800 throughout N.A, except Alaska and FloridaAlaska and Florida TodayToday

AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, ID, KS, KY, MI, MN, MT, ND, OK, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, ID, KS, KY, MI, MN, MT, ND, OK, OR, PA (OR, PA (ELK BREEDING AND REPLACEMENTELK BREEDING AND REPLACEMENT), SD, TX, UT, WA, WI, ), SD, TX, UT, WA, WI, WYWY

CANADIAN PROVIDENCESCANADIAN PROVIDENCES ALBERTA, BC, MANITOBA, NW, ONT, SASK, YUKONALBERTA, BC, MANITOBA, NW, ONT, SASK, YUKON

PopulationPopulation

1 million in NA1 million in NA ~10% of population in NA before ~10% of population in NA before

European settlement European settlement

White-tailed DeerWhite-tailed Deer

Biology and AdaptationsBiology and Adaptations

By David R. JacksonPenn State Cooperative Extension

March 2008

PA Game Commission

White-tailed deer: White-tailed deer: Odocoileus Odocoileus virginianusvirginianus

Hinterland Who’s Who

White-tailed deer are the most widely distributedlarge animal in North America.

White-taileddeer range

Scott Bauer, USDA ARS, www.forestryimages.org

Named for the white hairs on the underside of it’s tail. When startled by danger and fleeing an area

whitetails “flag” their tails as a warning signal.

Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.orgKenneth M. Gale, , Bugwood.org

Summer Coat Winter Coat

The whitetails coat is reddish brown in summer and turns to a gray brown in fall and winter.

A fawns spotted coat serves as camouflage. The spots imitate sunlight

hitting the forest floor.

Dale Wade, Rx Fire Doctor, Bugwood.org

Most fawns are born during May and June. In good habitat, does generally have twins.

www.mynaturephotos.com

A whitetail’s keen senses of smell, vision, and hearing help them detect danger from predators including bear, coyotes, bobcats, and humans!

John Stehn, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Whitetails can run and bound through densevegetation at 40 miles per hour.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife

The Hunting and Fishing Library

White-tailed deer, like cows, are ruminants or “cud” chewers.They have a 4 chambered stomach. The first chamber,called the rumen, stores food which is later regurgitated,

chewed, and swallowed.

Deer are predominantly browsers feeding on leaves, buds, and twigs. An average adult deer requires 4-8

pounds of forage per day.

Hunting and Fishing Library

In heavily hunted areas deer rarely live past 3years of age. Where hunting pressure is light

deer may live to be 10 years of age.

Fawns can be recognized by their shorter facial features.

http://en.wikipedia.org

Antler and body size is used to estimate awhitetail’s age. Here a six month old “button” buck is

shown beside a mature 41/2 year old buck.

J. Snavely

The pattern of tooth replacement and wear isused by biologists to determine a whitetail’s age.

USGS, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center

Texas Parks and Wildlife

A bucks antlers are covered with “velvet” while they are growing.

http://www.deerhunting.ws/deeraging.htm

Many factors affect a whitetail’s antler Many factors affect a whitetail’s antler development, including:development, including:1. Diet - Nutrition1. Diet - Nutrition2. Age 2. Age 3. Genetics 3. Genetics 4. Herd Management 4. Herd Management

Whitetails leave many signs Whitetails leave many signs behind as evidence of their behind as evidence of their

presence.presence.

Buck Rub

Track

Droppings

A. Moors CouesWhitetail.com

D.R. Jackson

Rich Geffert

Ground Scrape

S.S. Smith

Browse

D.R. Jackson

Whitetail Whitetail Habitat Habitat

FoodFood - consists of an abundant - consists of an abundant supply of grasses, forbs, browse, supply of grasses, forbs, browse, nuts, fruit, and crops nuts, fruit, and crops

WaterWater - generally not a limiting - generally not a limiting factor, obtain much of what they factor, obtain much of what they need from the plants they eatneed from the plants they eat

www.mynaturephotos.com

Cover - necessary to elude hunters and other predators and for protection from the weather Space - area required to escape predators, locate a mate, and find sufficient food, water and cover

A young seedling/sapling forest provides excellent habitat. Whitetails also prefer “edges” or

transition areas between fields and forests.

Donna Dewhurst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

White-tailed deer are a White-tailed deer are a valuable, renewable, natural valuable, renewable, natural

resource that must be resource that must be managedmanaged

Famous Pennsylvanians Famous Pennsylvanians Rachel CarsonRachel Carson

Springdale, PASpringdale, PA Pennsylvania College for Women (now Chatham Pennsylvania College for Women (now Chatham

College) in 1929, studied at the Woods Hole Marine College) in 1929, studied at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, Biological Laboratory,

MA in zoology from Johns Hopkins University in 1932.MA in zoology from Johns Hopkins University in 1932. 19361936

first woman to take and pass the civil service test first woman to take and pass the civil service test joined the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries as the writer of a joined the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries as the writer of a

radio show entitled "Romance Under the Waters," radio show entitled "Romance Under the Waters," Wrote numerous pamphlets on conservation and Life Wrote numerous pamphlets on conservation and Life

under seas under seas Bureau of Fisheries Bureau of Fisheries

full-time junior biologist, full-time junior biologist, chief editor of all publications for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife chief editor of all publications for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

ServiceService She resigned from her government position in 1952 She resigned from her government position in 1952

Wrote articles to teach people about the beauty of the Wrote articles to teach people about the beauty of the living worldliving world

"Help Your Child to Wonder," (1956) and "Our Ever-"Help Your Child to Wonder," (1956) and "Our Ever-Changing Shore" (1957)Changing Shore" (1957)

Silent SpringSilent Spring, 1962,, 1962, challenged the practices of agricultural scientists and the challenged the practices of agricultural scientists and the

government, and called for a change in the way government, and called for a change in the way humankind viewed the natural world. humankind viewed the natural world.

influenced President Kennedyinfluenced President Kennedy call for testing of the chemicals mentioned in the book. call for testing of the chemicals mentioned in the book.

Carson has been called the mother of the modern Carson has been called the mother of the modern environmental movement. environmental movement.

Famous Pennsylvanians Famous Pennsylvanians Edward Goodrich AchesonEdward Goodrich Acheson inventor, inventor,

WashingtonWashingtonLouisa May AlcottLouisa May Alcott author, author, GermantownGermantownMaxwell AndersonMaxwell Anderson playwright, playwright, AtlanticAtlanticSamuel BarberSamuel Barber composer, composer, West ChesterWest ChesterJohn BarrymoreJohn Barrymore actor, actor, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaDonald BarthelmeDonald Barthelme author, author, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaStephen Vincent BenetStephen Vincent Benet poet, story poet, story writer, writer, BethlehemBethlehemDaniel BooneDaniel Boone frontiersman, frontiersman, ReadingReadingJames BuchananJames Buchanan U.S. president, U.S. president, MercersburgMercersburgAlexander CalderAlexander Calder sculptor, sculptor, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaRachel CarsonRachel Carson biologist, author, biologist, author, SpringdaleSpringdaleMary CassattMary Cassatt painter, painter, AlleghenyAlleghenyGeorge CatlinGeorge Catlin indian expert, poet, indian expert, poet, Wilkes-Wilkes-BarreBarreHenry Steele CommagerHenry Steele Commager historian, historian, PittsburghPittsburghBill CosbyBill Cosby actor, actor, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaStuart DavisStuart Davis painter, painter, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaWalter E. DiemerWalter E. Diemer inventor, inventor, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaJimmy DorseyJimmy Dorsey band leader, band leader, ShenandoahShenandoahTommy DorseyTommy Dorsey band leader, band leader, Mahanoy Mahanoy PlanePlaneOliver EvansOliver Evans inventor, inventor, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaW. C. FieldsW. C. Fields comedian, comedian, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaStephen FosterStephen Foster composer, composer, PittsburghPittsburghRobert FultonRobert Fulton inventor, inventor, Lancaster CountyLancaster CountyHenry GeorgeHenry George economist, economist, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaMartha GrahamMartha Graham choreographer, choreographer, PittsburghPittsburghAlexander HaigAlexander Haig secretary of state, secretary of state, Bala-Bala-CynwydCynwydWilliam Edward HanfordWilliam Edward Hanford inventor, inventor, BristolBristolMarilyn HorneMarilyn Horne mezzo-soprano, mezzo-soprano, BradfordBradfordLee IacoccaLee Iacocca auto executive, auto executive, AllentownAllentownReggie JacksonReggie Jackson baseball player, baseball player, WyncoteWyncoteAndrew WyethAndrew Wyeth painter, painter, Chadds FordChadds Ford

Robinson JeffersRobinson Jeffers poet, poet, PittsburghPittsburghGene KellyGene Kelly dancer, actor, dancer, actor, PittsburghPittsburghJim KellyJim Kelly football player, football player, East BradyEast BradyGelsey KirklandGelsey Kirkland ballerina, ballerina, BethlehemBethlehemStephanie Louise KwolekStephanie Louise Kwolek inventor, inventor, New KensingtonNew KensingtonS. S. KresgeS. S. Kresge merchant, merchant, Bald MountBald MountMario LanzaMario Lanza actor, singer, actor, singer, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaTara LipinskiTara Lipinski figure skater, figure skater, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaGeorge C. MarshallGeorge C. Marshall five-star general, five-star general, UniontownUniontownGeorge McClellanGeorge McClellan general, general, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaMargaret MeadMargaret Mead anthropologist, anthropologist, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaAndrew MellonAndrew Mellon financier, financier, PittsburghPittsburghTom MixTom Mix actor, actor, Mix RunMix RunHezekiah NilesHezekiah Niles journalist, journalist, Jeffers FordJeffers FordArnold PalmerArnold Palmer golfer, golfer, YoungstownYoungstownRobert E. PearyRobert E. Peary explorer, explorer, CressonCressonMan RayMan Ray painter, photographer, painter, photographer, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaMary Roberts RinehartMary Roberts Rinehart author, author, PittsburghPittsburghBetsy Griscom RossBetsy Griscom Ross flagmaker, flagmaker, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaB. F. SkinnerB. F. Skinner psychologist, psychologist, SusquehannaSusquehannaJohn SloanJohn Sloan painter, painter, Loch HavenLoch HavenGertrude SteinGertrude Stein author, author, AlleghenyAlleghenyJames StewartJames Stewart actor, actor, IndianaIndianaGeorge R. StibitzGeorge R. Stibitz inventor, inventor, YorkYorkJohn UpdikeJohn Updike author, author, ShillingtonShillingtonHonus WagnerHonus Wagner baseball player, baseball player, CarnegieCarnegieFred WaringFred Waring band leader, band leader, TyroneTyroneEthel WatersEthel Waters singer, actress, singer, actress, ChesterChesterAnthony WayneAnthony Wayne military officer, military officer, WaynesboroWaynesboro