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COMPETENCE IN TEXTILES
Helmet Fit for Safety and Comfort New 3D head measurement study helps define parameters for best fit
Dr. Jan Beringer │ Hohenstein InstituteHohenstein Webinar │ March 7th, 2013
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Introduction
Increasing number of users• Growing markets in job, leisure and sports
• From children to seniors
• Skiing: 16 million skiers in GERmany
• Biking: 68 million bikes in GER, not all bikers wear helmets
• Industry: 10 million workers in GER with need for head protection
• Furthermore: Forest operation, fire dept, police, military, inline skating, rock climbing, horse riding, motorcycling, canoeing andrafting …
• Growing safety demands by awarenessboth legal regulation and voluntary motivation
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Introduction
The Facts / Findings• Helmets avoid or reduce the risk of head injuries
• 2011: 79.000 notifiable accidents at work with head injuries were (according to German statutory accident insurance)
• Head injuries often lead to secondary damage like paralysis and / or speech disorder
• Economic benefit: Reduction of insurance expenses, patient care and rehabilitation
• Consumer acceptance is needed Only wearing a helmet can prevent from severe head inju ries !
• Fit and wearing comfort optimized helmets are needed !
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Introduction
The Challenge• “SizeGERMANY” sizing survey showed remarkable variations in
head shapes within the same head circumference
• Additional high-resolution anthropometric head data is needed, in particular shape information
• Market shares in head shape are needed for best market coverage
• Industry standards do not comply with the state of technology anymore, head shape information is missing totally
• Influence of hair on the size measurements and helmet fit is unclear
Important basic information for optimized helmet development is not available
Person 2
Person 1
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male 1 male 2
22,3 cm 22,9 cm
18,8 cm 21,2 cm
18,0 cm 15,0 cm
Identical head circumference of 58 cm
Visual comparison – male subject
0,6 cm
-2,4 cm
3,0 cm
male 1
male 2
Head Height
Head Length
Head Width
delta
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front
back
Circum-ference58 cm
back
front
Visual comparison – male subject (view from top)
male 1
male 2
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female 1
female 2
Visual comparison – female subject
Identical head circumference of 56 cm
female2
21,6 cm 23,1 cm
19,4 cm 20,4 cm
17,4 cm 14,8 cm
-1,5 cm
-1,0 cm
2,6 cm
Head Height
Head Length
Head Width
deltafemale1
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front
back
front
back
Circum-ference56 cm
Visual comparison – female subject (view from top)
female 1
female 2
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Additional Challenges• Lack of up-to-date/recent anthropometric face data• The current industry standards for personal protective equipment
(PPE) should be adapted to the state-of-the-art anthropometric data in order to assure best face, ear, eye and respiratory protection
Introduction
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State of technology
Worldwide head-sizing related activities: • CAESAR-project, 1997-2001 (NL/US)
• NIOSH Anthropometric Survey of Respirator Users, 2001-2004 (US)
• SizeChina (2006): Anthropometric head survey and digital database of Asian heads and faces for use by manufacturers (about 1600 Scans)
• 3D Facial Norms Database (https://www.facebase.org)3500 healthy Caucasian individuals age 5-40 (US)
• Various papers (US & CAN): - Head-and-face shape variations of U.S. civilian workers (2013)- A simple and standardized method for analyzing head and facemorphology of a population sample (2010)
- Sizing trials of a prototype aircrew helmet (2009)- Principles of Fit to Optimize Helmet Sizing (2006)- Helmet accommodation analysis using 3D laser scanning (2000) etc.
Head shape comparison - Size China
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Aim of the Hohenstein study
Results:• Up-to-date face and head measurements and head
shapes of men, women and children in Germany
• German market share tables of sex, age and head shape types
• Head specific grading guidelines
• Virtual 3D-head shape models
• Guidelines and design characteristics for optimizeddevelopment considering fit, ergonomic comfort, thermophysiological comfort and hygiene
The Aim is the improvement of head gear systemsconsidering fitting plus comfort and function
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Available 3D Scanner Systems
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• Detailed analysis of 3D-Scan-data of Hohenstein’s own database (17,000+ scans)
• Definition of measurements and methods according to established standards like (ISO 7250, SizeGERMANY etc. plus newadditional head and face measurements)
Step 1 of the Hohenstein study
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Face Shapes: Landmark scheme
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Head, Face and Neck/Chin Measurements
Head Circumference Head Width Head Length
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Head, Face and Neck/Chin Measurements
Head Height Eye Distance Eye-Chin-Distance
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Head, Face and Neck/Chin Measurements
MorphologicalFace Length
Various Face Lengths
Diverse EarDistances
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Head, Face and Neck/Chin Measurements
Horizontal Face and Head Distances
Various Face Widths
Various NeckMeasurements
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Head, Face and Neck/Chin Measurements
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Head, Face and Neck/Chin Measurements
Sagittal arc Bitragion coronal arc
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• Analysis und statistical evaluation of 3D-scandata of men, women and children
• 3D-head shape analysis
• Definition of size rangesaccording to sex, ageand head shape types basedon percentage shares
Step 2 of the Hohenstein study
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Requirements for statistical evaluation
• Distinction between women, men, children
• Distinction between age groups
• Determination of minimum, average and maximum values and deduction of changes in valuerelating to the head sizes
• Deduction of measurement correlations,e.g. Head Width to Head Circumferenceas “head shape indicator”
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Percental distribution of Head Circumferences
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
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25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Ant
eile
[%]
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68
Kopfumfang [cm]
Frauen
Männer
Head Circumference
Per
cent
age
womenmen
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0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
Ant
eile
[%]
46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66
Kopfumfang [cm]
Altersgruppe 6 bis 10 Jahre
Altersgruppe 11 bis 13 Jahre
Altersgruppe 14 bis 17 Jahre
Head Circumference
Per
cent
age
Girls:age range 6 to 10age range 11 to 13age range 14 to 17
Percental distribution of Head Circumferences
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12,012,513,013,514,014,515,015,516,016,517,017,518,018,519,019,520,0
52 54 56 58 60 62 64
Kopfumfang [cm]
Kop
fbre
ite [c
m]
Mittelwerrt
Min
Max
Changes of Head Width related to Head Circumference – Men
Head Circumference
Hea
d W
idth
averageminimummaximum
• there is a significant amount of intra-individual variation
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5,0
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15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
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50,0
Ant
eile
[%]
0,26 0,27 0,28 0,29 0,3 0,31 0,32 0,33
Kopfumfang [cm]
Kopfumfang 56,0 cm
Kopfumfang 58,0 cm
Kopfumfang 60,0 cm
Head Circumference
Per
cent
age
[%]
Percentage of correlation coefficients Head Width to Head Circumference – Men
Men:Head Circumference 56 cmHead Circumference 58 cmHead Circumference 60 cm
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12,012,513,013,514,014,515,015,516,016,517,017,518,018,519,019,520,0
50 52 54 56 58 60
Kopfumfang [cm]
Kop
fbre
ite [c
m]
Mittelwerrt
Min
Max
Changes of Head Width related to Head Circumference – Boys
• there is a significant amount of intra-individual variation
averageminimummaximum
Head Circumference
Hea
d W
idth
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0,0
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eile
[%]
0,26 0,27 0,28 0,29 0,3 0,31 0,32 0,33
Kopfumfang [cm]
Kopfumfang 54,0 cm
Kopfumfang 56,0 cm
Kopfumfang 58,0 cm
Percentage of correlation coefficients Head Width to Head Circumference – Boys
Per
cent
age
[%]
Head Circumference
Boys:Head Circumference 54 cmHead Circumference 56 cmHead Circumference 58 cm
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0,26
0,27
0,28
0,29
0,30
0,31
Head shapes variations – Head Circumference 58 cm
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• Head Width variance 15,0 to 18,5 cm
Delta of 3,5 cm in width
Head Width variance – Head Circumference 58 cm
Cannot be covered by only
one helmet size !
Both shape and measurements are
essential !
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0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
35,0%
40,0%
0,26 0,27 0,28 0,29 0,30 0,31 0,32 0,33
ca. 1,2 Mio.
ca. 50.000
ca. 5,4 Mio.
ca. 150.000
ca. 7,0 Mio.
ca. 1,2 Mio.
ca. 3,6 Mio.
ca. 12.500
Percentage of potential German male customers related to the different head shapes
Men: Percentage of correlation coefficients
Head Width to Head Circumference 58 cm
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• Ongoing statistical evaluationas well as 3D-head shape analysis
• Develop German market share tables
• Develop head shape specific grading rules
• Develop virtual 3D-head shape models representing realistic head shapes of German population for the first time
• Virtual 3D-analysis of fit and ergonomic comfort
Further Steps
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Probandin 2
Probandin 1
3D-distance analysis „head to helmet inner face“
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• Analysis of distance variation between head geometry and real helmet inner face by using 3D-scanning technology
3D-distance analysis „head to helmet inner face“
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3D-distance analysis „head to helmet inner face“
• Analysis of distance variation between head geometry and real helmet inside by using 3D-scanning technology
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• Evaluation of textile material requirements concerning fit and function
• Evaluation of infection prophylaxis by antimicrobial finishing and/or better temperature and moisture management
Further Steps
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Thank you for your kind attention
Hohenstein Institute America, Inc.Samuel B. Moore, Ph.D | Managing Director USA1688 Westbrook Ave | Burlington, NC 27215 | USATel 336.269.0959 | [email protected] | www.hohenstein.us
Hohenstein InstituteDr. Jan Beringer & Simone MorlockSchloss Hohenstein | 74357 Boennigheim | [email protected] | [email protected]
