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Lobate lac scale
Paratachardina pseudolobata
Fig. 1 Lobate lac scales in Grand Bahama © C. Malumphy
A lac insect (Hemiptera: Kerriidae), originally identified as Paratachardina lobata, was first recorded
in Florida (USA) in 1999. It subsequently became a serious pest, in part due to its polyphagy, feeding
on more than 300 species of mostly woody plants assigned to 69 families. Kondo & Gullan (2007)
published a comprehensive review of the genus Paratachardina in which they determined on the
basis of morphological and molecular data that the lac insect scale occurring in Florida (and the
Bahamas and Christmas Island) was a new species, which they named P. pseudolobata Kondo &
Gullan. This pest is commonly known as the ‘lobate lac scale’.
Within the United Kingdom Overseas Territories P. pseudolobata has only been recorded from the
Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI). It was first collected in TCI in 2012 by Bryan “Naqqi” Manco.
Geographical distribution
Paratachardina pseudolobata is likely to be native to Asia (since all of the other eight described
species of Paratachardina are reported from Asia), and has been introduced to the Indian Ocean,
North America, and the Caribbean.
North America: USA (Florida, since 1999).
Caribbean: Bahamas (since 1992), Cayman Islands (New record), Cuba (since 2005), Puerto
Rico (since 2010), and Turks and Caicos Islands (New record). It is likely to be more
widespread in the Caribbean than currently reported.
Australasian: Christmas Island (since 2002).
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Host plants
Paratachardina pseudolobata is polyphagous, feeding mostly on woody dicotyledonous plants. It
shows a preference for plants assigned to the families’ Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Moraceae. The
host range of P. pseudolobata was studied in detail by Howard et al. (2006).
Acanthaceae: Graptophyllum pictum, Justicia brandegeana, Pachystachys lutea, Ruellia brittoniana.
Aceraceae: Acer rubrum.
Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica, Metopium toxiferum, Pseudospondias microcarpa, Rhus
copallinum, Schinus malle, S. terebinthifolius, Spondias mombin, Toxicodendron radicans.
Annonaceae: Annona cherimola, A. glabra, A. muricata, A. reticulata, A. squamosa, Cananga
odorata.
Apocynaceae: Trachelospermum jasminoides.
Aquifoliaceae: Ilex cassine, I. vomitoria.
Araceae: Phoenix roebelenii.
Araliaceae: Schefflera elegantissima, S. getinophylla.
Arecaceae: Chrysobalanus icaco.
Asteraceae: Ambrosia artemisifolia, Baccharis halimifolia, Bidens alba, Flaveria linearis, Montanoa
grandiflora, Pluchea carolinensis, Tridax procumbens, Verbesina virginica.
Begoniaceae: Begonia.
Bignoniaceae: Amphitecna latiforia, Dolichandrone spathacea, Tecoma capensis, T. stans.
Burseraceae: Bursera simaruba.
Cannabaceae: Celtis timorensis.
Capparaceae: Capparis cynophallophora.
Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum sp.
Casuarinaceae: Casuarina cunninghamiana, C. equisetifolia.
Celtidaceae: Celtis laevigata, Trema micrantha.
Chrysobalanaceae: Licania tomentosa.
Clusiaceae: Calophyllum brasiliense, C. calaba, C. inophyllum, Clusia lanceolata, C. rosea, Garcinia
mestonii, G. prainiana, Mesua ferrea, Rheedia acuminata, R. aristata, R. edulis, R. marcophylla.
Combretaceae: Bucida bucceras, B. spinosa, Combretum acuminatum, C. obovatum, Conocarpus
erectus, Eombretum aubletii, Laguncularia racemosa, L. racemosa, Terminalia catappa, T.
muelleri.
Cupressaceae: Juniperus virginiana.
Ebenaceae: Diospyros digyna, D. mespilliformis.
Elaeocarpaceae: Elacocarpus decipiens.
Erythroxylaceae: Erythoxylu, reticulatum.
Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha godseffiana, A. hispida, A. wilkesiana, Antidesma bunius, A. dallachyanum,
A. platyphyllum, Bischofia javanica, Bridelia monoica, Chamaesyce hyrta, Codiaeum variegatum,
Euphorbia leucocephala, Fluggea acidoton, Jatropha integerrima, Mallotus philippinensis,
Sauropus androgynus.
Fabaceae: Acacia auriculiformis, A. choriophylla, A. farnesiana, Albizia lebbek, Amorpha herbacea,
Archidendron lucyi, Bouhinia, Brya ebenus, Butea monosperma, Caesalphinia violacea, C.
pulcherima, Calliandra surinamensis, Cassia pendula, Dalbergia ecastaphylum, D. sissoo, Dalea
carthegenensis, Gigasiphon macrosiphon, Inga affinis, I. edulis, Leucaena leucocephala,
Lonchocarpus, Lysiloma latisiliqua, L. sabieu, Parmentiera aculeata, Peltophorum pterocarpum,
Pithecellobium flexicaule, P. keyense, Pongamia pinnata, Pseudosamanea cubana, Samanea
saman, Wallaceodendron celebicum.
Fagaceae: Quercus geminata, Q. hemisphaerica, Q. incana, Q. laurifolia, Q. virginiana.
Flacourtiaceae: Banara vanderbiltii, Casearia arguta, Dovyalis herbecarpa.
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Guttiferae: Garcinia intermedia.
Lamiaceae: Leonotis leonurus, L. nepetifolia, Ocimum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia coccinea,
Solanstemon scutellarioides.
Lauraceae: Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Laurus noblis, Licaria triandra, Ooteca coriacea, Persea
americana, P. borbonia, P. palustris.
Lecythidaceae: Lecythis minor.
Lythraceae: Ginoria glabra, G. nudiflora, Lagerstroemia indica, L. speciosa, Lawsonia inermis.
Magnoliaceae: Magnolia champaca, M. virginiana, Michelia.
Malvaceae: Abutilon, Durio testudinarium, Heritiera littoralis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, H. schizopetala,
Hibiscustiliaccus, Malvaviscus penduliflorus, Pavonia bahamensis, P. paludicola, Ruizia cordata,
Trichospermum mexicanum, Urena lobata.
Melastomataceae: Tetrazygia bicolor, T. bicolor.
Meliaceae: Aglia odorata, Lansium domesticum.
Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus, Brosimum allcastrum, Ficus aspera, F. aurea, F. benjamin, F.
capensis, F. citrifolia, F. deltoidea, F. elastica, F. microcarpa, F. natalensis, F. nota, F. pertusa, F.
pumila, F. racemosa, F. rubiginosa, F. rumphii, F. salicifolia, F. subcordata, F. virens, Morus.
Myricaceae: Merciaria vexator, Myrica cerifera, M. cerifera, Pimenta dioica.
Myrsinaceae: Ardisia escallonioidea, A. hirtella, A. revoluta, A. sieboldii, Ropanea punctata.
Myrtaceae: Callistemon viminale, Calyptranthes pallens, C. thomasiana, C. zuzygium, Eucalyptus
gella, Eugania axillaris, E. aggregata, E. brasiliensis, E. confusa, E. confusa, E. foetida, E.
luschnathiana, E. uniflora, Marliera edulis, Melaleuca bracteata, M. decora, M. quinquenervia,
M. vinifera, Mosiera longipes, Myrcianthes fragrans, M. cauliflora, Pimenta racemosa, Psidium
androsianum, P. guajava, P. littorale, Syzygium cumini, S. cuminii, S. grande, S. jambos, S.
malaccense, S. paniculatum, S. samarangense.
Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvilea, Osmanthus fragans.
Oleaceae: Jasminum gracillimum.
Onagraceae: Ludwigia peruvian.
Orchidaceae: Dendrobium aphyllum.
Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa bilimbi, A. carambola.
Piperaceae: Piper.
Poaceae: Bambusa vulgaris, Phyllostachys nigra.
Polygalaceae: Polygala cowellii.
Polygonaceae: Antipogon leptopus, Coccoloba uvifera, Triplaris cumingiana.
Proteaceae: Macadamia integrifolia, M. tetraphylla.
Rhamnaceae: Krugiodendron ferreum, Ziziphus mauritiana.
Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle.
Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica, Malus sylvestris, Pyrus, Rosa.
Rubiaceae: Euthalis fruticosa, Gardenia jasminoides, G. thunbergia, Hamelia cuprea, H. patens, Ixora
coccinea, Ixora sp., Mussaenda erythrophylla, Pentas lanceolata, Psychotria ligustifolia,
Psychotria nervosa, P. nervosa, P. punctata, P. sulzneri, P. viridis, Rondeleria leucophylla, Rondia
aculeata, Spermacoce verticillat.
Rutaceae: Amyris balsamifera, A. elemifera, Citrus, Citrus paradisi, C. sinensis, Clausena lansium,
Evodia ridleyi, Fortunella japonica, Murraya paniculata, Zanthoxylum fagara.
Salicaceae: Salix caroliniana.
Sapindaceae: Alectryon coriaceus, Allophylus cominia, Blighia sapida, Cupaniopsis anacardioides,
Dimocarpus longan, Dodonaea viscosa, Exothea paninculata, Filicium decipiens, Harpullia
arborea, Hypelate trifoliata, Koelreuteria elegans, Litchi sinensis, Melicocca bijuga, Talisia
olivaeformis.
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Sapotaceae: Bumelia celastrina, Calvaria inermis, Chrysophyllum cainito, C. oliviforme, Manilkara
jaimiqui, M. kauki, M. plecana, M. roxburghiana, M. zapota, Mimusops balata, M. caffra, M.
elengi, Pouteria caimito, Sideroxylon americanum, S. foetidissimum, S. salicifolium, Synsepalum
dulcificum.
Solanaceae: Brunfelsia lactea, B. nitida, B. nitida, Cestrum diurnum, C. nocturnum, Solanum
diphyllum, S. tampicense, S. torvum.
Sterculiaceae: Pterospermum acerifolium, Sterculia ceramica.
Taxodiaceae: Taxodium distichum.
Theophrastaceae: Jacquinia aurantiaca, Jaquinia armillaris.
Tiliaceae: Grewia occidentalis, Trumfetta semitriloba.
Urticaceae: Pouzolzia zeylanica.
Verbenaceae: Avicennia germinans, Callicarpa americana, Citharexylum spinonum, Duranta erecta,
Petrea volubilis.
Vitaceae: Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Vitis rotundifolia.
Zygophyllaceae: Guaiacum officinale, G. sanctum.
Description
The lac test (scale cover) is purplish red to dark reddish brown, but often appears brown or black
due to a covering of sooty mould (Figs 1-3). The scales smother infested twigs and branches of the
host. The test has four marginal rounded lobes; the anterior lobes are smaller than the posterior
lobes (Fig. 4). The first-instar test is incorporated into the adult test on mid-dorsum, with a circular
opening on an elevated area just posterior to first-instar test for the excretion of honeydew (Fig. 4).
The adult female test is 1.2–2.0 mm long, 0.7-2.0 mm wide, and 1.0–1.5 mm high. The lac texture is
very hard, brittle, and shiny.
Fig. 2 Lobate lac scales © C. Malumphy
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Fig. 3 Typical resinous cases (test) of Paratachardina
pseudolobata © Fera
Fig. 4 Paratachardina pseudolobata adult female
showing the hole through which honeydew is ejected
and the "fat bow tie" appearance © Fera
Fig. 5 Sooty mould growing on the foliage of a Ficus heavily infested with lobate lac scales
© C. Malumphy
Kondo & Gullen (2007) provide detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations of the adult
female, second and first instars of Paratachardina pseudolobata, and a key to the nine species
assigned to the genus Paratachardina.
Paratachardina pseudolobata can be diagnosed by the following features:
(i) test of the adult female X-letter or bow tie-shaped with each of the four lobes of the test
rather smooth, purplish red to dark reddish brown, often black due to sooty mould (Fig.
4).
(ii) ventral duct clusters totalling 4 pairs, with clusters of most anterior pair well separated
and each usually with 20–45 (41–86 combined) micro-ducts (see Kondo & Gullen, 2007).
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Pest biology, dispersal and detection
Paratachardina pseudolobata is parthenogenetic, lays eggs and has two nymphal instars. The life
cycle is relatively long taking 8-12 months. The scales feed on the bark and often occur in dense
colonies. They produce honeydew which serves as a medium for the growth of sooty moulds. The
first instar (which is bright red) is the main natural dispersal stage and either crawls over the host
plant in search of a suitable feeding site or may be carried in air currents or on other animals. They
may also be dispersed over long distance in plant trade. The resinous scale covering is light to dark
reddish brown although old individuals will frequently appear black because of the sooty moulds.
The shape is globose with four lobes, and young individuals generally appear more lobed than
mature adults. Individuals in close proximity will frequently coalesce forming masses of several
individuals. Young individuals often appear like a fat bow tie. Paratachardina pseudolobata can be
difficult to detect (or at least be recognised) in the field, due to their small size, dark colour and
unusual appearance, particularly when occurring on plants with dark bark.
Economic importance and damage
Dense infestations are associated with branch dieback of some plant species, and in severe cases,
highly infested shrubs and small trees have died. However, the lobate lac scale has not been a major
economic pest in commercial plant nurseries in Florida and the Caribbean but it is considered to be a
common landscape pest. It frequently occurs on native plant species in natural habitats and its
potential environmental impact is unknown.
Selected references
Hamon, A. B. & Hodges, G. S. 2013. Pest Alert. Lobate lac scale, Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo
& Gullan (Hemiptera: Kerriidae). http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-
Industry/Plant-Industry-Publications/Pest-Alerts/Pest-Alerts-Lobate-Lac-Scale-Paratachardina-
Pseudolobata. Accessed 25 March 2014.
Howard, F. W. & Pemberton, R. W. 2003. The lobate lac scale, a new pest of trees and shrubs in
Florida: implications for the Caribbean Region. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 39: 91-94.
Howard, F. W., Pemberton, R. W., Hodges, G. S., Steinberg, B., McLean, D. & Liu, H. 2006. The host
plant range of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata, in Florida. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc.
120: 308-408.
Kondo, T. & Gullan, P. J. 2007. Taxonomic review of the lac insect genus Paratachardina Balachowsky
(Hemiptera: Coccoidea), with a revised key to genera of Kerriidae and description of two new
species. Zootaxa 1617: 1-41.
Pemberton, R. W. 2003. Invasion of Paratachardina lobata lobata (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) in South
Florida: a snapshot sample of an infestation in a residential yard. Florida Entomol. 86: 373-377.
Author: Chris Malumphy
Address: The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK. Email:
Date: 13/06/2014 Version 2
The production of this datasheet was partly funded by the Biodiversity Programme of the
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
