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Hematology and Circulatory System. Structures of the circulatory system. Blood Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries. Blood. Hemat - = blood -ology = the study of The average adult has 8 – 10 pints. Blood. O ne drop of blood contains: 5 million RBCs 250,000-500,000 platelets - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Hematology and Circulatory System
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 2
Structures of the circulatory system
Blood HeartArteriesVeinsCapillaries
Blood
Hemat- = blood -ology = the study of
The average adult has
8 – 10 pints.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 3
Blood
One drop of blood contains: 5 million RBCs 250,000-500,000 platelets 7,500 WBCs
Red blood cells live 120 days.
Make new blood cells 2 million per second!
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 4
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 5
Structures of the blood
Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes
Plasma
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 6
Plasma
Cellular elements
Plasma proteins
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 7
Plasma
Cellular elements
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 8
Erythrocytes Biconcave disk Hemoglobin - Gives red
color, heme is iron and globin is protein
Transportation Oxygen Carbon dioxide Arterial blood Lots of oxygen Bright red
Venous blood Lots of CO2 Dark crimson
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 9
Leukocytes
Larger than erythrocytes
Five types
Leuk/o/cytes –
white cells
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 10
Leukocytes
Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes
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Leukocytes
Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
Phagocytosis Process when white cells
surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria….used by granulocytes and monocytes
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 12
Thrombocytes
Smallest of solid components of blood
Synthesized in red marrow
Not cells, composed of fragments of cells
Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 13
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 14
Blood types
Inherited from parents Determined by presence
or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 15
In 1901, the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood may be grouped into four main types.
Based on the reaction that resulted when blood from different individuals were mixed.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 16
Blood types
Someone with type A antigen has B antibodies Someone with type B antigen has A antibodies Someone with type AB antigen has no antibodies Someone with type O antigen has A and B antibodies
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 17
Rh factor
Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen).
Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type.
Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 18
Rh factor
In 1940, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys.
When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 19
Rh factor If the blood has the
protein, the patient is Rh positive.
If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 20
If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh + positive, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, & her immune system won’t produce antibodies.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 21
Structures of the circulatory system
Heart
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 22
Heart
The heart is a double pump.
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 23
Heart
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left atrium
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
ApexSeptum
Right ventricle Left ventricle
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 24
Layers of the heart
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Myocardium
Endocardium
Pericardium
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 25
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 26
Blood supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES
Heart Sounds = lubb dupp
Blood supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES
Heart Sounds = lubb dupp
Control of Heart ContractionsSA (sinoatrial) NODE = PACEMAKER
Located in right atrium SA node sends out electrical impulse Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract Travels to AV Node
AV (atrioventricular) NODE
Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle Carries impulse to bundle of His
BUNDLE OF HIS
Conducting fibers in septum Divides into R and L branches to network
of branches in ventricles
PURKINJE FIBERS
Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 32
Conduction system of heart beats
AV bundle or Bundle of HIS
Septum
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 33
Vessels of the circulatory system ARTERIES
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries
Elastic, muscular and thick-walled Transport blood under very high pressure
Arteries > arterioles > capillaries
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 34
Vessels of the circulatory system VEINS
Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to the heart
Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries
Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood Veins have values that permit flow of blood only in direction
of the heart
Veins > Venules > Capillaries
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 35
Structures of the circulatory systemCapillariesCapillaries
The smallest blood vessels
Connect arterioles to venules
One cell thick…made of endothelial tissue
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 36
Blood Pressure
Surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE - measured during the contraction phase – (contraction phase of the heart is called systole)
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE - measured when the ventricles are relaxed – (relaxation phase is called diastole)
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 37
BP and Pulse sites
Average systolic = 120Average diastolic = 80
PULSE - alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it.
Pulse Sites: Brachial, Carotid, Radial, Popliteal, Pedal – Where are they???
Find pulse sites and take BP
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 38
Common pulse sites
Disorders
ANEMIA• Deficiency in number or %
of red blood cells
IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA• Usually in women, children and adolescents• Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in
sufficient hemoglobin synthesis• Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy
vegetables
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 40
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA• Caused by deficiency of B12 or intrinsic factor (produced by stomach mucosa, necessary for absorption of B12)• Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, &
neurologic changes• Treatment – injections of B12
APLASTIC ANEMIA• Bone marrow does not produce enough red & white blood cells• Caused by drugs or radiation therapy
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA• Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents• Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape• Siclke cells break easily & carry less oxygen• Occurs primarily in blacks• Treatment – blood transfusions
COOLEY’S ANEMIA• Also known as Thalassemia Major• Caused by a defect in hemoglobin• Affects people of Mediterranean descent
POLYCYTHEMIA• Too many red blood cells are formed• May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude
EMBOLISM• Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the
bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage• Also known as a “moving blood clot”
THROMBOSIS• The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel• The blood clot is a THROMBUS
HEMATOMA• Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or
space• Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture
HEMOPHILIA• Hereditary• Missing clotting factor• Blood clots slow or abnormally• Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons• Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma
THROMBOCYTOPENIA• Not enough platelets• Blood will not clot properly
LEUKEMIA• Malignant condition• Overproduction of immature white blood
cells• Hinders synthesis of red cells
SEPTICEMIA• Presence of pathogens or toxins in the
blood
• Pus- cream colored liquid
• Abscess- pus filed cavity
• Pyrexia- fever
• Leukocytosis-increase in white blood cell count (>10,000 per cubic centimeter)
• Edema-excessive fluid in tissues
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 46
Circulatory disorders
Varicose veins
Prevention Wear sunscreen Elevate legs when resting Wear elastic support stockings Eating fiber diets Exercise Weight control
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 47
Circulatory disorders
Transient ischemic attack
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 48
Circulatory disorders
Pulmonary edema
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 49
Circulatory disorders
Peripheral vascular disease
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 50
Circulatory disorders
Myocardial infarction
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 51
Circulatory disorders
Murmurs
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 52
Circulatory disorders
Heart failure
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 53
Circulatory disorders
Angina pectoris
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 54
Blood disorders
Multiple myeloma
What is multiple myeloma?
What are the symptoms?
How is it treated?