National Aeronautics and Space Administration

HEOMD’s Small Body Activities

June 29, 2016

Ben Bussey Advanced Exploration Systems Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate

Topics

• SKGs

• ISECG Science White Paper

2

SKG Activities

• During FY16, we are focusing on updating and publishing the SKGs

• Initial focus is on Phobos/Deimos first, then NEOs – Will consider separate P/D and NEO lists

• Previously the P/D-related SKGs were developed in a joint

SBAG/MEPAG activity – SSERVI included in this iteration

• Goal is to produce fully searchable web pages for all the SKGs

3

The Team

• Steering Committee – SBAG: Andy Rivkin – MEPAG: Scott Anderson – SSERVI: Brad Bailey, Greg Schmidt

• SAT Members

– Paul Abell – Julie Bellerose – Jule Castillo-Rogez – Barb Cohen – Christine Hartzell – Pascal Lee – Brad Thomson

4

The Phobos/Deimos SKG SAT Charter

Review the current SKGs within the context of recent observations.

Identify which of these SKGs have been fully or partially retired.

Identify any new SKGs that are a result of new observations or mission requirements.

Review quantitative description of measurements that are required to fill knowledge gaps, the fidelity of the measurements needed, and if relevant, provide examples of existing instruments capable of making the measurements.

Consider the venue, priority and timeline for the SKG

Locations/Relevance for Addressing SKGs

Venue/Context Description

R&A Research and Analysis Programs that support basic research, field work, and mission data analysis supported by PSD and HEOMD but in a broad programmatic context.

Earth-based Terrestrial location for specific development and testing, including ground-based telescopes.

ISS International Space Station

Robotic Space-based robotic missions which can be telescopic or a precursor mission to a small body target.

Relevance Description

Preferred Location/Context:

Highly Relevant:

Somewhat Relevant:

Not Relevant:

Determining a Timeline

Rank Description Critical Human exploration cannot proceed without closing of SKG.

High Important for maximizing human safety and/or meeting mission objectives.

Enhancing Enhances mission objective return.

Ranking Priorities

Time Description Near Needs to be addressed immediately or in the near-term: A target cannot be

chosen without it.

Mid Needs to be addressed in the mid-term: Must be completed before launch to human mission target,

Long May be addressed in the longer term: May be completed after first launch.

Timeframe

SKG Examples

• Surface Composition – Mineralogical and elemental

• Human and Health Performance

– Chemical and physical toxicity

• Surface Topography

• Proximity/Surface operations – Radiation environment, electric/plasma fields, gravity, orbital debris – Regolith properties – Thermal environment

• Resource Characterization

– Volatile distribution, form and characterization

• Planetary Protection

8

B.1.2 Surface Radiation Environment

9

• SKG Theme: Theme B Surface/Proximity Operations.

• SKG Category: B-1 Radiation and Plasma Environments

• Narrative: Determine the surface radiation environment in order to understand the potential hazards to the crew

• Measurements or Missions needed to retire: Total dose from solar particles, galactic cosmic rays and secondaries, as a function of geographic location. Identify locations of shielding and increased hazard.

• Venue: Lander

• Priority: High

• Timeline: Near

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

The ISECG Science White Paper: A Scientific Perspective on the Global

Exploration Roadmap

ISECG & The Global Exploration Roadmap (GER)

• ISECG is a non-political agency coordination forum of 15 space agencies

– Website: www.globalspaceexploration.org

• Work collectively in a non-binding, consensus-driven manner towards advancing the Global Exploration Strategy

– Provide a forum for discussion of interests, objectives and plans

• The Global Exploration Roadmap is a human space exploration roadmap, recognizing the criticality of increasing synergies with robotic missions while demonstrating the unique and important role humans play in realizing societal benefits

• The non-binding document reflects a framework for agency exploration discussions on:

– Common goals and objectives – Long-range mission scenarios and architectures – Opportunities for near-term coordination and cooperation

on preparatory activities 11

GER Destination Themes Reference Missions

• Deep Space Habitat in the Lunar Vicinity – Crew of four – Initially annual missions lasting 30 days – Increase both duration & frequency later in the

decade.

• Near Earth Asteroid – Boulder collected using SEP-based s/c – Crew of two visits asteroid boulder in lunar DRO

• Lunar Surface

– Five 28-day missions with a crew of four – One mission per year – Reuse pressurized rover for each mission – Rover is moved to next landing site in between

crewed visits

12

Science White Paper – Concept, Scope & Process

• ISECG agencies acknowledge science communities as major stakeholders and scientific knowledge gain as important benefit of exploration activities.

• This has led to the development of a Science White Paper – Describe the international view of the science enabled by human exploration

after ISS, as outlined in the GER – Engage the scientific communities in identifying these opportunities – Target the same stakeholder community as the GER – Highlight activities that have feed-forward benefits to Mars exploration

• Incorporate interdisciplinary scientific topics that – Encompass all relevant science communities and disciplines: planetary

science, space science, life sciences, astrobiology, astronomy, physical sciences, etc.

• Input solicited from subject experts in the community • Additional community interaction and feedback by presenting initial science

ideas at major meetings – European Lunar Symposium, SBAG, LEAG, ESA Moon 2020-2030 – SWP COSPAR/SWG workshop held February 2016 in Paris

• Significant change to the asteroid section

13

Science Advisory Group Membership

• Co-chairs: 1. Ben Bussey (NASA, USA) ben.bussey@nasa.gov 2. Jean-Claude Worms (ESF, France) jcworms@esf.org

• Members

3. Gilles Clement (Univ. of Lyon, France) gilles.clement@inserm.fr 4. Ian Crawford (Univ. of London, UK) i.crawford@ucl.ac.uk 5. Mike Cruise (Univ. of Birmingham, UK) a.m.cruise@bham.ac.uk 6. Masaki Fujimoto (JAXA, Japan) fujimoto@stp.isas.jaxa.jp 7. Dave Hart (Univ. of Calgary, Canada) hartd@ucalgary.ca 8. Ralf Jaumann (DLR, Germany) Ralf.Jaumann@dlr.de 9. Clive Neal (Notre Dame Univ., USA) neal.1@nd.edu 10. Gordon Osinski (Univ. of West. Ontario, Canada) gosinski@uwo.ca 11. Masaki Shirakawa (JAXA, Japan) shirakawa.masaki@jaxa.jp 12. Tim McCoy (Smithsonian, USA) mccoyt@si.edu 13. Maria Cristina De Sanctis (INAF, Italy) mariacristina@iaps.inaf.it

• Executive Secretary

– Greg Schmidt (SSERVI, USA) gregory.schmidt@nasa.gov

14

Science White Paper – Development Status

• Apply a transparent, interactive process that stimulates discussion on science opportunities in preparation of GER3

SWP Concept & Scope

Overarching Science Topics

Science Opportunities

Editing & Review

SWP Publication

GER Mission Themes Oct. 2014

Autumn 2016

ISECG agencies

ISECG agencies

Authors from science communities

(led/guided by international

Science Advisory Group)

15

SWP Science Topics

• Living and working in space – Overarching questions:

• How do we become a spacefaring species? • How do we sustain life outside Earth?

– Disciplines involved, e.g.

• Human physiology, life sciences and life support • Prospecting and utilising local resources

• Understanding our place in the Universe – Overarching question:

• How do terrestrial planets form and evolve? • How does life evolve in the planetary environment?

– Disciplines involved, e.g.

• Astronomy • Planetary geology • Solar physics, space physics • Astrobiology

16

Science Enabled by Humans to a Near Earth Asteroid

• Sample return provides key science – Humans permit careful selection of samples for high sample quality – Larger sample return mass compared to robotic missions – Increase the value of the current meteorite collections – Provide an archive of samples for analyses that must be done on Earth

• Increased access to material – Multiple drilling sites – Exposure ages at different depths – Resource extraction

• Instrument deployment – Placing instruments on the surface

enabled by humans – Long-term instrument deployment

• Planetary defense applications – Understand asteroid structure

17

Asteroid Science

Sample return provides key science • Analyses need to be very precise and are very hard to do

robotically or remotely. Best science comes from Earth lab, e.g. isotopic analysis

• Multiple drilling sites. Exposure ages at different depths • Larger sample return mass compared to robotic missions.

But preselection still important. • Testing surface charging/plasma models. • Information on structure/stratigraphy • Placing instruments on the surface, e.g. a seismometer is

hard to couple to the surface, possibly enabled by the presence of a human

• Learning how to extract resources

Science Enabled by Humans to the Lunar Surface

• Sample return provides key science – Humans best at identifying scientifically

important samples – Improve our understanding of impact cratering – Provide insight into the evolution of the

terrestrial planets – Study the history of the Sun

• Understand lunar volatiles – Record of the flux and composition of volatiles – Help answer astrobiological questions – Install and maintain resource utilization equipment (i.e. generate water)

• Emplacement of delicate or large astronomical instruments • Understand the physiological effects of the lunar environment on human

health, contributing to medical benefits on Earth • Understand how plants and other non-human forms of life adapt to, or can

be protected from, the conditions on hostile planetary surfaces • Feed-forward activities including Planetary Protection applications

19

Science Enabled by Humans to a DSH in the Lunar Vicinity

• Lunar Surface Science using telerobotics – Facilitate access to challenging regions by low-latency telerobotics (e.g.

permanently shadowed crater floors) – Telerobotics experience useful for Mars exploration

• Human-assisted lunar sample return – Increased return through more and improved selection of lunar samples

• Staging post for human/robotic missions – Could provide global access with a reusable lander

• Understand combined effects of radiation/fractional-gravity • Additional Science Opportunities

– Monitoring Earth’s Climate – Astronomical Observations – Fundamental Physics – Collecting Interplanetary Material – Heliophysics

20