Herbal medicine in Egypt

Younis Haggag M.

in

Heywood V.H. (ed.), Skoula M. (ed.). Identification of wild food and non-food plants of the Mediterranean region

Chania : CIHEAMCahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 23

1997pages 45-55

Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l’adresse :

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Younis Haggag M. Herbal medicine in Egypt. In : Heywood V.H. (ed.), Skoula M. (ed.). Identification

of wild food and non-food plants of the Mediterranean region. Chania : CIHEAM, 1997. p. 45-55 (Cahiers

Options Méditerranéennes; n. 23)

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EGYPT

Younis of of

El st.,

&m été utilisée en Egypte depuis longtemps. Les

de beaucoup de plantes médicinales et les les utilisées. La égyptienne 2000

été étudiées et beaucoup de est utilisées et

au égyptien sont aussi inclues.

plants have been used as a of since ancient times. 'The ancient with many medicinal of in

of The healing of sick out The in Ancient Egyptian tombs. The

the temple walls and in the that Ancient Egyptians the same as they plant, as well as

the egg, vegetable that they used acacia, aloes,

colocynth, linseed, squill, cumin, onions, anise, oil and wine. They used all plant such as seeds, as well as medicaments in the of pastes and ointments.

When the to Egypt, art of healing made use of all available as the Chinese, as well as the Ancient Egyptian. The as Sina, still in as Among these books Fil Tib Oli Albab @awood El-Antaki)

people still go to shops seeking since they as

Nowadays, is an the use of an confidence in two companies in Egypt that specialised in the of addition,

constituents is called in

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The of Egypt includes about 2000 species of plants in its localities that in type of soil and climatic and that

the of of plant species. addition, many plante have been successfully acclimatized in Egypt.

About 300 mostly of local be found in The accompanying table (Table 1) shows examples of such including local and scientific names, used, and main active constituents and uses..

as well as in Egyptian and have taken on the task of studying both wild and cultivated plants with view to chemical possible

USES. The accompanying list shows the names of plants that studied mainly both the in Egypt until 1989.

is that h e of some wild plants in Egypt is becoming and some species with extinction a of such as

the extension of building to many

we calling in Egypt to save such species extiactioz. ai the collection seeds of such species U d

to find optimum conditions carried out on squill (Urginea maritima) aná Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus)

this

native plants cultivated in Egypt such as species, Thymus spp., Salvia

(LavanduZa osficcincclis), basil (Ocimum basilicurn), plants such as fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), anise aniwm), (Carum (Cuininum cyminum), (Corimdrum sativum), (Apircrr, gt-aveolens), dill (Anethum grmeolew), ajowan (Carum copticurn) and Ammi vìsnsga and Ammi majus. plants include (Trigorzella foenum-graecum), (Hibiscus sabdaTiffa), does (Aloefei-ox, A. vem), sema species (Cassia acutìfolia), Sm species safsalf, S. ailm atid S. Olea europea, Egyptian lupin Datum and Digitalis species , belladonna (Atropa belladonna), (Althaea oficinalis), spp., Ambrosìa maritima, Cym,bopogon citratus, proximus, chamomile

(Helianthus annuus), henna (Lawsonia inermis), white and black (Sinapis alba, S. nigra ), psyllium .

is evident that many many plant species in common. will be the benefit of all to among themselves and exchange

and the of out on medicinal plants.

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1: Some herbal drugs found in the Egyptian market

Part used

anthelmiiltic Laxative, cholagogue Juice

calculi l 1 1

I I

I

infections

Skin emmenagogue leaves

antispasmodic Antispasmodic, antisepticjn 1

I I

¿k family

Acacia arabica L. Sant Leguminosae Acacia famesiana (L.)Willd. Fitnah Leguminosae Achillea millefolium L. I Compositae l Acorns calamus L. I Qasab ad- Araceae Allium sativum Thawm Liliaceae Aloe vera L. Liliaceae Althea officinalis h-alvaceae Ambrosia maritima L. Compositae Ammi visnaga L. limbelliferae Ammi majus L. Umbelliferae Anacyclus pyrethrum L Compositae Anastatica hierochuntica Crucìferae Aizetkurn gnmeokms L. Umbelljferae Anthemis cotda Compositae Apium gmveoiens L. UnlbelliJerae Amica montana L. Compositae Artmesia cina Comvositae

Wi ia

shytani qush

Shibith .

Sheih

el Fahd Shih balady

Artemisia herba-alba I Shih Compositae Balanites aegyptiaca (L.)

~~

Simarubaceae Bryonia alba L.

Compositae Oqhwan Calendula oficinalis

Cucurbitaceae el

Cruciferae Capsella busa-pastoris

~~

Capsicum minimum Solanaceae Carum carvi L. Umbelliferae Carum copticum Umbelliferae

Shatt ah

Nakhwah

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emmenagogue,

Laxative

Anthelmintic Leaves,

hypoglycemic, laxative seeds,

Bark

pdp, seeds

Oleo gum

CB

hypoglycemic styles &

Carthamus tinctorius L. Compositae

Cassia acutifolia Sama makki

Legumtnosae Ceratonia siliqua Leguminosae I Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Chenopadiaceae Cichorium intybus L. Shìkowah Compositae

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae

Citmllns colocynthis Cucurbitaceae Citrus limon Laymm

Commiphora mukul L. UDurseraceae Coriandrunt sativurn Umbelliferae Crocus sativus L.

48

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antispasmo.dic

Sahlab Glossostemon bruguieri

vulgare Umbelliferae

diseases.

sedative

antiseptic Antislimming, tonic.

haemostatic

Antispasmodic, digestive, galactagogue

emmenagogue.

1 l

' Abbad esh shams

Ussab

1 i Leaves, R. 1 L. 1 bps 1 kilbiatae

heads chammilla L. I l Comvosttae l

49

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1 I

50

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OF

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. l o.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19. 2 o. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 25, 2 7. 28. 29. 30. 31, 32. 33. 34. 35. 3 ó. 3 7. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.

Abrus precatorius L. Acacia arabica L. Acacia farnesiana L. Acacia senegalensis L. Achilleafragrantissima Achillea santolina L. Acokanthera spectabilis Adhatoda vasica Nees Adonis aututnnalis L. Adonis dentata Aegialophila pumila Aegle marmelos (L.) Con. Aerva lanata Juss. - Aerva tomentosa Agave americana L. var. marginata Agave decipiens Agave sisalana 0:umm. C%

Ajuga iva L. Albizia julibrissin Alhagi maurorum Allium aschersonianum Allium cepa L. Allium sativum L. Aloe grandidentata Aloe vera L. Aithea officimiis L. klthea rosea L. kmberboa tubulìjlora Ambrosia maritima L. hmmi majus L. Arnmi visnaga L. Anahasis articulafa L. Anagallis arvensis L. Anastatica hierochuntica L. Anchusa millerì Willd. hnnona cherimola Annona ghbra L. Annona muricata L. Annona squamosa L. Anthemis nobilis L. Anthemis pseudocotula Antirrhinum majus L. Apiurn graveolens L. Argemone mexicana L. Arisarum vulgare Schott. Aristolochia elegans Artemisia absinthium L. Artemisia argentea Artemisia argyi Levl. & Vant. Artemisia cina Artemisia herba alba L, Artemisia judaica L. Artemisia monosperma L.

54.

55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.

73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83.

84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96.

97. 98. 99.

OO. 101. 102. 103.

Arthrucnemum glaucum Ung - Asclepias curassavica L. Asparagus stipularis Aster squamatus L. Asteriscus graveolens Less. Astragalus alexandrinus Astragalus boeticus L. Astragalus cremophilos Astragalus tomentosus Lam. Astragallus trigonus Atrocarpus integrfolia Link Atropa belladonna L. Avicennia officinalis L. Barleria cristata L. Bassiß mtu-ico-fa Bauhiaea purpurea L. Bauhinia variegata L. Beamontia grandij7ora Wall. Bolusanthus specìosus

Brassica juncea Brassica nigra L. Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. Bryonia cretica L. Calendula arvensis E. “dendula officinalis L. Culligonum cornosum Callistemon lanceolatus Callistemon rigidus Calotropis procera Calycodendron milnei A.C.Smith. Canavalia obtusifolìa Cannaflaccida Salisb. Canna indica L. Canna orientalis Cannabis sativa L. Cardiospernwm halicacabum L. Carduncellus eriocephalus Carduus getulus Carduus nutans L. Carica papaya L. Carissa carandas L. Carissa grandiflora Carthamus glaucus alexandrinus Carthamus mariuticus Carthamus tinctorius L. Carum copticum Carurn carvi L. Cassìa acutrgolia Cassia didymobotrya Cassiafistula L.

51

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104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115.

116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126.

127.

128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138.

139. 140. 141.

142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155.

Cassia javanica L. Cassia nigricans Cassia obovata Coll. Cassia siamea Lam. Cassia spectabilis Catha edulis Centaurea aegyptiaca Centaurea alexandrina Centaurea calcitrapa Centaurea cineraria L. Centaurea moschata L. Centaurea ragusina subsp.

Centaurium pulchellum SW. Centaurium spicatum (L.) Ceratonia siliqua L. Cerbera odollarn Cestrum aurantiacum L i d Cestrum diurnum L. Cestrcm elegans SchJect. Chenopodium ambrosiodes Chenopodium murale Corchorus olitorius L. Chrysanthemum anethijolium

Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium Visiani Chrysanthemum coronarium Chrysanthemum manifohm Cichorilcm inntybiis L. Cichorizcm pundum Cttrullus colocynthis (L.) Citrus aurantijolia Swingle Citrus aurantiunt L. Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Citrus aurantium L. var. deliciosa Citrus aurantium L. var. sinensis Citrus bergamia & Wight & Am. Citrus limetta L. Citrus (L.) fil. Citrus nobilis Citrus X paradisi Citrus reticulata Citrus sanguinea Engl. Citrus triyoliata L. Cleistopholis patens Cleonze amblycarpa & Cleome droserifolia Clerodendron inermis L. Clivia miniata Cocculus laurijolius Coffea arabica L. Convolvulus althaeoides L. Convolvulus awensis L. Convolvulus lanatus Vahl

157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174, 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 87.

188. 189.

190. 191.

192.

193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202.

203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208.

Conyza dioscorides (L.) Conyza linijdia Willd. Cordia myxa L. Coriandrum sativum L. Cornulacca monacantha Cotula cinerea Crinum americanum Crinum augustum Crinum bulbispermum Crotolaria aegyptiaca Crotolaria madurensis Wight Crucianella maritima L. Cucumis melo L. Cucurbita maxima Cucurbita pepo var. medullosa Alef. Cuminum cyminum L. Cupressus arizonica Ccpressus lusitanica Cupressus sempervirens Cumma l o . ~ g ~ Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub. Cymbopogon citratus L. Cymbopogon nardus Cymbopogon proximus Stapf. Cy.wrzdropsis pentaphylla Cyperus rotundus L. Datura discolour Datura fastusa L. Datura ferox L.

imoxia Datma metek L. Datua metelolides Datma stramonium L. Datura stramonium var. inermis S Vatura tatula L. Datura tatula L. var. inernlis

Daucus carota L. var. boissieri Schweinf. Daucus glaber Delphinium ajacis L. Delphinium barbeyi Delphinium belladonna Derris elliptica Digitalis lanata Digitalis mertonensis Buxt. & Digitalis parviflora Jacq. Digitalis purpurea L. Digitalis purpwea var. miniana Sampaio Digitalis viridifora Lindl. Dioscorea opposita Thunb. Discorea tokoro Dolichoìs lablab L. Ducrosia ismaelis Duranta plumeri Jacq.

52

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209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215.

21 6. 21 7. 21 8. 219. 22 o. 221. 222. 223.

224. 225. 226.

22 7. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232.

233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 2 56. 257. 258. 259. 260.

Duranta repens L.

Vahl (L.) L.

(L.) Campd.

Schott

Stapf

sativcz Tackl. L. =

L. caLì$obmica Cham.

LX gracilis Asch & Schweinf

Labiii.

Labill.

citriodora Bailey L.

01%. L.

pwalias L. peplus L.

-Wílid

L. Fagonia arabica L. Fagonia bruguieri Fagonia cretica L. Fagonia glutinosa Fagonia mollis Fagonia parviflora Fagopyrum esculentum L. Farsetia aegyptia Ficus benghalensis Ficus benjamina L.

elastica Ficus platyphylla Fuymaria densiflora Fumaria judaica Glacium9avurn Glossostemon bruguieri Glycyrrihiuza glabra L. Gossypium barbadense L. Haemanthus multiflorus

261.

262.

263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 2 70. 271. 2 72.

2 73. 2 74. 2 75. 276.

277. 2 78. 2 79. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 29i. 292. 293.

294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 31 O. 31 1. 312.

Haloxylon salicornicum auct .non

Haplophyllum tuberculatum

Hedera helix L. Helianthus annuus L. Heliotropium digynum Forssk Hemerocallis aurantica Hibiscus sabdarìfa L. Hippeastrum vittatum Hyoscyamus albus var. desertorum Hyoscyamus muticus L. Hyoseris lucida L. Hypecoum aegyptiacum Asch & Schweinf. Hyossopus 0J”jirtalis L.

L.

& Schweinf

scabra

var. alba Jasminium mesnyi Jasminum grandgorum L. Jasminum sambac &.)Aiton Jasonia montana Wald) .Tatropha curcas Joannesia principzs VA.

A. Juss. Lacturn saligna L. Lagenaria brevijlora hgenarie sicerariu Standl. kantana camara L. Launea mucronata Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Launaea resedifolia (Willd.)

Lunaea spinosa Lclunaea tenrciloba Laurus nobilis L. Lavandula officinalis Luwsonia inermis L. Ligustrum ovalifolium Limonium sinuatum Limonium tubgorum Linum usitatissimum Lotus arabicus Lotus creticus L. Lupinus termis Lycium shawii & Sch. Lycopersicum prumijorme Lygos raetam

L.

Coss. L.

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313. 314. 315. 31 6. 317. 31 8. 319. 320. 321.

322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 32 7. 328. 329. 330, 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 33 7. 338. 339. 340. 341, 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352.

353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367.

54

~~ ~ ~

L. L.

L.

L. L.

L. (L.) All.

tommasinii

piperita L. pulegium L.

L. L.

Johnst.

L.

communis L. tazetfa L.

L.

L. L.

L.

lotus L. Ocìmunz basilicurn L. Ocinum ccwm Sim. Ocimum gmtissimzcm L. Qcimum mbrum L. Ononis vaginalis VahL Opuntia ficus-indica L. Orchradenus baccatus Origanum majorana L. Oropordum alexandrinum Oryza sativa L. Oxandra xylopioides

L. Asch. &

Schweinf.

L. L.

L. L.

L. L.

L. L.

L. Willd.

368. 369. 3 70. 371. 3 72. 3 73. 3 74.

3 75. 3 76. 3 77. 3 78. 3 79. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 41 O. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 41 6. 41 7. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423.

L. L.

L.

(L.) L

Asch. & Schweinf. f.)

L. L.

L. Lag.

FOrSsk. psyllium L.

Thunb. L.

L. Foiycarpaea repens Forssk.

sa1ici;folium L. L. (L.)

L.

L. incisa unddata L.

L. sczleratus L.

cmescens

Jaub §p. L.

Thunb. oficinalis L.

L. Willd.

L. L.

L. L.

L. Saccarum oficinarum L. Salix babylonica L. Salk safsafL. Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica L. Salvia aegyptiaca L. Salvia farenaceae Salvia lanigera . Salvia oficinalis L. Salvia triloba Salvia verbenaca L. Sambucus nigra

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

424. 425. 426. 42 7. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. 440. 441. 442. 443. 444. 445. 446. 447. 448. 449.

459. 451. 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458.

459.

460. 461.

462.

Sansevieria cylindrica Santolina chainaecyprissus L. Saponaria oficinalis L. Schinus molle L. Schinus terebinthifolius Scrozonera alexandrina Scrophularia desertii Securinega sufSncticesa Senecio coronopifolius Senecio desfontainei Senecio vulgaris L. Sequoia sempervirens Endl. Sesbania aegyptiaca Silene succulenta Silene villosa Solenostemma argei Solanum aviculare Solanum laciniatum Ait. Solanum macranthum Solanum macrocarpum Solanum melongena L. Solanum nigrum L. Solanum o Leraceum L. Solanum pseudocapsicum L. Solanum. sodomeum L. Sonchus macrocarpus Boulas ¿k

Sophora,flavexens Ait. Sophora japonica E. Sophora secundiflora Sterculia diversifolia Sylibum marianum 6.1 Tcbebuia guayacctn Eeml. Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.) Tabemaemontana coronaria Willd. Tabebuia chrysotricha Standl. Tabebuia argentea §chum)

Tcgetes erecta L. Tanacetum santolinoides

Tecoma stans (L.).

463. 464. 465. 466. 467. 468.

469. 470. 471. 472. 473. 474. 475. 476. 477.

478. 479. 480. 481. 482. 483. 484. 485. 486. 487. 488. 49.

491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496. 497. 498.

Teucrium polium L. Thea sinensis Thymelea hirsuta Thymus bovei Benth. Thymus capitatus (L.) & Link Tithonia diversifolia Tradescantia bracteata Small Tribulus alatus L. Trifolium alexandrinum L. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Trigonella maritima Trigonella stellata Urginea maritima L. Urginea maritima var. pancratium (Steinh.) B&. Urospermum picroides L. Valeriam offcinalis Varthemia montanas Wahl.) Verbena oficinalis Vemonia amygdalina Vicia calcarata Vicia faba L. Vicia sativa Vinca rosea Vitex agnus-casfus L. Witharzia somaifera L- Wrightia coccinea Sims. Xanthium occidentale Xanthium pungens W&J. Xanthiunt spinoswn L. Xylopia aethiopica A.fiich. ZiZla spinosa Ziziphus spina-Christi Zygophyllum album L. Zygophyllumm coccineum L. Zygophyllum decumbens

5.5

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