8/11/2019 HERBAL WH 01 (03.01.00) Introduction

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The Knowledge of Plants

Introduction

HERBARIUM

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8/11/2019 HERBAL WH 01 (03.01.00) Introduction

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INTRODUCTION

By the time of Carl Linnaeus (1707--1778),this method was well known and widelyused. Linnaeus never adopted thisinelastic and expensive procedure butmounted his specimens on loose sheetsstored horizontally which could be easily re-arranged and to which other specimenscould be added when necessary. Probably

due to Linnaeus's example and teaching thismethod became general during the secondhalf of the 18th century." Modern herbariastill utilize Linnaeus's basic system ofmounting specimens individually on loosesheets.

Today about 16,000 specimens that were atone time in Linnaeus's personal herbariumsurvive in England, Sweden, and Franceand can still be studied. From thesebeginnings, Holmgren et al. (1990) reported2,639 herbaria world-wide with an estimated272,800,926 specimens.

WHATISAHERBARIUMA herbarium is a collection of dried plants mounted, labeled, and systematically arranged for use inscientific study. (plural herbaria).

PROGRESSIONOFTHEHERBARIALuca Ghini (1490-1556), a botany professor atthe University of Bologna, Italy, is consideredto have been the first person to dry plantsunder pressure, mounting them on paper, andpreserving them as a permanent record. Theusefulness of such specimens was soonapparent and his technique was circulatedaround Europe by his pupils. The oldest

surviving herbarium is that of Ghini's pupilGherardo Cibo, who began to collect plants atleast as early as 1532.

Other early herbaria were developed invarious countries including England, France,Germany, and Switzerland and, in all, morethan twenty 16th century collections survive indifferent European cities. The older herbariaconsisted of specimens on sheets bound into[book-like] volumes. The word herbarium, asoriginally used, referred to a book aboutmedicinal plants.

Pitton de Tournefort an early French botanistand physician around 1700 used the term

herbaria for his collection of dried plants andhis usage was taken up by Linnaeus. Largelythrough Linnaeus's influence the wordherbarium thus replaced such earlier terms ashortus siccus (dry garden) or hortus hyemalis(winter garden) from John Evelyn.

E

Luca Ghini Carl LinnaJoseph

Pitton de Tournefort

John Evelyn

First person to pressplants and mount themon paper. He called thishortus siccusor drygarden.

Called his process ofpressed plants hortushyemalis or wintergarden.

Used the wordHerbarium to describethe books with pressplants he collected.

He dropped the ithe bounded booused single sheepaper keeping thHerbarium.

Historical

FAMOUSPEOPLE