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Heredityeredity-risnhaliani Wetarini 9P 04
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eproduction Process
Identical
Asexualexual
Combination
FemaleOvumMaleSperm
he characteristic he characteristicthe characteristic
ne parentinvolvenvolve
Hows ReproductionHows ReproductionProcess?Process?
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Whats HereditaryWhats HereditaryMaterialMaterial
Its a material which contains the traits orbequeathed information.
The hereditary material of living things is called
DNA
The hereditary unit or the unit of discrete traits is
gene
A pair of genes that responsible for a bequeathedis allele
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ChromosomeChromosome
Chromosome
Protein
DNA( )Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Gene
Locus
Body Cell46 chromosomes
Reproductive Cell23 chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
Consists of
Number of Chromosomes
Consists of
Contains
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ChromosomeChromosome
The amount of chromosomes in each living thing is
different
There are 2 types of chromosomes
Somatic chromosome(autosome)
Sex chromosome(gonosome or alosome)
Body cells chromosome consist of22 pairs autosome
and 1 pair gonosome
Human gonosome contist ofX andYchromosome
XX for female and XY for male
d f h
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Keywords of TheCrossing
Recessive traits, the hidden traits of an organism,
symbolized with small letter
Dominant traits, the traits which cover up another traits,
symbolized with capital letter
Homozygote, the pair of genes which is similar
Heterozygote, the pair of genes which is not similar
Phenotype, a trait that appears physically and is
observable
Genotype, a trait that unobservable, permanent and in the
form of gene
Parental, the parent of the cross
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Mendels Experiment Mendel is the Father of Genetics, which completely
named as Gregor Mendel
Mendel used Pea Plantsfor his experiment
The advantages of using pea plants are
Easy to grow
Produce a lot of seeds
Mature at a fast rate
Self-pollinated
Easy to pollinate
Has seven discrete characteristics
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Pea Plants Seven DiscreteCharacteristics
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Mendels First Law
It is called Segregation Law. It means during the gamete formation, the gene pair
separated into 2 offspring cells.
Example
To determine the amount of gametes, we can use thisfollowing formula
Genotype The kinds of gametesAA AAa A and aAABB A BAabb Ab and aBAaBb AB, Ab, aB, and ab
=he amount of The Kind of Gametes 2nis the amount of heterozygote genes
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Mendels Second Law
It is called Assortment Law
It means in fertilization, segregating genes
assort independently with other genes
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Inheritance Pattern
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ntMonohybrid Cross
A dominant monohybridcross has characteristic
ad follows :
1) Traits of dominant
genes completely
suppress recessive
genes
2) All F1 generations
have similar
phenotype to
parent with
dominant genes
3) The F2 generations
have 3:1 ratio ofdominant
I t
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IntermeateMonohybrid Cross
Intermediate monohybrid cross
(codomimance) has characteristics
as follow:
1) Trait of dominant gene
incompletely covers
recessive gene
2) Heterozygous offspring express
intermediate traits, which
are the mix dominant and
recessive traits
3) F2 generations have 1:2:1 ratio
of dominant phenotype and
recessive phenotype
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Dihybrid Cross
Pure-breeding cross
with two different
traits
Each traits bequeathed
in the cross is
independent
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Backcross and Testcross
Backcross
The crossing occurs
between the
offspring with the
dominant pure
breeding parental
Testcross
The crossing occurs
between the
offspring with the
recessive pure
breeding parental F1 x D om in an t
Parental
__ x A A
F1 x R e ce ssiveParental
__ x A A
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n h e rita n ce o f B lo o d Ty p ef H u m a n
We use ABO system which was discovered by
Karl Landsteiner
Blood type is determined by agglutinogen A(IA)
and agglutinogen B(IB)Blood Type Gene CombinationA IAIA = A homozygous
IAi = A heterozygousB IBIB = B homozygous
IB
i = heterozygousAB IAIB = (co-dominant)AO ii = recessive
homozygous
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Genetic Disorders
Pattern of Inheritance in Sex-Linked Gene
Each chromosome consists
of particular gene that
does not exits in other
chromosome or linked.
The examples of disease
caused by X
chromosome-linked gene
are hemophilia, color
blindness and diabetes.
Diseases caused by Y
chromosome-linked gene
are hypertrichosis
(excessive hair on body)
and ichtiosis histrix
gravior (scaly skin)
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Hemophilia
A person who carries hemophilia has bloodclotting disorder if they get injured.
Sex Genotype Phenotype
Female XHXH (homozygous dominant)XHXh (heterrozygous)XhXh (homozygous recessive)
NormalNormal carrierHemophilia
Male XHY
Xh
Y
Normal
Hemophilia
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Color Blindness
Color blindness is inability to differentiate
particular colors (partial color blind) and even
all colors (total color blindness)Sex Genotype Phenotype
Female XCXC (homozygous dominant)XCXc (heterrozygous)XcXc (homozygous recessive)
NormalNormal carrierHemophilia
Male XCY
XcY
Normal
Hemophilia
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attern of Inheritance inutosomal Recessive
Albinism
Albinism is a disorder
of gene producing
melanin.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia is a
disorder of the blood
cell which is
crescent-shaped
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Thank You for Your AttentionHave a Nice Day